Cyprotex公司推出细胞色素P450抑制剂的筛选服务

据“新华美通”消息，Cyprotex公司宣布，其可向有关的药物研发单位和个人提供鉴别、筛选细胞色素P450（CYP450）抑制剂的服务。     

抗组胺药敏感性的细胞色素P450研究进展

HP450具有细胞色素P450特征和抗组胺药敏感的双重性,它在不同的大鼠肝脏疾病模型中有明显的变化规律,与肝脏疾病的发展具有一定的相关性,在肝癌发生过程中HP450基因的转录及表达均发生了变化。HP450有可能作为诊断肝癌的新指标,在预防和治疗肝癌中可能作为一个新靶点。     

细胞色素P450氧化还原酶的研究进展

细胞色素P450氧化还原酶(Cytochrom e P450 Reduc-tase,CPR)是细胞色素P450药物代谢酶系中为细胞色素P450提供电子的膜蛋白,本文从电子传递、底物作用及其基因调控三方面的特性对其进行了论述,并探讨了CPR领域一些待研究的问题。     

细胞色素P450 1B1基因多态性与子宫内膜癌易感性研究

目的研究细胞色素P4501B1基因外显子2密码子119（G-T）、外显子3密码子432（C-G）多态性与子宫内膜癌遗传易感性的关系。方法采用等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应（AS-PCR）法对72例子宫内膜癌患者和80例对照者进行CYP1B1基因密码子119（G-T）、密码子432（C-G）突变分析,用SP免疫组化法进一步研究雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）的表达是否受CYP1B1基因多态性的影响。结果CYP1B1基因密码子119、432中等位基因G、T和C、G在子宫内膜癌组和对照组分布的差异有显著性（χ^2=16.817,P=0.000;χ^2=9.133,P=0.003）,其中等位基因T、G使患子宫内膜癌危险性分别增加了3.052和2.213倍。CYP1B1基因密码子119G/T各基因型分布两组间有显著性差异（χ^2=18.267,P〈0.01）,纯合突变T/T、G/G基因型、杂合突变G/T、C/G基因型与野生G/G、C/C基因型相比,患子宫内膜癌的危险度分别提高了4.258、3.871倍和3.235、2.214倍。此外,119T/T、G/T基因型、432G/G、C/G基因型者ER阳性表达率高于119G/G、432C/C野生基因型,有显著性差异（χ^2=6.750,P=0.034;χ^2=6.977,P=0.031）。结论CYP1B1基因密码子119、432突变等位基因与子宫内膜癌的发生有一定关联,突变基因型增加了子宫内膜癌的发病风险,且与ER的表达相关。     

酒精性肝损伤大鼠细胞色素P450 CYP2E1和细胞色素P450 CYP3A的代谢活性

目的观察酒精性肝损伤对大鼠细胞色素P450CYP3A(CYP3A)和细胞色素P450CYP2E1(CYP2E1)代谢活性的影响。方法采用ig给予白酒制备大鼠酒精性肝损伤模型,检测血清中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性,采用HE染色法光镜下观测酒精对肝脏损伤程度。大鼠ip给予CYP3A探针药物咪达唑仑10mg·kg-1或ig给予CYP2E1探针药物氯唑沙宗50mg·kg-1后,采用高效液相色谱法测定不同时间点大鼠血浆中咪达唑仑和氯唑沙宗的血药浓度,并应用3P87软件计算其药代动力学参数,以考察CYP2E1和CYP3A的代谢活性的变化。大鼠ig给予氯唑沙宗80mg·kg-1后,热板方法测定大鼠添足次数和添足反射潜伏期。结果酒精性肝损伤可致大鼠肝小叶结构不清,肝索排列紊乱,肝细胞体积增大,呈弥漫性中度水变性,肝窦受压,大部分肝细胞胞浆内见大小不等的脂肪空泡;与正常对照组相比,酒精性肝损伤组大鼠GPT和GOT活性分别增加了16.0%和20.0%(P<0.05,P<0.01)。酒精性肝损伤致大鼠CYP2E1对探针药物氯唑沙宗的代谢活性增强,AUC,t1/2和cmax分别降低了38.0%,30.5%和35.0%(P<0.05);酒精肝损伤组大鼠氯唑沙宗镇痛效果明显降低;酒精性肝损伤致大鼠CYP3A对探针药物咪达唑仑的代谢活性增强,AUC,t1/2和cmax分别降低了122.6%,54.9%和56.9%(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论酒精性肝损伤可使大鼠CYP2E1和CYP3A代谢活性增强。     

