脑卒中致吞咽困难患者误吸的预防护理

目的通过对40例脑卒中伴吞咽困难患者进行全面的饮食护理和康复指导,观察吞咽功能的改善情况及预防误吸方面的作用。方法对40例脑卒中伴吞咽困难患者进行全面的饮食和康复护理,观察其误吸和肺炎发生情况。结果通过全面饮食护理和康复指导的早期介入,患者吞咽功能明显改善,因误吸而引发的肺炎发生率明显下降。结论对吞咽困难患者实施饮食护理和康复指导,能明显改善患者的吞咽功能,并有效预防误吸发生,在疾病的转归、提高患者生存方面有积极作用。     

34例中风患者吞咽困难的饮食护理及康复训练

中风所致的吞咽困难，在中老年人中较为多见，饮食护理不当极易引起呛咳，严重者食物误吸引起窒息甚至死亡。因此，对中风后吞咽困难患者正确的饮食护理及吞咽功能训练具有重要意义。我院自1986年以来，收治中风后春咽困难患者34例，经严格的饮食护理及吞咽训练，均康复出院。本文就共饮食护理及训练措施报告如下。1临床资料34例中风引起的吞咽困难患者均为住院病人，其中男28例，女16例；年龄42～78岁，平均62岁。经CT检查诊断为脑梗塞23例，脑出血11例。住院期间，经饮食护理和吞咽康复训练，所有病人的吞咽困难均明显改善。但1例高龄病…     

老年脑梗死合并吞咽困难156例的康复护理

目的探讨老年脑梗死患者吞咽困难的康复护理方法。方法对156例老年脑梗死患者进行原因分析,并采取相应的护理措施。结果吞咽功能康复总有效率为83.3%,其中完全不能吞咽患者康复2例;吞咽功能严重受损患者康复19例;吞咽功能中度受损患者康复41例;吞咽功能轻度受损患者和吞咽功能轻微受损患者全部康复。结论做好老年脑梗死患者吞咽困难的康复护理对患者的全面康复起到至关重要的作用。     

吞水测试在急性脑卒中患者康复评估中的应用

目的调查急性缺血性脑卒中患者吞咽困难的发生情况,及早采取针对性措施,改善脑卒中患者吞咽功能,减少并发症发生。方法对100名急性缺血性脑卒中患者,在入院24 h内未进食、水之前由受过专门训练的康复护士进行吞水测试,有针对性地进行吞咽功能康复训练。结果23例未通过吞水测试,经过康复训练,调整饮食结构,其中19例(82.6%)出院前可以正常吞咽,有4例(17.4%)需留置经鼻胃管,鼻饲饮食。吞咽困难患者营养不良发生率较非吞咽困难者高,且早期预后差,住院天数延长。结论吞水测试能够及时测试缺血性脑卒中患者是否存在吞咽困难及其程度,及早采取针对性措施,可以减少吸入性肺炎等并发症,降低营养不良发生率,对脑卒中患者整体康复过程起着积极作用。     

老年患者卒中后吞咽困难康复护理的研究进展

总结了老年患者卒中后吞咽困难的康复护理,包括吞咽功能的评估及诊断,吞咽功能障碍的康复护理,中医康复护理、电刺激治疗和早期综合康复护理,以为老年卒中后患者的吞咽困难的康复护理质量的提高提供参考依据。     

肝豆状核变性伴吞咽困难患者的康复护理

目的 探讨综合康复护理治疗对肝豆状核变性伴吞咽困难患者的作用.方法 87例肝豆状核变性伴吞咽困难患者,根据吞咽能力分为综合护理组与一般护理组,比较综合护理组与一般护理组吞咽功能的改善情况.结果 综合护理组患者吞咽功能的改善情况优于一般护理组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 综合康复护理治疗有益于肝豆状核变性伴吞咽困难患者吞咽功能的改善,提高患者生活质量.     

50例脑卒中后吞咽困难病人的康复护理

[目的]观察康复护理对脑卒中后吞咽困难病人吞咽功能的影响。[方法]50例脑卒中后吞咽困难病人给予吞咽功能康复训练,即基础训练和摄食训练,4周后观察病人吞咽功能的改善情况。[结果]50例病人中痊愈19例,显效16例,有效10例,无效5例,总有效率为90%。[结论]康复护理有助于脑卒中后吞咽困难病人吞咽功能的恢复。     

