10年间剖宫产率及指征变化与围生儿死亡率的关系

目的：探讨剖宫产率及剖宫产指征变迁对围生儿死亡率的影响。方法：对10年间剖宫产病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果：1992－1996年剖宫产率为36．50％，显著低于1997－2001年的47．78％，两者比较，差异有极显著性（P＜0．01）。在剖宫产指征中，妊娠并发（合并）症始终处于第1位，社会因素上升为第2位，难产为第3位，胎儿窘迫为第4位。围生儿死亡率1992－1996年为17．88‰，1997-2001年为22．23‰，两者比较，差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：剖宫产率升高在一定范围内降低了围生儿死亡率，但随着剖宫产率的进一步升高，围生儿死亡率并未随之下降。因此，应合理掌握剖宫产指征，降低剖宫产率。     

剖宫产率及剖宫产指征14年变化研究

目的：探讨剖宫产率及剖宫产指征的变化和对围生儿病死率的影响。方法：选择14年间剖宫产病例820例，分析剖宫产率及剖宫产指征变化、各项相关数据和围生儿病死率的关系。结果：①剖宫产率逐年上升；②在剖宫产指征变化中，难产因素、胎儿窘迫持续在第1、2位，社会因素占第3位，并显示逐年升高；③围生儿病死率逐年趋于稳定。结论：剖宫产率升高，在一定范围内降低了围生儿病死率，但剖宫产率升高到20以上时，围生儿病死率并不随之下降。     

剖宫产与围生儿死亡相关关系分析

目的 探讨剖宫产与围生儿死亡之间的相关关系以及降低围生儿死亡率的有效措施。方法 对7年间在我院住院分娩的剖宫产病例进行回顾性分析。结果 7年间剖宫产率和围生儿死亡率同时呈逐渐上升趋势，两者呈正相关关系；不同分娩方式中，剖宫产围生儿死亡率比阴道分娩高，两者差异有显著性；剖宫产指征中胎儿因素跃居第二位；围生儿死亡原因中以新生儿窒息居首位。结论 剖宫产是解决高危妊娠的重要手段，但不是降低围生儿死亡率的根本措施；降低围生儿死亡率的措施应在加强早期筛查，科学决定分娩方式，提高儿科综合抢救能力，加强社会关注和支持等方面进行努力。     

剖宫产指征10年变化分析

目的 探讨刮宫产指征变化及剖宫产率变化与围产儿死亡率关系。方法 选择10年间剖宫产病例，分析剖宫产指征变化及剖宫产率变化与围产儿死亡率。结果 剖宫产率逐年上升，在指征变化中，头盆不称、胎儿持续宫内窘迫占第一、二位，社会因素不断上升，而围产儿死亡率趋于平稳。结论 剖宫产率升高，围产儿死亡率无明显下降，剖宫产指征中社会因素不断上升，值得进一步探讨。     

1389例剖宫产术回顾分析

回顾性分析１０年剖宫产术１３８９例。结果是平均剖宫产率为２３％，无孕产妇死亡，围产几平均死亡率为１２．６３‰。剖宫产主要指征为相对性头盆不称，胎儿宫内窘迫，臀位、骨盆狭窄。提示提高剖宫产率并不一定能降低围产儿死亡率，恰当掌握剖宫产指征，加强对孕期及产程的监测、管理，既可能降低母婴死亡率，又能适当控制剖宫产率。     

剖宫产术1623例指征分析

目的 探讨近年来高剖宫产率的原因，分析剖宫产各项指征的合理性，寻找降低剖宫产率的对策。方法 对1998年1月至2002年12月5年间1623例剖宫产病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果 近5年平均剖宫产率为28．28％，明显高于WHO提出的目标。胎儿窘迫、头位难产、臀位、脐带绕颈、瘢痕子宫、社会因素为前6位主要指征。结论 高剖宫产率的原因与医患双方有关，降低剖宫产率应从医患双方着手。     