细胞色素P450 3A研究进展

P4503A是细胞色素P450中含量最多的同工酶,临床中有60％以上的药物由其代谢。总结了CYP3A的分布、含量、亚型、表达与调控、与疾病的关系以及活性研究方法等研究进展。     

人肝脏细胞色素P450 2B6催化药物生物转化研究进展

CYP 2B6是细胞色素P450 2B亚家族中的主要成员,参与催化多种内源、外源化合物,特别是多种临床药物的生物转化.本文综述了CYP 2B6的表达、催化药物生物转化及基因多态性的研究进展.     

细胞色素P450的工具药选择及种属差异的研究进展

药物对代谢酶的影响以及代谢产生的药物相互作用与药物安全性密切相关。细胞色素P450(CYP)是参与内、外源性化合物I相代谢反应的重要超家族酶系。特异性探针、诱导剂、抑制剂以及实验动物模型广泛应用于CYP介导的代谢途径以及药物相互作用研究。已知CYP底物存在明显重叠性,且表达调控机制种属差异显著,故研究中选择适当的实验动物以及特异性的探针、诱导剂和抑制剂,成为影响数据外推的关键问题。本文简要综述了CYP1A2,CYP2C9,CYP2C19,CYP2D6,CYP3A4/5的常用体内外探针、诱导剂、抑制剂以及动物种属表达调控的差异。     

质子泵抑制剂与细胞色素P450的关系

质子泵抑制剂(PPI)被公认为是治疗酸相关性疾病(如消化性溃疡,胃食管反流性疾病(GERD),Zolling-Ellison综合征等)的最有效药物.自从1988年第1个PPI-奥美拉唑问世以来,相继出现了兰索拉唑、泮托拉唑、雷贝拉唑、埃索美拉唑[1].PPI特异性作用于H ,K -ATP酶,在胃酸分泌的最终环节抑制质子泵的功能,达到高效抑酸的目的.但不同的PPI的药动学不尽相同.PPI在肝脏被充分的生物转化并不同程度地被各种细胞色素P-450(CYP450)同工酶代谢.参与PPIs代谢的细胞色素P450同工酶主要包括CYP2C19和CYP3A4[2,3].在不同个体和种族间存在CYP2C19基因多态性.CYP2C19基因多态性是影响PPI代谢和临床效果的一个关键因素.     

Effect of TCDD exposure on CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression in explant cultures of human endometrium.

Endometriosis is a debilitating disease estimated to affect 10% of reproductive-age women and characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. The present study characterizes a human endometrial explant culture model for studying the direct effects of TCDD exposure by assessing the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA (Northern blotting), protein (Western blotting), and activity (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase; EROD) in explants cultured with and without TCDD. Explants were obtained at laparoscopy or laparotomy from women undergoing surgery for tubal ligation, endometriosis, or pelvic pain unrelated to endometriosis. The explants were cultured with 10 nM estradiol (E(2)) or 1 nM E(2) plus 500 nM progesterone (P(4)) with or without TCDD (first 24 h). The expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA was greatest with 10 nM TCDD and increased up to 72 h after initial exposure. EROD activity increased up to 120 h. Explants from a secretory phase biopsy became reorganized in culture and formed a new epithelial membrane, while maintaining basic endometrial morphology and viability for up to 120 h. At 24 h, TCDD significantly increased CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA, and at 72 h, TCDD significantly increased EROD activity and CYP1B1 protein compared to explants cultured without TCDD for similar times. CYP1B1 protein also exhibited substantial constitutive expression that was similar in uncultured biopsies, where CYP1B1 protein was immunolocalized in the cytoplasm of epithelial glands, with only occasional patches of protein in the surface epithelial membrane. In explants cultured with and without TCDD exposure, CYP1B1 protein was localized in the cytoplasm of the new surface epithelial membrane and glands closest to the surface. CYP1A1 protein was not detected in uncultured biopsies or explants. Both younger age (age 30 and under) and proliferative phase were associated with higher TCDD-induced EROD activity in specimens treated with E(2):P(4). No significant endometriosis-related differences were observed for any of the biomarkers, but the detection of disease-specific change was limited by small sample size and variability in tissue-cycle phase. The human endometrial explant culture model will be useful for future studies of the effects of dioxin-like compounds on human endometrium in relationship to cycle phase and hormonal exposure.     

