Management of neonatal hip instability and dysplasia

The diagnosis and treatment of neonatal hip instability and dysplasia is controversial. Different countries have different algorithms and guidelines on which hips should be screened or treated. German speaking countries have introduced universal ultra sound hip screening programmes resulting in relatively high splintage rates in certain centres. Some Scandinavian centres have organised selective screening programmes with serial ultrasound observation of hip instabilities, leading to comparatively low splintage rates. Though most experts would treat clinical hip instability (confirmed by ultrasound evaluation), the natural history and epidemiology of dysplasia is less well understood. The treatment regimes for neonatal dysplasia are varied with wide differences in the rates of splintage. 'Late' dislocation may be secondary to prenatal dislocation (teratogenic), neonatal hip instability or to persistent major dysplasia of the hip. The term 'missed' dislocation should not be used as this suggests negligence on the part of the examiner, when this may not be the case. Which splint to use (rigid or dynamic), at what age, and for how long, are questions currently unresolved as no proper controlled trials have been undertaken. However, a sensible treatment algorithm can be advocated. Complications secondary to splintage are rare, though nerve damage, avascular necrosis of the hip, redislocation and skin problems have been described.     

3D打印导航模板在大龄DDH患儿股骨近端内翻旋转短缩截骨术中的应用

目的 利用逆向工程(reverse engineering,RE)和快速成型(Rapid prototyping,RP)技术设计制备一种适用于大龄发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)患儿股骨近端内翻旋转短缩截骨术的导航模板.方法 对2014年6月至2014年12月收治的6例(6髋)大龄DDH患儿进行CT连续扫描,根据CT数据使用Mimics和Geomagic Design Direct软件,利用正逆向结合建模设计囊括股骨近端内翻、旋转、短缩截骨术全部手术参数及步骤在内的导航模板.通过熔积成型(fused deposition modeling,FDM)法RP技术生产实物模板,手术时首先将导航模板与股骨近端相吻合,置入导针后,沿导航模板进行截骨,撤离导板后利用导针为操纵杆进行内翻、旋转及短缩并插入对应钢板钉孔内,于导针针道依次旋人皮质螺钉完成手术.结果 术前规划、模拟手术及术中操作一致,平均手术时长18 min,最长21 min,最短14 min,手术时间及射线暴露次数大幅降低,术后随访12～18个月,根据Mckay临床疗效评定标准:优4(66.7％)、良1(16.7％)、可1(16.7％),优良率达83.3％;SeverinX线评定标准:Ⅰ级5髋(83.3％)、Ⅱ级1髋(16.7％),优良率达100％,无1例出现再脱位和股骨头缺血坏死等并发症.结论 利用RE和RP技术制作的导航模板应用于大龄DDH患儿股骨近端内翻旋转短缩截骨术,可以简化手术步骤、节约手术时间、提高手术精确性、确保手术疗效,为大龄DDH患儿精准医疗提供新方法.     

牵引在闭合复位治疗儿童发育性髋关节脱位中的作用的多中心回顾性研究

目的 探讨双下肢牵引在儿童发育性髋关节脱位(DDH)闭合复位中的作用.方法 回顾性分析我国南方7家医院2004年1月至2014年6月采用闭合复位治疗的DDH患儿的临床资料.共有302例(333髋)符合纳入标准,其中,男40例,女262例;单侧271例,双侧31例.平均年龄(16.5±5.1)个月,平均随访时间(38.0±18.0)个月.牵引组227例,非牵引组75例.比较两组患儿Tonnis分度、再脱位发生率、股骨头坏死(AVN)、末次随访髋臼指数(AI)、中心边缘角(CE角)和Severin影像学分级.结果 非牵引组平均住院时间(5.1±2.6)d,显著短于牵引组(16.2±7.5)d(P＜0.001).术前牵引组的平均Tonnis分度显著高于非牵引组(P=0.021).333髋中有23髋(6.9％)出现再脱位,牵引组的再脱位发生率为8.7％,非牵引组的再脱位发生率为1.3％,两者差异有统计学意义(P=0.022).在Tonnis Ⅱ度的患儿中,牵引组和非牵引组的再脱位发生率差异无统计学意义.在Tonnis Ⅲ～Ⅳ度的患儿中,牵引组的再脱位发生率显著高于非牵引组(P=0.027).牵引组AVN发生率为17.4％,非牵引组AVN发生率为26.3％,两者差异无统计学意义(P =0.083).同样,根据Tonnis分型分别比较牵引和非牵引组之间的AVN发生率,结果差异也无统计学意义.牵引和非牵引组之间AVN的分型差异也无统计学意义(P=0.076).牵引组和非牵引组之间的AI值和CE角差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组之间Severin影像学分级差异无统计学意义(P =0.559).结论 牵引不能降低DDH闭合复位术后再脱位的发生率,不能减少AVN的发生率,也不能改善DDH闭合复位的最终治疗效果.     