近15年剖宫产率及剖宫产指征变化的临床分析

目的总结近15年剖宫产率及剖宫产指征的变化。方法回顾性分析我院近15年来剖宫产孕妇的临床资料。结果（1）剖宫产率逐年升高，1992年为12．1％，2006年上升至38．6％，明显高于WHO提出的目标；（2）1992—2003年，剖宫产指征以难产为第一位，而2004年以后，社会因素跃为首位。结论剖宫产率上升的主要原因是无医学指征剖宫产术增加所致，与医患双方有关，降低剖宫产率的关键是减少社会因素所致剖宫产，严格掌握手术指征。     

剖宫产率及指征变化临床分析

目的总结我院8年来剖宫产率及指征的变化。方法回顾性分析我院8年间剖宫产病例的临床资料。结果(1)剖宫产率逐年升高，1996～1999年为20．2％，2002～2003年上升至38．30％，明显高于WHO提出的目标。(2)1996～1999年，剖宫产指征以胎儿宫内窘迫为第1位，难产为第2位；近2年来，社会精神因素跃为首位，胎儿宫内窘迫次之。结论剖宫产率上升的主要原因是无医学指征剖宫产术增加所致，与医患双方有关，降低手术率的关键是要提高人口综合素质，减少社会因素和精神因素导致的剖宫产，并严格掌握手术指征。     

影响剖宫产率及剖宫产指征变化的因素分析

剖宫产是处理高危妊娠和异常分娩,挽救孕产妇和围生儿生命的有效手段,合理选择剖宫产指征,可降低高危孕妇和围生儿的病死率,近年来,剖宫产率有逐年上升的趋势。现对剖宫产率升高的具体原因进行分析,以合理掌握剖宫产指征。1资料与方法1.1研究对象2000年1月至2004年12月在两院产     

剖宫产率增高相关因素分析

合理掌握剖宫产指征 ,控制剖宫产率 ,已成为当前产科工作中的重要问题。现对剖宫产率增高的相关因素进行探讨 ,以期能控制剖宫产率的上升。1　临床资料1996年 1月至 1999年 12月在我院住院分娩总数为 12 6 6例 ,行剖宫产术 5 0 1例 ,剖宫产率为 39.49%。 4年的剖宫产率分别为 33.6 %、37.2 5 %、43.11%、44 .2 3%。 5 0 1例剖宫产术指征见表 1。表 1　前 10位剖宫产术手术指征指征ｎ %胎儿窘迫 5 5 10 .98相对性头盆不称 5 310 .39臀位 40 7.84持续枕后 (横 )位 36 7.0 6羊水过少 36 7.0 6脐带绕颈 35 6 .86高龄初产 336 .47妊高征 30 5 .88…     

Randomized management of the nonfrank breech presentation at term: a preliminary report

Cesarean section has become the standard management used by many clinicians for breech presentation in labor. Proof of the superiority of routine cesarean section has been largely circumstantial. Concern over rising cesarean section rates has led to renewed interest in possible alternatives. Protocols have been developed to select which patients may be allowed a trial of labor with frank breech presentation at term. We undertook a prospective clinical trial comparing elective cesarean section with a selective management protocol for the nonfrank breech presentation at term. One hundred five patients with nonfrank breech presentations at term in labor were studied. Seventy (67%) were randomized to a trial of labor and 35 (33%) to elective cesarean section. Of the patients allowed a trial of labor, 31 (44%) were delivered vaginally, and 39 (56%) required cesarean section. The largest single cause of a "failed" trial of labor was inadequate pelvic dimensions on x-ray pelvimetry (23 patients, 59%). Neonatal morbidity assessed by Apgar scores, cord gases, birth injury, and hospital stay was not different for those delivered vaginally or by cesarean section. Maternal morbidity in terms of febrile morbidity, blood transfusion, wound infections, and hospital stay was significantly greater among women delivered by cesarean section. Two of three neonatal deaths occurred in infants with major congenital anomalies. The third infant, apparently normal, died after vaginal delivery. Extensive evaluation suggests the death was attributable to inadequate resuscitation. We conclude that the use of a selective management protocol under controlled conditions is a reasonable alternative to elective cesarean section. Approximately one half of patients allowed a trial of labor may be expected to deliver vaginally with neonatal morbidity comparable to that seen with cesarean section.     