桥脑小脑角区肿瘤术后吞咽困难的早期护理

目的探讨桥脑小脑角区肿瘤手术损伤颅神经致吞咽困难患者的早期康复训练。方法吞咽障碍患者86例,分成治疗组和对照组,采用日本洼田氏的咽水试验作为评定标准,对照组进行常规护理,康复组进行以吞咽饮食训练为中心的康复护理,分别在术后第一天和治疗4周后进行测评。结果康复治疗组分级明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论对颅神经损伤所致吞咽困难的患者进行早期康复训练治疗,能促进吞咽功能的恢复,不仅使患者恢复了经口吞咽进食,同时促进了语言功能的恢复,提高了患者的生活质量,减少并发症。     

50例脑卒中后吞咽困难病人的康复护理

[目的]观察康复护理对脑卒中后吞咽困难病人吞咽功能的影响。[方法]50例脑卒中后吞咽困难病人给予吞咽功能康复训练,即基础训练和摄食训练,4周后观察病人吞咽功能的改善情况。[结果]50例病人中痊愈19例,显效16例,有效10例,无效5例,总有效率为90%。[结论]康复护理有助于脑卒中后吞咽困难病人吞咽功能的恢复。     

康复训练配合舌三针治疗脑卒中后吞咽困难72例

目的：探讨康复训练配合舌三针对脑卒中后吞咽困难的治疗效果。方法：对我院脑卒中后吞咽困难的住院病人72 例早期进行康复训练，配合舌三针治疗2个疗程。结果：患者吞咽功能恢复有效率90%，吞咽功能评定前后对比，存在显著性差异，p<0.001。疗效明显。结论：康复训练配合舌三针明显改善脑卒中后吞咽困难患者的吞咽功能，显著减低误吸性肺炎发生率，促进疾病康复，提高生活质量。     

Retropharyngeal abscess initially diagnosed by the videofluoroscopic swallowing study

In this article, we report a case where a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) revealed the cause of a recently developed idiopathic dysphagia in a 66-year-old patient and enabled emergent treatment. The patient reported a 10-day history of fever, cough, sputum production, and progressive jaundice. He was then admitted to the hospital with suspicion of aspiration pneumonia. Despite treatment with antibiotics, fever and leukocytosis were persistent. As he also reported dysphagia, we performed the VFSS, which showed subglottic aspiration on all types of food and revealed a retropharyngeal mass causing mechanical compression. A contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) of his neck was performed following the VFSS, which helped diagnose the mass as an extensive retropharyngeal abscess with mediastinitis. Following this diagnosis, emergent surgical incision and drainage was performed on the patient. Although the VFSS is primarily designed to evaluate swallowing function rather than to diagnose a disease, it can be used to reveal the primary medical cause of dysphagia while it studies the mechanical and structural abnormalities in the oropharyngeal and esophageal regions. This study also proposes that retropharyngeal abscess should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cases showing progressive dysphagia with fever. As confirmed through this work, the VFSS can function as a useful tool for detecting crucial diseases accompanying deglutition disorder.     

Dysphagia Characteristics of Patients Post SARS-CoV-2 During Inpatient Rehabilitation

ObjectiveTo investigate dysphagia in patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2 admitted to acute inpatient rehabilitation by summarizing clinical swallow evaluation and videofluoroscopic swallow study findings.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingUrban inpatient rehabilitation hospital.ParticipantsThe first inpatients admitted with SARS-CoV-2 (N=40) who participated in a videofluoroscopic swallow study.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresPatient characteristics upon admission (duration of intubation, tracheostomy status, comorbidities, videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) completion at previous level of care); admission International Dysphagia Diet level (IDDSI); Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA), Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), dysphagia severity rating; penetration aspiration scale (PAS) rated during VFSS; and IDDSI level recommended after completion of VFSS.ResultsTwenty percent of patients had been evaluated by videofluoroscopy in acute care. Nineteen of 37 (51%) individuals were upgraded to IDDSI level 7 regular diet with level 0 thin liquids and achieved a FOIS of 7 after the completion of the VFSS. Five individuals (13%) received a diet downgrade or remained on the same diet recommendations from their admission. Total numerical score (TNS) of less than 170 on the MASA predicted presence of aspiration in 27% of patients (6 of 22). Seventy-two percent of the sample (16 of 22) had a TNS less than 170 but did not demonstrate any instances of aspiration. The odds of patients having a PAS of 3 or greater increased by approximately 15% (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.27; P=.013). Thus, with each additional day of intubation during acute care stay, there was a 15% greater likelihood of having airway invasion.ConclusionsInstrumental swallow evaluations are imperative to diagnose and treat dysphagia in the post-coronavirus disease population. Because of the heterogeneity of this population, high incidence of prolonged intubation, and limitations of the clinical swallowing evaluation, instrumental assessments need to be performed on a more consistent basis as infection prevention protocols evolve.     