Cytochrome P450 reductase dependent inhibition of cytochrome P450 2B1 activity: Implications for gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy

Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are often used in suicide gene cancer therapy strategies to convert an inactive prodrug into its therapeutic active metabolites. However, P450 activity is dependent on electrons supplied by cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Since endogenous CPR activity may not be sufficient for optimal P450 activity, the overexpression of additional CPR has been considered to be a valuable approach in gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). We have analysed a set of cell lines for the effects of CPR on cytochrome P450 isoform 2B1 (CYP2B1) activity. CPR transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells showed both strong CPR expression in Western blot analysis and 30-fold higher activity in cytochrome c assays as compared to parental HEK293 cells. In contrast, resorufin and 4-hydroxy-ifosfamide assays revealed that CYP2B1 activity was up to 10-fold reduced in CPR/CYP2B1 cotransfected HEK293 cells as compared to cells transfected with the CYP2B1 expression plasmid alone. Determination of ifosfamide-mediated effects on cell viability allowed independent confirmation of the reduction in CYP2B1 activity upon CPR coexpression. Inhibition of CYP2B1 activity by CPR was also observed in CYP2B1/CPR transfected or infected pancreatic tumour cell lines Panc-1 and Pan02, the human breast tumour cell line T47D and the murine embryo fibroblast cell line NIH3T3. A CPR mediated increase in CYP2B1 activity was only observed in the human breast tumour cell line Hs578T. Thus, our data reveal an effect of CPR on CYP2B1 activity dependent on the cell type used and therefore demand a careful evaluation of the therapeutic benefit of combining cytochrome P450 and CPR in respective in vivo models in each individual target tissue to be treated.     

CYP1A1基因cDNA全长的T载体克隆及序列分析

目的构建含KpnI、XhoI双酶切位点的人细胞色素(CYP1A1)基因cDNA全长的pGEM-T载体,为以后的亚克隆和毒理学研究提供实验材料。方法从培养的人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)中抽提总RNA,RT-PCR扩增CYP1A1基因cDNA全长,与pGEM-T载体连接后转化DH5α,筛选阳性克隆,抽提重组质粒并进行PCR及酶切鉴定,再行测序分析。结果重组质粒pGEM-T-1A1 PCR后获得了1 568 bp产物,酶切鉴定证实目的片段成功插入至pGEM-T,测序分析也进一步证明了目的片段与GeneBank中CYP1A1mRNA的序列同源性为99.9%。结论成功地构建了含CYP1A1基因cDNA全长区域的T载体。     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of CYP1B1 gene expression in human liver.

