密闭性功能敷料皮肤致敏试验及皮肤刺激试验

目的　通过皮肤致敏试验及皮肤刺激试验 ,对密闭性功能敷料在临床的应用和推广提供依据。方法　根据《中药新药研究指南 (药学、药理学、毒理学 )》提供的方法进行白色豚鼠皮肤致敏试验及新西兰家兔皮肤刺激试验。结果　本敷料的致敏率为 30 %,破损皮肤与完整皮肤刺激试验分别为轻刺激性和无刺激性。结论　本敷料属轻度致敏物 ,对破损皮肤有轻刺激性。     

地塞米松软膏加纱布敷料在肿瘤病人PICC导管相关严重过敏性皮炎中的应用效果

[目的]探讨地塞米松软膏加纱布敷料在经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)置管后严重皮肤过敏性皮炎的临床应用。[方法]采用回顾性分析,对本科室 PICC置管的142例乳腺癌病人中的10例置管后出现严重皮肤过敏性皮炎的病人进行处理和分析。[结果]142例乳腺癌置管病人中10例置管后出现严重皮肤过敏性皮炎,发生率7.04%,经地塞米松软膏加纱布敷料换药后症状全部缓解并保留导管。[结论]地塞米松软膏加纱布敷料换药应用于 PICC 导管相关严重过敏性皮炎病人有良好的治疗效果。     

介入诊疗术后应用壳聚糖敷料联合充气止血绷带的研究

[目的]观察经桡动脉冠状动脉介入术后应用壳聚糖止血敷料联合充气止血绷带对穿刺点局部压迫止血的临床护理效果。[方法]连续入选经桡动脉入路实施冠状动脉介入检查和治疗的病人310例,以是否联合应用壳聚糖止血辅料分为实验组及对照组,比较两组病人局部压迫时间、出血并发症和皮肤淤斑情况。[结果]实验组较对照组压迫止血时间明显缩短(P<0.001),出血并发症发生率明显减少(P<0.05),皮肤淤斑发生率明显减少(P<0.001)。[结论]经桡动脉途径实施冠状动脉介入检查和治疗后应用壳聚糖止血敷料联合充气止血绷带进行压迫止血,能明显缩短压迫时间,降低出血并发症和皮肤淤斑的发生率。     

薄型泡沫敷料在PICC术后医用粘胶相关皮肤损伤中的应用效果观察

[目的]对经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)后引起的医用粘胶相关皮肤损伤(MARSI)病人采用薄型泡沫敷料,进行效果评价。[方法]对28例PICC置管后用透明敷料发生MARSI的病人改用薄型泡沫敷料,观察其应用效果。[结果]28例MARSI病人在使用薄型泡沫敷料换药后皮肤发红、痒感得到缓解,8例病人应用后水疱、红斑减轻。[结论]对PICC置管后引起的MARSI病人,改用薄型泡沫敷料,可有效缓解MARSI症状,减轻病人痛苦、延长导管使用时间,提高病人满意度。     

介入诊疗术后应用壳聚糖敷料联合充气止血绷带的研究

[目的]观察经桡动脉冠状动脉介入术后应用壳聚糖止血敷料联合充气止血绷带对穿刺点局部压迫止血的临床护理效果。[方法]连续入选经桡动脉入路实施冠状动脉介入检查和治疗的病人310例,以是否联合应用壳聚糖止血辅料分为实验组及对照组,比较两组病人局部压迫时间、出血并发症和皮肤淤斑情况。[结果]实验组较对照组压迫止血时间明显缩短（P〈0.001）,出血并发症发生率明显减少（P〈0.05）,皮肤淤斑发生率明显减少（P〈0.001）。[结论]经桡动脉途径实施冠状动脉介入检查和治疗后应用壳聚糖止血敷料联合充气止血绷带进行压迫止血,能明显缩短压迫时间,降低出血并发症和皮肤淤斑的发生率。     

新型水凝胶敷料用于治疗放疗后湿性脱皮效果的研究

[目的]研究水凝胶敷料和传统敷料对放疗后湿性脱皮的治疗效果。[方法]选择进行放疗的恶性肿瘤病人76例,随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组创面换药应用水凝胶敷料,对照组创面换药应用无菌纱布敷料,收集病人一般指标、放疗相关指标和创面愈合率、创面愈合时间、换药费用。[结果]观察组创面愈合时间较对照组短(P0.05),但两组换药费用比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]放疗后湿性脱皮治疗中应用水凝胶敷料,可促进损伤皮肤生长,加速损伤皮肤的愈合。     

密闭性功能敷料智能结构材料选择的分析

密闭性功能敷料面世以来,应用范围及功能开发日新月异,研究表明其应用范围的大小及功能性的强弱直接取决于敷料的智能支架结构的承载物质及其根据环境而产生的自身的调控能力.本文综述了密闭性功能敷料智能结构的材料选择及作用方式.     

新型敷料治疗下肢静脉性溃疡的效果观察

[目的]观察爱康肤银离子抗菌敷料和凝胶泡棉敷料治疗下肢静脉性溃疡的疗效。[方法]将60例下肢静脉性溃疡病人随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组(30例)采用爱康肤银离子抗菌敷料和凝胶泡棉敷料治疗,对照组(30例)采用传统凡士林纱布治疗。观察两组病人伤口愈合率、治疗前后伤口面积变化、周围皮肤浸渍情况。[结果]观察组愈合率高于对照组,治疗后伤口缩小明显,周围皮肤浸渍率低于对照组。[结论]爱康肤银离子抗菌敷料和凝胶泡棉敷料能有效控制伤口细菌感染,避免大量渗液对周围皮肤浸渍,减少换药次数。     

湿热环境下密闭性功能敷料对伤口细菌学定量的影响

目的　研究湿热环境下密闭性功能敷料对创伤伤口的抗菌作用。方法　模拟湿热环境 ,以猪创伤为实验模型 ,常规处理为对照组 ,密闭性功能敷料为实验组 ,观察伤口细菌数量的变化和伤口大体情况。结果　实验组的细菌数量增长显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,且热暴露后 (损伤后 2 4h)仍未达到感染阈值。伤口外观显示对照组损伤后 2 4h出现感染征象。结论　该敷料具有显著的隔离和抑制细菌生长的作用     

藻酸盐及水胶体敷料结合造口袋在防治失禁相关性皮炎中的应用

[目的]观察使用藻酸盐及水胶体敷料结合肛周造口袋治疗大便失禁病人肛周皮肤发生失禁相关性皮炎的效果。[方法]将60例大便失禁病人采用随机数字表法分为对照组(28例)和观察组(32例),病人均按结构化皮肤护理方案进行护理,对照组使用喷涂3遍3M液体敷料隔离大便,观察组采用藻酸盐及水胶体敷料结合肛周造口袋的方法收集粪便,比较两组病人肛周皮肤好转及恢复时间。[结果]观察组病人皮肤恢复时间为(3.72±0.98)d,短于对照组的(5.12±1.12)d,7d内皮肤恢复率为93.75%,高于对照组的67.86%,经比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]在结构化护理方案预防和治疗失禁相关性皮炎过程中使用藻酸盐及水胶体敷料结合肛周造口袋治疗大便失禁病人,可促进皮肤恢复,治疗失禁相关性皮炎。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.