黄芪中黄芪多糖含量测定方法的比较

比较了采用苯酚-浓硫酸比色法和蒽酮-浓硫酸比色法,以葡萄糖和葡聚糖(分子量约20000)两种对照品测定黄芪中多糖含量的方法.结果显示,以葡聚糖为对照品、蒽酮-浓硫酸比色法测定线性关系较好(r=0.9990),平均回收率97.9%,RSD 1.53%.并测定了7个品种黄芪药材中黄芪多糖的含量.     

不同产地雪莲花中多糖的含量测定

目的测定不同产地雪莲花中多糖的含量。方法采用蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定相对单糖含量,利用单糖和多糖的换算因子计算多糖含量;测定波长620 nm。结果线性范围为0.01~0.06 mg.ml-1(r=0.9994),平均加样回收率为100.08%,RSD=4.15%。结论所用方法快速、准确、灵敏。测得5种不同产地雪莲花中多糖含量为14.5%~22.3%。     

鄂西北地区不同生长条件和品种柴胡中多糖含量比较

目的 测定鄂西北地区不同生长条件和品种柴胡中多糖的含量.方法采用蒽酮 硫酸比色法,以620 nm波长为检测波长,分别测定柴胡中可溶性多糖和粗多糖,计算总多糖含量.结果鄂西北地区野生竹叶柴胡多糖含量高于同地区种植柴胡,但低于山西产北柴胡和湖北南漳种植的三岛柴胡.结论不同生长条件的柴胡药材中柴胡多糖含量不同,但差异不明显;不同品种柴胡药材中的多糖含量有明显差异.     

冬虫夏草、亚香棒虫草中多糖的含量测定

目的测定青岛产冬虫夏草与山西产亚香棒虫草中多糖的含量。方法硫酸-蒽酮比色法于波长(624±1)nm处测定吸收度。结果冬虫夏草多糖含量为3.5%（n=5）,平均加样回收率为99.2%,RSD=2.3%;亚香棒虫草多糖含量为0.7%(n=5),平均加样回收率为101.3%,RSD=1.7%。结论硫酸-蒽酮法测定虫草中多糖,方法操作简便,准确,稳定性好;亚香棒虫草中多糖含量低于冬虫夏草中多糖含量,从此方面讲亚香棒虫草不能代替冬虫夏草。     

金莲花中多糖的含量测定

目的:测定金莲花中多糖的含量。方法:硫酸-蒽酮比色法于波长624nm处测定吸收度。结果:河北及山西金莲花中多糖含量分别为1.4%和1.5%(n=6);平均加样回收率为100.29%,RSD为1.19%。结论:硫酸-蒽酮法测定金莲花多糖,方法操作简便,准确,稳定性好。     

川、黔地区金钗石斛多糖的含量测定

目的:比较川、黔金钗石斛中有效成分多糖的含量,建立金钗石斛中多糖的含量测定方法。方法:采用水提醇沉法提取金钗石斛多糖,以葡萄糖为对照品,在紫外检测波长490nm处用苯酚-硫酸法测定不同产地金钗石斛中多糖的含量。结果:金钗石斛多糖的检测浓度在1.25～8.75μg·mL-1范围内与吸光度呈良好线性关系(r=0.9994)。贵州赤水金钗石斛的平均回收率为101.6%,RSD=1.9%(n=6),多糖含量为11.456%;四川合江金钗石斛的多糖含量为9.226%。结论:苯酚-硫酸法操作简便、可靠、准确、灵敏、稳定性好,适用于金钗石斛中多糖的含量测定。在川、黔地区金钗石斛多糖提取生产过程中,可优先选用贵州赤水金钗石斛。     

四种石斛的薄层鉴别及多糖含量测定

目的研究美花石斛、金钗石斛、鼓槌石斛和流苏石斛四种石斛的理化鉴别,并测定其石斛多糖含量差异。方法采用薄层色谱法对四种石斛进行鉴别研究,硫酸-苯酚法测定四种石斛的多糖含量。结果鼓槌石斛和毛兰素对照品的斑点Rf值及颜色相同,其他3种石斛无此成分;四种石斛中仅流苏石斛无石斛酚对照品的斑点;四种石斛的多糖含量分别为24.02%、13.48%、6.55%、8.55%。结论薄层色谱法能有效的鉴别出美花石斛、金钗石斛、鼓槌石斛和流苏石斛;四种石斛中的多糖含量有较明显的差异。     

补骨脂多糖的含量研究

目的探讨不同产地补骨脂药材中多糖的含量测定方法。方法采用硫酸-苯酚比色法测定补骨脂多糖的含量。结果安徽、河南鲁山补骨脂含量较多,分别为1.26%和1.13%。结论采用硫酸-苯酚比色法测定补骨脂多糖结果可靠、重现性好,简便快速,可作为补骨脂多糖的测定方法。     

不同提取方法对石斛多糖含量测定的影响

目的:研究不同提取方法对石斛多糖含量测定的影响。方法:分别采用回流提取、改进回流提取、超声波提取与超声辅助热回流提取法对石斛多糖进行提取,通过苯酚-硫酸法检测其多糖含量。结果:4种提取方法所测得的多糖含量分别为(13.473±0.634)%、(15.692±0.743)%、(11.87±0.536)%、(16.29±0.407)%。结论:不同提取方法对石斛多糖含量测定影响较大,采用超声辅助热回流提取法所得含量最高,而且提取时间短、提取较为彻底,适合于石斛多糖含量测定的样品前处理。     

不同产地不同药用部位千斤拔中多糖的比较

目的 测定5个种的不同药用部位及3个种的不同产地千斤拔药材中多糖的含量,评价其非传统入药部位及不同种、产地的药材质量.方法 用回流法提取千斤拔多糖;比色法于490 nm处测定水溶性多糖的含量.结果 多糖的线性范围为28.6～10.0 μg·ml-1(r=0.9996),平均加样回收率为98.73%,RSD=1.41%(n=9).不同种千斤拔根中:蔓性、宽叶千斤拔多糖含量较高,大叶、球穗、腺毛千斤拔的多糖含量均较低;5个种的叶中多糖的含量普遍较高,茎中的含量较低.不同产地千斤拔根中,大叶千斤拔以广东产含量最高,蔓性、球穗千斤拔以采于广西的含量最高.结论 比色法简便、快速、准确,可用于千斤拔药材质量的检测.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.