Procarcinogen-activating cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 are considered to play an important role in chemical carcinogenesis. However, conflicting data exist with respect to CYP1B1 expression in human liver. In the present study, we measured CYP1B1 mRNA and protein expression in liver samples from 12 individuals (7 nonsmokers, 4 smokers, and 1 ex-smoker) and compared the levels to those of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. As analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, CYP1B1 mRNA was present in all samples and the inter-individual variability was 16-fold. The group mean level was 5-fold greater in smokers than nonsmokers (121 +/- 46 vs. 26 +/- 5 molecules/ng double-stranded DNA, p < 0.05). By comparison, CYP1A1 mRNA was detectable in samples from 4 of 7 nonsmokers, 3 of 4 smokers, and one ex-smoker, whereas CYP1A2 mRNA was detectable in samples from 5 nonsmokers, 4 smokers, and the ex-smoker. The mean levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA were 4-fold and 9-fold greater, respectively, in smokers than nonsmokers, but the differences were not statistically significant. The inter-individual variability in CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA expression was 26-fold and 500-fold, respectively. Immunoblot analysis using several antibodies and with a larger panel (n = 27) of liver microsomes showed that CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 proteins were undetectable, whereas CYP1A2 was detectable in all samples and quantifiable in 24 of 27 samples. In summary, our novel finding indicates that CYP1B1 mRNA is expressed in human liver and the levels are increased in smokers, but the protein is undetectable.     

丹参注射液对家兔体内CYP1A2、CYP2D6和CYP3A4活性的影响

目的：用Cocktail探针药物法研究丹参注射液对家兔细胞色素P450亚型酶活性的影响。方法：将家兔随机分成四组,耳缘静脉注射给予丹参注射液,分低、中、高剂量三个实验组,空白对照组给予生理盐水。用HPLC法测定各组Cock-tail探针药物（咖啡因、美托洛尔和氨苯砜）的血药浓度,比较药时曲线及药代动力学参数的变化,评价各组细胞色素P450亚型酶的活性。结果：丹参注射液低、中、高剂量组CYP2D6的活性与对照组相比降低,具有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;CYP1A2和CYP3A4的活性与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义。结论：丹参注射液对家兔CYP2D6有抑制作用,对CYP1A2和CYP3A4的影响不显著。提示临床应用丹参注射液时,应关注其对CYP2D6的抑制作用,避免联合用药引发CYP2D6介导的药物相互作用,促进临床安全合理用药。     

CYP2F1 genetic polymorphism: Identification of interethnic variations

Since human cytochrome P450 2F1 (CYP2F1) is predominantly expressed in lung tissue and is involved in the metabolism of various pneumotoxicants with potential carcinogenic effects, variations in the nucleotidic sequence of its gene may contribute to interindividual and interethnic differences in the susceptibility to lung tumorigenesis. The aim of the current study was to compare the frequency of a previously reported frameshift mutation, namely c.14_15insC, responsible for the synthesis of a severely truncated protein, between several populations of different ethnic origins. The frequencies of this polymorphism were 26.1, 51.6, 42.7 and 22.9% in French, Gabonese, Senegalese, and Tunisian population samples, respectively, thereby representing a substantial inter ethnic variation in the CYP2F1 gene. These findings provide data for further studies that investigate the potential association of CYP2F1 haplotypes with an incidence of lung cancer genesis in respect of ethnicity.     

Oxidation of 1-chloropyrene by human CYP1 family and CYP2A subfamily cytochrome P450 enzymes: catalytic roles of two CYP1B1 and five CYP2A13 allelic variants

1.?1-Chloropyrene, one of the major chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants, was incubated with human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes including CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2A13, 2B6, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4 and 3A5. Catalytic differences in 1-chloropyrene oxidation by polymorphic two CYP1B1 and five CYP2A13 allelic variants were also examined.

2.?CYP1A1 oxidized 1-chloropyrene at the 6- and 8-positions more actively than at the 3-position, while both CYP1B1.1 and 1B1.3 preferentially catalyzed 6-hydroxylation.

3.?Five CYP2A13 allelic variants oxidized 8-hydroxylation much more than 6- and 3-hydroxylation, and the variant CYP2A13.3 was found to slowly catalyze these reactions with a lower k_cat value than other CYP2A13.1 variants.

4.?CYP2A6 catalyzed 1-chloropyrene 6-hydroxylation at a higher rate than the CYP2A13 enzymes, but the rate was lower than the CYP1A1 and 1B1 variants. Other human P450 enzymes had low activities towards 1-chloropyrene.