一期联合手术治疗2～6岁发育性髋关节脱位儿童的临床和影像学结果评价

目的 通过回顾性分析2～6岁发育性髋关节脱位儿童一期行切开复位+ Salter骨盆截骨+股骨近端截骨术的联合手术方法的临床和影像学的随访结果,探讨2～3岁行一期联合手术是否会增加股骨头缺血性坏死(AVN)的风险.方法 收集2009年1月1日至2010年12月31日期间,在我院一期行切开复位+ Salter骨盆截骨+股骨截骨术的联合手术,年龄在2～6岁之间的发育性髋关节脱位患儿共31例(45髋),进行临床功能和影像学的随访研究.所有患儿按照手术时的年龄分为两组,1组为≤3岁(28髋),2组为＞3岁(17髋).根据T(o)nnis分型,Ⅲ型30髋(1组21髋,2组9髋),Ⅳ型15髋(1组7髋,2组8髋).股骨头缺血性坏死分级评价采用Kalamchi-MacEwen分型,临床功能结果采用McKay评分标准.结果 患儿手术时平均年龄为(37.22±11.60)个月.术后随访(5.93±0.76)年.最终随访时拍摄的骨盆X线正位片,采用Kalamchi-MacEwen分型判定未发生AVN共31髋(68.2％),发生AVN共14髋(31.1％).1组共19(67.9％)髋未发生AVN,共9髋(32.1％)发生AVN.2组分别为12髋(70.6％)和5髋(29.4％),两者之间差异并无统计学意义(P=0.560).在1组发生AVN的患儿中,Ⅰ型4髋(44.4％),Ⅱ型1髋(11.1％)Ⅲ型3髋(33.3％),Ⅳ型1髋(11.1％),2组分别为Ⅰ型3髋(60％),Ⅱ型1髋(20％),Ⅲ型0,Ⅳ型1髋(20％).根据McK-ay评分系统,优秀33髋(73.3％),良好7髋(1 5.6％),一般4髋(8.9％),差1髋(2.2％).两者之间差异并无统计学意义(P=0.944).所有45髋中,只有1例出现半脱位行二次手术,再手术的发生率为2.22％.结论 发育性髋关节脱位儿童在2～6岁时行一期联合手术长期随访的临床功能和影像学结果是满意的.儿童在2～3岁时行一期联合手术并没有显著增加AVN的发生,并获得良好的髋关节临床功能.这说明2～3岁时行一期联合手术可以获得良好的效果,是安全有效的.     

发育性髋关节发育不良儿童髋臼形态学病理分型的探讨

目的通过三维CT分析髋臼形态学的病理改变,为临床选择合适的骨盆截骨方式提供参考。方法选择101例发育性髋关节发育不良儿童,共129个髋关节。术前行髋关节螺旋CT扫描并通过Mimics 10.01软件进行三维重建,根据以往参考文献分型,结合病例观察,提出髋臼形态学病理分型。结果分为六型:Ⅰ型为轻度发育不良,占31.8%。Ⅱ型为髋臼前上缺损,占17.1%。Ⅲ型为中上缺损,占32.6%。Ⅳ型为全缺损,占10.8%。Ⅴ型为假臼,占5.4%。Ⅵ型为三角型髋臼,占2.3%。结论髋臼形态学新的病理分型有助于对发育性髋关节发育不良儿童病理改变的认识。通过三维CT了解髋臼的不同形态学改变,能为临床选择合适的骨盆截骨方式提供参考。     

Description of the ‘pronation manoeuvre’ for the diagnosis of developmental hip dysplasia

