磷酸苯丙哌林缓释胶囊的制备及生物等效性研究

目的 制备磷酸苯丙哌林缓释胶囊,并考察与磷酸苯丙哌林缓释片的生物等效性.方法 采用熔融法固体分散技术和滴丸工艺,制备磷酸苯丙哌林缓释胶囊;用RP-HPLC法测定Beagle犬单次和多次口服磷酸苯丙哌林缓释胶囊和参比制剂的血药浓度,并进行生物等效性评价.结果 磷酸苯丙哌林两种制剂的体外释放基本一致,在Beagle犬体内均具缓释特征.结论 磷酸苯丙哌林缓释胶囊具有缓释特征,与缓释片等效.     

磷酸苯丙哌林人体药代动力学及其制剂的相对生物利用度研究

本文首次报道了测定苯丙哌林血浆浓度的高效液相色谱法及该药在人体内的药代动力学行为.绘制了10名健康男性受试者服用磷酸苯丙哌林两种制剂60 mg(以苯丙哌林计)后的血浆浓度-时间曲线,用TopFit 2.0软件进行房室模型拟合,结果表明苯丙哌林体内药动学过程符合二室模型.磷酸苯丙哌林分散片和胶囊的Tmax分别为1.76 ± 0.29 h和1.80 ± 0.41 h, Cmax分别为479.4 ± 171.5和456.4 ± 173.9 μg· L- 1;AUC0-t为4309.4 ± 1549.9和4119.5 ± 2018.8 μg· L-1· h.统计检验表明,10名受试者服用两种制剂后的药代动力学参数无显著性差异,具有生物等效性.     

苯丙哌林缓释胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的评价两种磷酸苯丙哌林制剂的人体生物等效性。方法将18名志愿受试者随机分成2组,分别单剂量交叉1：7服两种制剂,用高效液相色谱法测定血中磷酸苯丙哌林的药物质量浓度,用3P97软件计算药代动力学参数和等效性分析。结果两种制剂的达峰时间（Tmax）分别为（4．28±0．96）h和（4．66±1．28）h,峰浓度（Cmax）分别为（92．85±26．03）ng／mL和（96．93±28．43）ng／mL,0～48h药时曲线下面积（AUC0-48）分别为（2403．06±690．47）ng／mL·h和（2445．50±591．03）ng／mL·h,相对生物利用度为（100．9±26．8）％。结论西南药业股份有限公司研制的磷酸苯丙哌林缓释胶囊与湖北中佳药业有限公司生产的磷酸苯丙哌林缓释片具有生物等效性。     

维生素K1软胶囊的人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:建立人血浆中维生素K1浓度的HPLC-APCI-MS测定方法,并评价维生素K1软胶囊的药动学特征及其与维生素K1片剂的人体生物等效性.方法:20 名男性健康受试者随机分成2 组,分别交叉口服受试制剂和参比制剂各 10 mg,采用HPLC-APCI-MS法测定人血浆中维生素K1的浓度,估算维生素K1的药动学参数及两种制剂的人体生物等效性.结果:血浆中维生素K1的最低定量限为 0.3 ng·mL-1,在0.3～1000 ng·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,批内及批间精密度RSD均小于15%.受试制剂与参比制剂的各主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(5.5±0.8)h和(5.0±0.8)h,cmax分别为(210.1±86.7)ng·mL-1和(194.8±60.6)ng·mL-1,t1/2分别为(8.8±1.7)h和(8.7±2.1)h,用梯形法计算AUC0～48分别为(1032.6±204.6)ng·h·mL-1和(1053.9±185.7)ng·h·mL-1.两种制剂的主要药动学参数cmax,AUC0～48经对数转换后进行方差分析及双单侧t检验,并计算90%置信区间,表明两种制剂生物等效,相对生物利用度为(99.7±21.2)%.结论:两种制剂生物等效.     

国产与进口复方甘草酸苷片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 建立快速、灵敏的液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定人血浆中甘草次酸(治疗慢性肝病药物)的浓度,评价国产与进口复方甘草酸苷片在健康人体的生物等效性.方法 22名中国健康男性志愿者随机分为试验组和对照组,采用双交叉设计和单剂量口服方式,以LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中甘草次酸浓度,经DAS 2.0统计软件计算主要药代动力学参数.结果 线性范围0.50～800.00 ng·mL-1,最低定量浓度为0.50 ng·mL-1,日内精密度(RSD)<10.60%,日间精密度(RSD)<8.80%.受试制剂或参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(13.1±8.5)和(10.3±5.6)h;tmax分别为(13.5±6.0)和(16.7±7.2)h;Cmax分别为(288.0±249.0)和(287.0±160.0)ng·mL-1.试验制剂相对生物利用度为(117.4±79.8)%.结论 试验制剂与参比制剂具有人体生物等效性.     

