HPLC法测定辽东楤木根皮中楤木皂苷C的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定辽东楤木根皮中楤木皂苷C含量的方法.方法 固定相为Diamonsin C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(体积比为67.0∶33.0∶0.2),流速为0.8 mL·min-1,检测波长为206 nm,柱温为30 ℃.结果楤木皂苷C在20～40 μg内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.7%,RSD为3.2%(n=6).结论可用于楤木皂苷C的定量分析.     

HPLC法测定辽东楤木叶中木芽皂苷A的含量

目的建立辽东楤木叶中楤木芽皂苷A的含量测定方法,为辽东楤木叶的质量评价提供依据。方法采用HPLC法。色谱柱为ODS柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水-磷酸(体积比35∶65∶0.2),流速为0.8 mL.min-1,检测波长为206 nm,柱温为28℃。结果楤木芽皂苷A质量在0.6~4.0μg内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,其回归方程为A=3.941×105m+4.142×102,r=0.9997(n=5),平均回收率为99.6%,RSD为2.9%(n=9)。结论采用HPLC法测定辽东楤木叶中楤木芽皂苷A的含量,结果准确、可靠;该法可用于辽东楤木叶的质量控制。     

楤木根皮中皂甙化学成分的研究

楤木根皮中的主要成分是皂甙。将总皂甙以柱层析分离,得到三个化合物(Ⅰ～Ⅲ),经光谱分析和化学方法证明,Ⅰ为楤木皂甙A(araloside A);Ⅱ为银莲花甙(narcissiflorine);Ⅲ是3-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→)2)-α-L-阿拉伯糖]-齐墩果酸。Ⅲ为一新皂甙,命名为楤木皂甙D(araloside D)。     

楤木根皮中皂甙化学成分的研究

楤木根皮中的主要成分是皂甙。将总皂甙以柱层析分离,得到三个化合物(Ⅰ～Ⅲ),经光谱分析和化学方法证明,Ⅰ为楤木皂甙A(araloside A);Ⅱ为银莲花甙(narcissiflorine);Ⅲ是3-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→)2)-α-L-阿拉伯糖]-齐墩果酸。Ⅲ为一新皂甙,命名为楤木皂甙D(araloside D)。     

高速逆流色谱法分离纯化楤木总皂苷中的楤木皂苷A及活性研究

目的： 采用高速逆流色谱法（HSCCC）对楤木大孔树脂纯化所得总皂苷中的楤木皂苷A进行分离纯化并做体外抗血小板研究。方法： 采用75%乙醇渗滤提取楤木原药材，渗滤液经过大孔树脂纯化，所得总皂苷粉末作为高速逆流色谱分离的样品。采用TBE-300B型高速逆流色谱仪，以氯仿：甲醇：正丁醇：水（4：4：1：3.5）为溶剂体系进行分离纯化，采用两种逆流色谱操作模式（0~130 min为正接正转，体系下相流动；130~180 min为正接反转，体系上相流动，流动相流速为5.0 mL·min^-1，仪器转速为850 r· min^-1，温度为25℃）进行分离。采用二磷酸腺苷（adenosine diphosphate，ADP）诱导小鼠体外血小板聚集，分别采用不同浓度HSCCC分离后的四号馏分处理，检测空白对照管与不同浓度的4号馏分给药管富血小板血浆在5 min内的最大聚集率，计算血小板聚集的抑制率。结果： 楤木大孔树脂提取物经过HSCCC一步纯化，得到的楤木皂苷A纯度为95.81%；分离所得楤木皂苷A呈浓度依赖的抑制ADP诱导的血小板聚集，最大抑制率达80%。结论： 利用大孔树脂富集总皂苷，HSCCC分离纯化总皂苷中的楤木皂苷A，为楤木皂苷A的分离纯化提供了一种新的简便、高效的途径。抗血小板活性研究表明HSCCC法分离得到的楤木皂苷A具有初步的抗血小板凝聚作用。     

太白楤木中楤木总苷提取纯化工艺研究

目的研究从太白楤木中提取和纯化楤木总苷的最佳工艺条件。方法采用L9(34)正交实验,以总皂苷含量和出膏率为评价指标。结果确定最佳提取工艺为:料液比1∶6、提取3次、溶剂为体积分数70%乙醇、提取时间1h;药液浓缩的相对密度1.01,每次萃取液体积1∶1,萃取3次。结论按照正交设计确定的优化工艺条件合理、可靠,为楤木总皂苷工业化生产提供了科学依据。     

HPLC法测定辽东楤木根皮中木皂苷C的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定辽东木根皮中木皂苷C含量的方法。方法固定相为DiamonsinC18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇水磷酸(体积比为67.0∶33.0∶0.2),流速为0.8 mL.min-1,检测波长为206 nm,柱温为30℃。结果木皂苷C在20~40μg内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.7%,RSD为3.2%(n=6)。结论可用于木皂苷C的定量分析。     

楤木化学成分的研究

目的 研究楤木的化学成分.方法 采用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20、ODS柱层析、半制备型高效液相色谱等分离方法进行分离纯化,经理化性质和波谱数据分析鉴定化合物结构.结果 分离鉴定了4个三萜皂苷类化合物,分别鉴定为elatoside K methyl ester(Ⅰ)、araloside Amethyl ester(Ⅱ)、pseudoginsenoside RTl butyl ester (Ⅲ)和太白楤木皂苷Ⅰ(Ⅳ).结论 化合物Ⅰ为新化合物,化合物Ⅱ～Ⅳ均为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

楤木皂苷胶囊成型工艺辅料筛选

目的:优选楤木皂苷胶囊的成型工艺辅料。方法:以颗粒的成型合格率、吸湿百分率、休止角和堆密度为评价指标,在逐一单个筛选辅料的基础上,筛选出适合制备楤木皂苷胶囊的混合辅料,并考察临界相对湿度(CRH)。结果:微晶纤维素-乳糖(1:1,m/m)混合辅料制成的颗粒抗潮性能强,流动性好。CRH为78%。结论:所选辅料可用于制备楤木皂苷胶囊。     

楤木皂苷抗四氯化碳致大鼠肝纤维化作用

目的观察楤木皂苷对四氯化碳致大鼠肝纤维化的保护作用。方法采用质量分数为40%的四氯化碳皮下注射诱导大鼠肝纤维化模型,MASSON染色观察肝组织病理学改变,采集血清检测肝功能及透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)、层黏连蛋白(laminin,LN)、三型胶原蛋白(typesⅢ-collagen,COI-Ⅲ)含量的变化。结果楤木皂苷可抑制肝假小叶的形成和胶原纤维沉积,改善肝功能,降低血清中HA、LN、COI-Ⅲ的含量(P<0.05)。结论楤木皂苷有显著的抗肝纤维化的作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.