布洛伪麻自微乳化制剂的处方筛选及体外溶出的评价

目的筛选布洛伪麻自微乳化释药系统处方,并考察其溶出度。方法通过绘制假三元相图、乳化后的外观及粒径的测定筛选最佳处方;以市售软胶囊为参比制剂测定自微乳化胶囊在不同溶出介质中的溶出度;考察自微乳化后药液的稳定性。结果最优处方为1,2-丙二醇、Tween80、油酸乙酯3种物质的质量比为15∶40∶45。自微乳化制剂中布洛芬在3种溶出介质中溶出无差异,45 min时溶出度均达80%以上,而市售软胶囊在蒸馏水、0.1 mol.L-1盐酸中,60 min布洛芬的溶出度不到40%。结论自微乳化制剂中布洛芬的溶出不受介质的影响。     

五仁醇自乳化释药系统的制备及体外特性评价

目的：研究五仁醇自乳化释药系统的处方及体外特性。方法：通过溶解度试验、处方配伍试验、伪三元相图筛选最优处方;通过研究自乳化效率、乳化后药液的粒度分布、药液体外溶出行为及稳定性对五仁醇自乳化制剂进行体外评价。结果：五仁醇自乳化胶囊的最终处方为油酸：吐温20：二乙二醇单乙基醚=20：65：15（W/W/W）,药物为辅料总量的20%;含药乳液的粒径为241nm;自乳化制剂中五味子醇甲在15min溶出即可达到100%,五味子乙素在45min可溶出71.3%,低温和常温下药物稳定性无明显变化。结论：所制备的五仁醇自乳化制剂自乳化能力强、稳定性好、体外溶出率高。     

罗红霉素自乳化制剂的制备及体外评价

目的制备罗红霉素自乳化制剂,并初步探讨其体外质量评价。方法通过测定药物在不同油相中的溶解度,确定油相与各种乳化剂(助乳化剂)的配伍对自乳化效率的影响;通过绘制伪三相图,筛选罗红霉素自乳化制剂的最佳处方;考察该制剂水稀释液的微乳外观、粒径和乳化时间。结果自乳化制剂处方为罗红霉素:肉豆蔻酸异丙酯:Tween80(甘油)为3∶3∶4,该制剂稀释50倍后仍为澄清透明液体,粒径约75nm,呈正态分布,乳化时间约10min。结论罗红霉素自乳化制剂制备简单,质量稳定,能显著提高药物的溶解度。     

长春西汀自微乳化给药系统的制备与体外评价

［摘要］目的：制备长春西汀自微乳化给药系统,并对其体外释药及初步稳定性进行了评价。方法：通过溶解度实验、相分离实验以及三元相图的研究筛选了长春西汀自微乳化处方;并对制剂进行了粒径分布、溶出度及初步稳定性的考察。结果：长春西汀自微乳处方组成：Solutol HS 15（A）为表面活性剂;Transcutol P（B）为辅助表面活性剂;Ethyl Oleate（C）为油相。所得处方的自微乳化时间<1min,粒径<100nm。体外释放实验表明自微乳化制剂受溶出介质pH值影响小,在不同pH值非依赖型介质中均能快速完全释放药物。结论：所制备的长春西汀自微乳化制剂能够显著提高难溶性药物的溶解度,为体内研究提供实验依据。     

水飞蓟素自微乳的研制

目的筛选水飞蓟素自微乳的处方并对其体外溶出及稳定性进行考察。方法通过溶解度实验、正交设计及伪三元相图的建立,筛选水飞蓟素自微乳的组成。采用HPLC法测定处方中的药物含量,并对照市售制剂考察其溶出度及稳定性。结果水飞蓟素自微乳化系统的组成为水飞蓟素、油酸乙酯、聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油(Cremophor EL)和乙二醇单乙基醚(transcutol)的质量比为0.07∶0.45∶0.45∶0.1;自微乳的平均粒径为72.1 nm;于4种溶出介质中均完全溶出,且溶出曲线明显高于市售制剂;强光照射(4 500 lx)、高温(60℃)及高低温循环实验(40℃和4℃)结果表明,该自微乳性状、含量均无明显变化。结论水飞蓟素自微乳粒径小,溶出度及稳定性良好。     