石杉碱甲缓释片多剂量给药在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究石杉碱甲缓释片(中枢兴奋药)多剂量给药在健康人体的相对生物利用度及生物等效性.方法 采用双周期自身随机交叉试验设计.24名健康受试者多次口服试验制剂或参比制剂,用液相色谱-串联质谱测定血浆中药物浓度,药代动力学参数用DAS软件处理获得.结果 试验制剂石杉碱甲缓释片组与参比制剂石杉碱甲片组的Cmin(ss)分别为(0.54±0.21)和(0.78±0.20)ng·mL-1;Cmax(ss)分别为(1.65±0.45)和(1.83±0.37)ng·mL-1;Css分别为(1.05±0.28)和(1.22±0.28)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.50±1.90)和(1.10±0.40)h;AUC0-t(ss)分别为(30.70±8.20)和(35.10±8.93)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞(ss)分别为(36.90±10.30)和(41.30±11.10)ng·h·mL-1;AUCss分别为(25.30±6.80)和(14.60±3.41)ng·h·mL-1;受试制剂的生物利用度F0-tn为(87.7±11.6)%.受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t和AUC0-∞经对数转换后进行方差分析,2制剂间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).2制剂间tmax有显著差异(P＜0.05),受试制剂tmax明显比参比制剂有所延长,具有缓释的特征.结论 国产石杉碱甲缓释片与石杉碱甲片具有生物等效性,同时受试制剂具有明显的缓释特征.     

RP-HPLC法测定人血浆中磷酸苯丙哌林的浓度

目的：建立反相高效液相色谱法（RP—HPLC）测定人血浆中苯丙哌林浓度的方法。方法：血浆经过两次萃取后,进行HPLCUV分析,色谱柱为Phenomenex C18柱,流动相为0．3％的磷酸水溶液（三乙胺调pH3．0）．乙腈（62：38）,检测波长为220nm,流速为1．0mL·min^-1.结果：苯丙哌林血浆浓度在20～800ng·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9992）,方法回收率在98％-107％之间,萃取回收率为70％。日内相对标准偏差为3．88％-10．25％,日间标准偏差为4．66％～9．12％。健康志愿者单次口服80mg磷酸苯丙哌林缓释胶囊后,主要药动学参数：Cmax为（146．40±53．68）ng·mL^-1,tmax为（4．39±1．75）h,t1/2为（24．70±7．29）h;AUC0-36和AUC0-∞分别为（3144．20±1313．56）,（5234．31±2495．85）ng·h·mL^-1.结论：本方法操作简单,结果准确可靠,可用于临床常规检测苯丙哌林血药浓度及其药代动力学研究。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆氯吡格雷浓度及其生物等效性评价

目的:建立液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定人血浆中氯吡格雷的浓度,研究2种硫酸氢氯吡格雷片的人体药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:血浆样品中加入内标美利曲辛,经乙腈沉淀蛋白提取,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法。用建立的方法测定20例健康男性受试者单剂量口服硫酸氢氯吡格雷受试制剂或参比制剂后的血药浓度,求得药动学参数,并对2种制剂的生物等效性进行评价。结果:在0.02～20 ng·mL-1内呈良好的线性关系,方法回收率98.4%～103.2%,日内、日间RSD均小于15%。单次口服75 mg硫酸氢氯吡格雷受试制剂或参比制剂后的Cmax分别为(1.9±1.5)ng·mL-1和(1.8±1.1)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.8±0.5)h和(1.0±0.8)h;t1/2分别为(3.4±1.6)h和(3.5±1.5)h;AUC(0-48)分别为(4.4±4.3)h·ng·mL-1和(4.4±4.6)h·ng·mL-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(4.7±4.4)h·ng·mL-1和(4.7±4.7)h·ng·mL-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(98.2±32.8)%。结论:该方法灵敏,无杂质干扰。测得的受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间无明显差异,表明2种制剂在人体内生物等效。     

多潘立酮口腔崩解片在健康人体的药动学和生物等效性

目的:建立液-质联用测定人血浆中多潘立酮的浓度,研究多潘立酮口腔崩解片与多潘立酮片的人体药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:血浆样品中加入内标盐酸苯海拉明,经甲醇沉淀蛋白,采用液-质联用测定。用建立的方法测定18例男性健康志愿者单剂量口服受试制剂(多潘立酮口腔崩解片)或参比制剂(多潘立酮片)后的血药浓度,求得药动学参数,并对2种制剂的生物等效性进行评价。结果:在0.100～50 ng·mL-1内呈良好的线性关系,方法回收率79.2%～87.8%,日内、日间RSD均小于15%。单次口服10 mg受试制剂或参比制剂后的Cmax分别为(20.5±7.6)和(15.8±6.1)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.79±0.21)和(0.68±0.31)h;t1/2分别为(9.92±2.02)和(9.50±1.61)h;AUC(0-36)分别为(84.3±26.2)和(71.0±15.0)h·ng·mL-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(89.8±28.2)和(74.6±16.4)h·ng·mL-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(113.5±10.3)%。结论:该方法灵敏,无杂质干扰。测得的受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间无明显差异,表明2种制剂在人体内生物等效。     

超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法研究辛伐他汀片的生物等效性

目的建立测定人血浆中辛伐他汀浓度的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）法,并将其应用于辛伐他汀片的药物动力学和生物等效性研究。方法生物等效性试验采用随机分组,两周期交叉设计,18名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服40 mg辛伐他汀受试制剂或参比制剂。血浆样品经液液萃取,其血药浓度采用所建立的UP-LC-MS/MS测定。结果本法测定血浆中辛伐他汀的线性范围为0.134～17.920 ng.mL-1,其日内及日间精密度RSD均在7.3%之内。志愿者单次服用40 mg辛伐他汀受试制剂和参比制剂后的药动学参数AUC0～12分别为（37.321±16.411）和（36.213±15.374）ng.h.mL-1,Cmax分别为（9.585±5.225）和（9.582±4.513）ng.mL-1,tmax分别为（1.86±0.56）和（1.81±0.64）h。相对生物利用度为103.02%±13.79%。结论所建立的UPLC-MS/MS法快速、灵敏、准确,所研究的2种辛伐他汀片生物等效。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.