IntroductionWithout a prompt diagnosis, developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants can lead to severe sequelae. Current screening strategies emphasize the use of Ortolani and Barlow physical examination manoeuvres, yet they exhibit low sensitivity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a new physical examination tool (the pronation manoeuvre) as a screening tool for DDH.MethodsTo evaluate the new manoeuvre, a cross-sectional and analytic study was performed with a nonprobabilistic sampling method. Patients with either a positive Ortolani or Barlow manoeuver were evaluated with the new manoeuvre and hip ultrasound. Controls were infants with negative Ortolani, Barlow and pronation manoeuvres and also had ultrasound performed.ResultsDDH was confirmed in 83 of 130 cases (64%) and 2 of 130 controls (2%). The new pronation manoeuvre had a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 94% as compared to the Ortolani and Barlow manoeuvres (sensitivity 31 to 32%, specificity 93 to 100%) (P<0.05).ConclusionThis new physical examination manoeuvre could serve as another clinical tool for the initial screening of DDH in newborns. Its promising results against traditional screening procedures might potentially impact diagnosis and prognosis for patients with DDH.     

Screening for hip abnormality in the neonate

Clinical screening policies for the detection of hip instability or dysplasia of the hip vary internationally. There is general agreement in the Western world that at birth all hip joints should be clinically assessed by the Ortolani and Barlow tests. Currently, there is no consistency regarding who should undertake the examination, the results being worse when inexperienced personnel are used. These clinical tests have poor sensitivity and should be regarded as surveillance, not screening methods. Since the 1980s ultrasonographic assessment of the hip has become a valuable diagnostic tool. However there is continuing controversy on whether this imaging method should be used universally or selectively for 'at risk' and clinically unstable hip joints. Universal ultrasonographic evaluation may result in over-treatment and selective screening may be no better than the best clinical screening programs in reducing the incidence of 'late' irreducible dislocation of the hip. It is generally accepted that all clinically unstable hips should be imaged by ultrasound by static and dynamic methods in order to confirm the diagnosis and to monitor treatment.     

Developmental dysplasia of the hip. A population-based comparison of ultrasound and clinical findings

Clinical and ultrasound findings were compared in 3613 newborns examined for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) within 48 hours of delivery. Clinical and sonographic hip stability was described as stable, borderline unstable, dislocatable or dislocated, and the morphology on ultrasound as normal, immature or dysplastic. Persistent clinical or sonographic dislocatability or dislocation. major dysplasia or minor dysplasia combined with an unstable femoral head were indications for early treatment. A total of 123 (3.4%) infants were subjected to early treatment. of which 55 (45%) fulfilled the criteria for treatment on both clinical and ultrasound examinations, 52 (42%) were treated on the basis of ultrasound findings alone, and 16 (13%) on the basis of clinical findings alone. Thirty percent of the infants with clinically dislocated or dislocatable hips were judged to have stable or just borderline unstable hips on the first clinical examination. Of 486 (13.5%) infants with sonographically immature or minor dysplastic but stable hips, 472 (97%) normalized spontaneously, while treatment was initiated in 14 (3%) of them at 1-3 months of age because of lack of sonographic improvement. Only one infant presented with late DDH during an observation period of 3 years. Accepting sonographic dysplasia as a criterion for early splinting may result in a treatment rate which is almost twice the rate based on clinical criteria, but late dislocation may be virtually eliminated.     

新生儿髋关节筛查资料分析

目的 探讨超声及临床髋关节检查在新生儿发育性髋关节发育不良（DDH）早期筛查中的意义.方法 采用前瞻性的方法,分两阶段对我院2011年8月1日至2013年3月29日出生的新生儿分别进行髋关节临床检查和超声检查,并对筛查结果进行分析.第一阶段为2011年8月1日至2013年1月29日,筛查出生3 ～ 10天的新生儿,了解我院新生儿DDH的患病率、DDH发生的高危因素,以及髋关节超声筛查和临床物理检查两者之间的吻合度等.第二阶段为2013年1月30日至2013年3月29日,对初诊与复诊的一致性及灵敏度和特异度进行调查.结果 第一阶段共筛查5193例新生儿,临床髋关节检查阳性616例（11.86％）,超声检查阳性556例（10.71％）.男、女超声阳性率分别为6.41％和15.78％.臀位及羊水量少的新生儿超声检查阳性率分别为10.55％和13.00％.男、女左、右髋超声分度比较和男、女左髋、右髋、双髋超声检查比较显示,女婴、臀位、羊水量少、右髋发生DDH的风险高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.第二阶段共筛选出符合超声初查和复查双条件的新生儿108例,初诊与复诊结果差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.ROC曲线下面积为0.675（95％ CI：0.183～1.000）.阳性预测值5.88％,阴性预测值98.90％.灵敏度及特异度的95％可信区间分别为50.00％ （95％ CI：1.26％ ～ 98.70％）,84.90％（95％ CI：76.60％ ～91.10％）.结论 超声进行新生儿髋关节DDH检查排除性诊断的意义大.运用髋关节临床及超声检查筛查新生儿DDH简便、安全,可早期发现可疑及异常病例,有利于门诊随访和早期干预.     