染料木素自微乳化给药系统的处方研究

目的:通过微乳相图和自微乳化效率研究,考察处方因素对微乳形成的影响,结合染料木素(Genistein,GE)在各种介质中的平衡溶解度,从而确定染料木素自微乳化给药系统(Self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems,SMEDDS)最优处方。方法:设计实验考察染料木素在油、表面活性剂、助表面活性剂中的平衡溶解度绘制伪三元相图并考察影响自微乳化效率的因素。结果:染料木素的最佳处方:染料木素:油酸乙酯:Cremophor RH40:PEG400=3:10:58:29。结论:自微乳化给药系统能改善难溶性药物染料木素的溶解度,处方组成及制备工艺简单,是具有良好应用前景的制剂新技术与新剂型。     

吡罗昔康自微乳化药物传递系统的处方筛选与体外评价

筛选吡罗昔康自微乳化药物传递系统(SMEDDS)的处方并进行体外评价。考察了吡罗昔康在不同油相和表面活性剂中的溶解度；对不同油相和表面活性剂进行初步配伍研究；通过绘制三元相图研究处方中不同油相、表面活性剂和辅助表面活性剂形成微乳的能力和区域；对制剂粒径及溶出度进行考察。处方选用肉桂醇作为吡罗昔康的溶剂，以Labrafil M 1944CS为油相，Cremophor EL为表面活性剂，Transcotol P为辅助表面活性剂。所得3个处方乳化后的粒径及分布分别为(32.2±5.0)、(40.1±6.4)、(81.9±12.2)nm。制剂溶出速度快。通过处方研究确定了最优处方，研制了吡罗昔康SMEDDS。     

姜黄素自乳化释药系统处方研究及体外溶出评价

目的：研究姜黄素自乳化释药系统处方,制备姜黄素自乳化软胶囊,并对制剂溶出度进行评价。方法通过溶解度试验、处方筛选试验、伪三元相图筛选出姜黄素自乳化释药最佳处方;通过研究乳化后药液的粒度分布、药液体外溶出行为及溶出度对姜黄素自乳化制剂进行体外评价。结果以Lauroglycol FCC为油相,Cremophor EL35为非离子表面活性剂,Transcutol P为助表面活性剂,其最佳比例为40∶34∶26。姜黄素自乳化软胶囊在40min 内溶出达到85％,平均粒径146.7±13.34nm,载药量达47.2mg· g -1。结论姜黄素制备为自乳化制剂,其自乳化制剂性能良好,稳定性佳,能显著提高姜黄素在水中的溶解度。     

复方自乳化半固体珍菊降压胶囊剂的制备及其性质考察

目的制备复方自乳化半固体珍菊降压胶囊剂,以期提高其主要成分(芦丁和氢氯噻嗪)溶出度及生物利用度。方法通过溶解度实验和绘制伪三元相图的方法进行自乳化处方的筛选,以载药量、载油量及粒径等为指标应用单纯形网格法优化处方;采用熔融法制备半固体胶囊并对该半固体胶囊进行稳定性影响因素考察及药物溶出度测定。结果复方自乳化半固体珍菊降压胶囊剂最优处方为泊洛沙姆188-油酸乙酯-聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚-聚乙二醇400(质量比28.6∶8.4∶44.1∶19.1),该制剂中主要成分芦丁和氢氯噻嗪载药量为128.8、57.7 mg.g-1;60℃、光照下含量明显下降;复方自乳化半固体胶囊剂和市售胶囊剂1 h药物溶出度分别为100%、48.1%。结论所制备的复方自乳化半固体胶囊剂具有载药量高、溶出度好的特点。     

维甲酸自乳化制剂的含量测定及体外溶出评价

目的:研究维甲酸RA自乳化制剂的含量测定方法及体外溶出行为.方法:采用HPLC法测定维甲酸RA自乳化制剂的药物含量,与市售胶囊比较,考察RA自乳化制剂体外溶出行为.结果:与市售胶囊剂相比,以水为溶出介质,维甲酸RA自乳化制剂15min可以溶出80%以上,而市售胶囊只溶出不到5%.自乳化制剂可以显著提高药物的体外溶出.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.