Treatment of Dysphagia with pyridostigmine bromide in a patient with the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of guillain-barré syndrome

A 24-year-old male developed bulbar palsy, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and shoulder weakness bilaterally 2 weeks after he had experienced an upper respiratory infection. The electrodiagnostic study demonstrated axonal polyradiculoneuropathy. The repetitive nerve stimulation study (RNS) showed no significant decrement of the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs). The videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) showed severe impairment of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. He was diagnosed as having the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The patient's dysphagia was not improved for 3 months. A follow up RNS showed a significant decrement of the CMAPs. Pyridostigmine bromide was tried to improve the dysphagia. The patient showed immediate improvement of his dysphagia on the VFSS after the trial with pyridostigmine bromide. Pyridostigmine bromide was given before each meal for 8 days and he showed continuous improvement of his dysphagia. The follow up VFSS after 3 months showed complete recovery of dysphagia.     

Impact of formal training on agreement of videofluoroscopic swallowing study interpretation across and within disciplines

Purpose

Formal agreement studies on interpretation of the videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) procedure among speech-language pathologists, radiology house officers, and staff radiologists have not been pursued. Each of these professions participates in the procedure, interprets the examination, and writes separate reports on the findings. The aim of this study was to determine reliability of interpretation between and within the disciplines and to determine if structured training improved reliability.

Methods

Thirteen speech-language pathologists (SLPs), ten diagnostic radiologists (RADs) and twenty-one diagnostic radiology house officers (HOs) participated in this study. Each group viewed 24 VFSS samples and rated the presence or absence of seven aberrant swallowing features as well as the presence of dysphagia and identification of oral dysphagia, pharyngeal dysphagia, or both. During part two, the groups were provided with a training session on normal and abnormal swallowing, using different VFSS samples from those in part one, followed by re-rating of the original 24 VFSS samples. A generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach with a binomial link function was used to examine each question separately. For each cluster of tests, as example, all pairwise comparisons between the three groups in the pretraining period, a Hochberg’s correction for multiple testing was used to determine significance. A GEE approach with a binomial link function was used to compare the premeasure to postmeasure for each of the three groups of raters stratified by experience.

Results

The primary result revealed that the HO group scored significantly lower than the SLP and RAD group on identification of the presence of dysphagia (p = 0.008; p = 0.001, respectively), identification of oral phase dysphagia (p = 0.003; p = 0.001, respectively), and identification of both oral and pharyngeal phase dysphagia, (p = 0.014, p = 0.001, respectively) pretraining. Post training there was no statistically significant difference between the three groups on identification of dysphagia and identification of combined oral and pharyngeal dysphagia.

Conclusions

Formal training to identify oropharyngeal dysphagia characteristics appears to improve accuracy of interpretation of the VFSS procedure for radiology house officers. Consideration to include formal training in this area for radiology residency training programs is recommended.

     

Predictors of dysphagia after spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the incidence of swallowing deficits (dysphagia) and to identify factors that predict risk for dysphagia in the rehabilitation setting following acute traumatic spinal cord injury. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. SETTING: Freestanding rehabilitation hospital. PATIENTS: Data were collected on 187 patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury admitted for rehabilitation over a 4-year period who underwent a swallowing screen, in which 42 underwent a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: VFSS was performed on patients with suspected swallowing problems. Possible antecedents of dysphagia were recorded from the medical record including previous history of spine surgery, surgical approach and technique, tracheostomy and ventilator status, neurologic level of injury, ASIA Impairment Classification, orthosis, etiology of injury, age, and gender. RESULTS: On admission to rehabilitation 22.5% (n = 42) of spinal cord injury patients had symptoms suggesting dysphagia. In 73.8% (n = 31) of these cases, testing confirmed dysphagia (aspiration or requiring a modified diet), while VFSS ruled out dysphagia in 26.2% (n = 11) cases. Logistic regression and other analyses revealed three significant predictors of risk for dysphagia: age (p < .028), tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation (p < .001), and spinal surgery via an anterior cervical approach (p < .016). Other variables analyzed had no relation or at best a slight relation to dysphagia. Tracheostomy at admission was the strongest predictor of dysphagia. The combination of tracheostomy at rehabilitation admission and anterior surgical approach had an extremely high rate of dysphagia (48%). CONCLUSION: Swallowing abnormalities are present in a significant percentage of patients presenting to rehabilitation with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Patients with a tracheostomy appear to have a substantially increased risk of development of dysphagia, although other factors are also relevant. Risk of dysphagia should be evaluated to decrease the potential for morbidity related to swallowing abnormalities.     