剖宫产率增高原因的探讨

目的 分析20年剖宫产率和指征变化,探讨剖宫产率升高原因。方法 抽样选择1980年～1999年20年我院剖宫产病例1579例,比较剖宫产率和手术指征变化。结果 80年代剖宫产率平均23.79％,90年代平均达41.15％,两者差异有显著性(P<0.01)。在剖宫产指证中,头盆不称、妊娠并发症逐渐下降,而胎儿宫内窘迫、高龄初产、巨大儿、社会因素逐渐上升。结论 提高医务人员对剖宫产的认识,加强孕产期保健及管理,改变产时服务模式,正确掌握剖宫产指征,有望控制剖宫产率。     

Multiple pregnancy as a cause of premature delivery

Authors analysed management, complications and outcome of 13 multifetal pregnancies (11 triplet and 2 quadruplet), their duration, the way of delivery, indications for cesarean section and perinatal mortality rate. A majority of the multifetal pregnancies were diagnosed before the end of 20 weeks gestation, and 69.2% of women had cervical cerclages. Tocolysis was used in 9 cases (69.2%). The mean gestational age at delivery was 32.8 weeks. Cesarean section was performed in nine cases (29 neonates). Of the 41 neonates there were 2 stillbirth (4.88%) and 3 neonatal death (7.31%). In 87.9% of cases, delivery occurred before the end of 37 weeks gestation. The most common maternal complications were toxemia (23.1%) and anemia (46.2%).     

Survival advantage associated with cesarean delivery in very low birth weight vertex neonates

OBJECTIVE: To identify the indications for and any survival advantage associated with very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates delivered by cesarean. METHODS: Maternal and infant data from the National Center for Health Statistics linked birth/death data set for 1999 to 2000 were analyzed. Maternal conditions associated with cesarean delivery were compared among birth weight groups for vertex neonates. Birth weight-specific 28-day mortality rates and relative risks were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to adjust for other factors that may be associated with survival. RESULTS: Cesarean delivery occurred frequently, more than 40% in most VLBW birth weight groups. Conditions associated with cesarean delivery in VLBW vertex neonates differed from those seen in non-VLBW vertex neonates. A survival advantage was associated with cesarean delivery in the birth weight analysis up to 1,300 g (P < .05). This decreased mortality for VLBW neonates delivered by cesarean persisted after adjusting for other factors associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: Very low birth weight vertex neonates are often born by cesarean delivery and have different maternal risk profiles from non-VLBW vertex neonates born by this route. Neonatal mortality was decreased in VLBW neonates delivered by cesarean. Further study is warranted to determine whether this may be a causal relationship or a marker of quality of care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.     

Prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital defects of the anterior abdominal wall

Between the years 1980 and 1985, 25 cases of anterior abdominal wall defects were identified within the University of Toronto Perinatal Complex. There were 17 cases of omphalocele and eight cases of gastroschisis. Associated anomalies were found in 71% of infants with omphalocele and 50% with gastroschisis. They were the major cause of neonatal death. Prematurity was the second most common cause of death. The neonatal death rate was 59% in omphalocele and 38% in gastroschisis; the prematurity rates were 53% and 50%, respectively. In omphalocele, there was a 47% cesarean section rate, with a 50% neonatal death rate. Vaginal delivery was associated with a 67% death rate. In gastroschisis, there was a 50% cesarean section rate, with a 50% neonatal death rate. Vaginal delivery was associated with a 25% death rate. There is no evidence that cesarean section offers improved neonatal survival.     