Differences in risk factors between early and late diagnosed developmental dysplasia of the hip

BACKGROUND: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is common, affecting 7.3 per 1000 births in South Australia. Clinical screening programmes exist to identify the condition early to gain the maximum benefit from early treatment. Although these screening programmes are effective, there are still cases that are missed. Previous research has highlighted key risk factors in the development of DDH. OBJECTIVE: To compare the risk factors of cases of DDH identified late with those that were diagnosed early. METHODS: A total of 1281 children with DDH born in 1988-1996 were identified from the South Australian Birth Defects Register. Hospital records of those who had surgery for DDH within 5 years of life were examined for diagnosis details. Twenty seven (2.1%) had been diagnosed at or after 3 months of age and were considered the late DDH cases (a prevalence of 0.15 per 1000 live births). Various factors were compared with early diagnosed DDH cases. RESULTS: Female sex, vertex presentation, normal delivery, rural birth, and discharge from hospital less than 4 days after birth all significantly increased the risk of late diagnosis of DDH. CONCLUSIONS: The results show differences in the risk factors for early and late diagnosed DDH. Some known risk factors for DDH are in fact protective for late diagnosis. These results highlight the need for broad newborn population screening and continued vigilance and training in screening programmes.     

3DCT模拟手术辅助治疗大龄发育性髋关节脱位患儿既往手术后残余畸形

目的:通过3DCT观察大龄(≥8岁)发育性髋关节脱位(DDH)手术后残余畸形病理改变,模拟手术预判治疗效果,探讨多种手术方式综合治疗的经验体会。方法:回顾分析山东大学附属省立医院小儿骨科2012年7月至2017年6月综合运用多种截骨术治疗的大龄DDH治疗后残余畸形病例资料共27例35髋,手术时患儿年龄8岁至13岁9个月...     

Developmental dysplasia of the hip in South Australia in 1991: Prevalence and risk factors

To determine the prevalence of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in South Australia (SA) in 1991, the proportion of cases detected in the neonatal period and the perinatal risk factors for DDH.

Methodology:

Cases of DDH born in SA in 1991 were identified from multiple sources and their clinical data linked to perinatal data provided by midwives; five controls per case were obtained randomly from SA livebirths without congenital abnormalities and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for potential risk factors obtained by logistic regression analysis. South Australia perinatal data were also used to estimate numbers of births with perinatal risk factors for targeted screening.

Results:

Two hundred and six cases of isolated DDH were identified, giving a prevalence of 10.5 per 1000 births. Of these, 173 (84%) had been detected in the neonatal period. The perinatal risk factors for DDH were identified as breech presentation (OR 9.65), female babies (OR 4.04), first births (OR 1.91) and maternal age of 25 years or more (OR 1.53). Screening breech and firstborn female babies (23% of births) would yield approximately 51% of cases of DDH.

Conclusions:

Isolated DDH had a prevalence of 10.5 per 1000 births and 84% of cases had been detected in the neonatal period in SA. Repeated screening during infancy of 'at risk' groups of babies is recommended.     

利用骨盆数字重建影像探究儿童髋臼指数的标准化测量方法

目的:利用骨盆数字重建图像(digital reconstructed radiographs,DRRs)研究如何选择正确的髋臼外上缘参考点测量儿童髋臼指数(AI)并初步探究其解剖对应关系。方法:回顾收集2015年1月1日至2015年12月31日入浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院骨科进行髋关节CT检查的研究对象共177例,收...     

Value of limited hip abduction in developmental dysplasia of the hip

BACKGROUND: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) continues to be missed by routine physical examination in up to 50% of cases. Ultrasound (US) supplementation is the best method of screening for DDH, but the resources required should not be underestimated. Limited abduction of the hip (LHA) in an infant triggers suspicion, and often an urge to treat, in most orthopaedic surgeons and pediatricians alike. This study aimed to document the value of unilateral LHA in the diagnosis and decision making of DDH, and the correlation between LHA and US. METHODS: In total, 464 infants referred from the pediatrics clinic with LHA, aged between 30 and 120 days, were included in the study. RESULTS: Physical examination revealed LHA in 186 (41%) infants, 26 of which were unilateral and 160 were bilateral. US examination showed that 13 (8.1%) patients in the bilateral LHA group and 18 (69.2) patients in the unilateral LHA group, had DDH (total number 31, 7%). CONCLUSION: Unilateral limitation of hip abduction was found to be a sensitive sign for developmental hip dysplasia, but US could be defined once again as the best golden standard before initiating treatment.     