脑卒中后吞咽困难两种床旁评估量表比较

目的 比较标准乔咽功能评估(SSA)和苏格兰国家指南(SIG)两种临床床旁筛查量表对急性脑卒中后吞咽困难的诊断价值.方法 选取86例急性脑梗死住院患者,入院后48 h内即完成电视X线透视吞咽功能检查(VFSS)以及SSA和SIG评估,以VFSS结果为金标准比较两种床旁筛查方法的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比、阴性似然比以及二者与VFSS的关联性.结果 SSA的敏感性为89.1%.特异性为75.0%,阳性预测值为0.804,阴性预测值为0.833,阳性似然比为3.56,阴性似然比为0.15;SIG筛查的结果分别为60.9%,82.5%,0.800,0.647,3.44,0.47,SSA的敏感性高于SIG(P＜0.05),SIG特异性稍高但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).二者与VFSS的一致性检验的Kappa值分别为0.648(95%CI:0.425,0.881).0.425(95%CI:0.219,0.631),均与VFSS相关(P＜0.05).结论 SSA和SIG均可用于脑卒中后吞咽困难的床旁评估.SSA敏感性高于SIG,更适于早期筛查;SIG的特异性稍高,有助于指导治疗和观察疗效,两者可结合使用.     

电视透视下吞咽能力检查在口咽期吞咽障碍中的应用

目的 分析吞咽障碍患者电视透视下吞咽能力检查(VFSS)结果.方法 16例知情同意吞咽障碍患者接受VFSS检查.分别采用稀钡餐(50％ w/v)、稠钡餐(270％ w/v)、饼干沾稠钡餐进行咀嚼测试.一口量为10 ml.采用正位、侧位动态造影测试,依次观察双侧梨状窝对称情况、口期时长、咽期起始时间、咽期时长、滞留、误吸及其时间、剂量等.结果5例为口期吞咽障碍;3例为咽期吞咽障碍,显示存在咽期起始迟缓,并且有1例表现为吞咽后误吸;8例为口咽期吞咽障碍,其中5例不伴误吸,3例伴有误吸,其中2例为安静误吸,1例表现为吞咽前误吸,1例表现为吞咽后误吸(梨状窝滞留引起),1例无法判断误吸时间.4例误吸患者中,3例存在钡剂25％以上的重度误吸,1例存在5％的轻度误吸,同时配合吞咽康复治疗.结论VFSS检测可为制订吞咽障碍的康复方案提供参考.     

Evaluation of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia With the Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study

This article will discuss suspected oropharyngeal dysphagia, which is typically evaluated with a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). The VFSS is different from a regular barium swallow with a focus on the oral cavity, pharynx, and proximal esophagus as the patient ingests multiple volumes of liquids, semisolids, and solids. The goals of the VFSS are to assess oropharyngeal biomechanical function and dysfunction, determine swallowing safety and efficiency, identify effectiveness of compensatory strategies, establish an appropriate diet, and construct an evidence-based rehabilitation plan.     

中西医结合治疗脑卒中患者的吞咽障碍

目的：探讨中西医结合治疗脑卒中吞咽障碍的临床疗效。方法：将病情稳定的300例脑卒中伴吞咽障碍患者分成常规药物组、训练组、电针组、中药组和综合组各60例,分别给予相应治疗,于治疗前及治疗第3、14及28天时采用吞咽X线透视检查法（VFSS）评分评定患者的吞咽障障碍程度。结果：与治疗前比较,治疗第28天时药物组、训练组、电针组、中药组和综合组VFSS评分均显著提高;总有效率分别为40%、73.3%、70%、63.3%及100%（P〈0.05或0.01）。综合组治疗第14及28天时与其他4组比较,VFSS评分提高更显著（P〈0.05）。结论：在常规药物治疗的基础上,辅以中西结合的综合治疗是改善脑卒中伴吞咽障碍患者的最佳方案。     

针刺结合神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒中后咽期吞咽障碍的影响

目的:观察针刺结合神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒中后咽期吞咽障碍患者康复的影响。方法:按随机数字表法将40例脑卒中患者分为2组各20例,对照组给予常规药物治疗、吞咽功能训练和神经肌肉电刺激,观察组在对照组的基础上给予针刺治疗。治疗前后采用表面肌电分析(记录sEMG最大波幅)、透视吞咽功能检查(VFSS)对患者吞咽功能进行评价。结果:治疗20d后,2组患者的sEMG最大波幅、VFSS总评分及咽期VFSS评分明显高于治疗前(P0.05),且观察组更高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:针刺结合神经肌肉电刺激能明显提高脑卒中后咽期吞咽障碍患者的康复效果。