5.?Molecular docking analysis suggested differences in the interaction of 1-chloropyrene with active sites of CYP1 and 2?A enzymes. In addition, a naturally occurring Thr134 insertion in CYP2A13.3 was found to affect the orientation of Asn297 in the I-helix in interacting with 1-chloropyrene (and also 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, NNK) and caused changes in the active site of CYP2A13.3 as compared with CYP2A13.1.     

Roles of human CYP2A6 and rat CYP2B1 in the oxidation of (+)-fenchol by liver microsomes

The metabolism of (+)-fenchol was investigated in vitro using liver microsomes of rats and humans and recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes in insect cells in which human/rat P450 and NADPH-P450 reductase cDNAs had been introduced. The biotransformation of (+)-fenchol was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). (+)-Fenchol was oxidized to fenchone by human liver microsomal P450 enzymes. The formation of metabolites was determined by the relative abundance of mass fragments and retention times on GC. Several lines of evidence suggested that CYP2A6 is a major enzyme involved in the oxidation of (+)-fenchol by human liver microsomes. (+)-Fenchol oxidation activities by liver microsomes were very significantly inhibited by (+)-menthofuran, a CYP2A6 inhibitor, and anti-CYP2A6. There was a good correlation between CYP2A6 contents and (+)-fenchol oxidation activities in liver microsomes of ten human samples. Kinetic analysis showed that the V_max/K_m values for (+)-fenchol catalysed by liver microsomes of human sample HG03 were 7.25?nM^?1?min^?1. Human recombinant CYP2A6-catalyzed (+)-fenchol oxidation with a V_max value of 6.96?nmol?min^?1?nmol^?1 P450 and apparent K_m value of 0.09?mM. In contrast, rat CYP2A1 did not catalyse (+)-fenchol oxidation. In the rat (+)-fenchol was oxidized to fenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchol and 10-hydroxyfenchol by liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rats. Recombinant rat CYP2B1 catalysed (+)-fenchol oxidation. Kinetic analysis showed that the K_m values for the formation of fenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchol and 10-hydroxyfenchol in rats treated with phenobarbital were 0.06, 0.03 and 0.03?mM, and V_max values were 2.94, 6.1 and 13.8?nmol?min^?1?nmol^?1 P450, respectively. Taken collectively, the results suggest that human CYP2A6 and rat CYP2B1 are the major enzymes involved in the metabolism of (+)-fenchol by liver microsomes and that there are species-related differences in the human and rat CYP2A enzymes.     

Induction of CYP1A1, 2B, 2E1 and 3A in rat liver by organochlorine pesticide dicofol

The present study has determined the ability of dicofol, an organochlorine pesticide, to induce cytochrome P450 using rats treated with 1, 10, and 25 mg/kg dicofol intraperitoneally for 4 days. Treatments with 10 and 25 mg/kg dicofol produced dose-related increases of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b₅ contents and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase, aniline hydroxylase, and erythromycin N-demethylase activities in liver microsomes. The treatments also increased glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase activities in liver cytosol. Dicofol at 1 mg/kg produced a general trend towards increases of the aforementioned enzyme levels. The results of immunoblot analyses showed that 10 and 25 mg/kg dicofol increased protein levels of CYP1A1, CYP2B, CYP2E1, and 3A in liver. RT-PCR data indicated that dicofol induced mRNA expression of liver CYP1A1, CYP2B, and CYP3A. Pretreatments of rats with 10 and 25 mg/kg dicofol decreased phenobarbital-induced sleeping time by 34% and 39%, respectively. Dicofol pretreatment at 25 mg/kg increased CCl₄-induced serum alanine aminotransferase activity by 4.3-fold and aspartate aminotransferase activity by 4.1-fold. The present study demonstrates that dicofol has the ability to induce CYP1A1, CYP2B, CYP2E1, and CYP3A in the liver and increase phenobarbital metabolism and CCl₄ toxicity in rats.