MRI对儿童发育性髋关节脱位的髋臼发育状况分析

目的 探讨MRI对儿童不同年龄阶段发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dislocation of the hip,DDH)髋臼发育情况的分析及应用价值.方法 对我院2010年1月至2015年1月诊治的单侧DDH患儿共76例进行回顾性分析,患侧为病例组,健侧为对照组;根据年龄分为三组:婴儿组(＜1岁)14例、幼儿组(1～3岁)38例及儿童组(4～13岁)24例.比较各组间髋臼深度、骨性髋臼指数(BAI)、软骨性髋臼指数(CAI)的差异,并进行线性相关分析;同时分别测量病例组与对照组的髋臼软骨在前上、顶上、后上三个方向的分布情况.结果 病例组与对照组髋臼深度为(5.54±2.32) mm和(9.32±2.91) mm、BAI为(33.65±5.08)°和(23.12±5.28)°,CAI为(20.86±6.38)°和(12.81±4.71)°,两组差异有统计学意义(t=12.86、14.82、9.56,P均＜0.05),BAI、CAI呈线性正相关(r=0.88、0.74,P＜0.05);病例组中婴儿组、幼儿组及儿童组髋臼深度分别为(4.31±0.42)mm、(4.69±1.74)mm及(7.31±2.74)mm,差异有统计学意义(F=11.88,P＜0.05),BAI分别为(29.16±5.03)°、(34.95±4.50)°及(33.12±5.69)°,CAI分别为(16.80±5.21)°、(21.53±6.49)°及(20.91±6.40).,BAI、CAI在幼儿组及儿童组呈线性正相关(r=0.70、0.66,P＜0.05).幼儿组及儿童组中病例组与对照组的髋臼软骨分布在前上、顶上、后上差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MRI可运用于不同年龄阶段儿童DDH的髋臼深度、BAI、CAI、多方向髋臼软骨的测量,为临床评估髋臼发育情况提供更多的影像学参考依据.     

Developmental dysplasia of the hip: Risk markers, clinical screening and outcome

Background: Early detection, diagnosis and treatment of developmental dysplasia/dislocation of hip (DDH) are essential in preventing further disability and quality of life impairment in children. DDH risk markers and association between the age of clinical screening and outcome, were evaluated.
Methods: Clinical screening at ages birth, 6 and 13 weeks was performed in 8145 infants by pediatricians. Infants suspected for DDH were referred to the community hospital clinic for clinical evaluation by a pediatric orthopedic surgeon, imaging procedures and follow up. Demographic and perinatal characteristics of the children with suspected ( n = 77) and diagnosed DDH ( n = 51) were compared to matched controls ( n = 154).
Results: The rate of suspected DDH was 0.95% and that of diagnosed DDH was 0.63%. Female gender, firstborn child and breech presentation were significantly more frequent among cases versus controls (odds ratio [OR]: 4.3, 2.7, and 6 respectively; P < 0.05). The highest positive predictive value (95.5%) in physical evaluation was any evidence of a dislocatable hip. The proportion of DDH among infants referred from the newborn department was significantly higher (OR, 4.4). DDH diagnosis after 6 weeks of age was associated with a higher likelihood of subsequent surgery and motor disability. Untoward outcome was significantly associated with increasing age of referral both at ages of 6 and 13 weeks ( P < 0.05).
Conclusions: Children with DDH have certain specific demographic and perinatal risk markers. Clinical screening targeted towards early diagnosis may lessen the need for surgical intervention and the risk of disability or motor handicap.     

泪点影像在观察儿童发育性髋发育不良的应用

观察了８０例发育性髋发育不良患儿的系列Ｘ线片，其泪点影出现时间在正常侧为１岁，而脱位侧泪点的出现明显延迟，往往在股骨头复位后才能出现，并随着年龄增长而逐渐变窄。测量了部分患儿正常侧的泪点宽度，用统计学方法证实泪点宽度随年龄增大而变窄具有临床意义。