Intra-uterine fetal brain death: report of two cases and review of the literature

The fetal heart rate (FHR) variability is used as a parameter in evaluating fetal well-being. Persistent decreased or absent variability is considered a bad prognostic sign and usually prompts an emergency cesarean section.We present two cases of severely decreased FHR variability and emergency cesarean section in which the neonates were pronounced brain dead shortly after delivery.We believe that if intra-uterine brain death could be diagnosed on the basis of suspiciously persistent low or absent FHR variability, surgical procedures that endanger the health of the mother could be prevented. The possibility of intra-uterine brain death should be considered in all the cases of persistently low or absent FHR variability.     

Management of pregnancy after cesarean section.

Management of 226 patients with previous low transverse cesarean section in a special obstetric clinic for high-risk pregnancies significantly and safely reduced the incidence of purely elective cesarean section to less than 10%. A substantial incidence (25%) of other high-risk factors dictating antepartum indicated cesarean section were found in this population. There was 38.5% incidence of vaginal delivery in 145 patients who underwent a trial of labor. Patients delivered vaginally followed a normal labor curve up to full dilatation. Oxytocin was required in three cases of prolonged second stage of labor and resulted in instrumental vaginal delivery in all instances. There were no uterine ruptures on vaginal exploration after delivery or at the time of repeat cesarean section during labor. There was no maternal death or perinatal loss. No justification for the present clinical practice of a 99% inicidence of elective repeat cesarean section could be found. Substantial savings in hospital cost, as well as a decreased number of diagnostic tests for the otherwise normal gravid woman, can be safely achieved.     

Maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with severe pre-eclampsia undergoing cesarean section: a 10-year retrospective study from a single tertiary care center: anesthetic point of view

Objective: This study is aiming to determine an actual incidence and characteristics of complications in cesarean section for severe pre-eclampsia (PE) by analysis of a large cohort from a single tertiary care center according to two choices of anesthesia.

Methods: Electronic medical records of pregnant women complicated with severe PE delivered by cesarean section from January 2002 to December 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Medical records of their corresponding neonates were also identified and reviewed.

Results: A total of 701 women and 740 neonates (28 twin pairs) were identified. Anesthetic techniques were spinal anesthesia (SA) (88%) and general anesthesia (GA) (12%). Total maternal and neonatal deaths were 0.3% and 1.2%, respectively. Patients in GA group had a higher incidence of coagulopathy, immediate postpartum hemorrhage, intensive care unit admission, renal failure, respiratory complications, and death (p?<?0.05). Neonates born from women in GA group had a higher incidence of lower birth weight, birth asphyxia, prematurity, neonatal intensive care admission, respiratory complications, and death (p?<?0.05).

Conclusion: Spinal anesthesia can be safely administered to severely pre-eclamptic parturients undergoing cesarean section. General anesthesia is associated with more untoward outcomes, as it has been chosen in patients with more severity of the disease.     

Outcome of cesarean section in twin pregnancy

In an 8-year period (January 1978 to December, 1985), the 17,379 deliveries at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) consisted of 2089 cesarean sections (12.0%), 56 of which were associated with twin pregnancy. The main indications for cesarean section on the twin pregnancies were antepartum hemorrhage (placenta previa), malpresentation, cervical dystocia and previous cesarean section. The maternal mortality rate was 2% for all twin mothers delivered by cesarean section. There was no statistical difference in perinatal mortality rates (PMR) for all twin deliveries, vaginal twin deliveries and deliveries by cesareans section which were 111,113 and 100 per 1000 births, respectively. In the case of a retained second twin, however, recorded PMR was significantly higher (133 per 1000 births). Consideration of more liberal recourse to cesarean section in all cases of twins may reduce these unacceptably high perinatal death rates in twin pregnancy.     

Failed vacuum extraction. Maternal risk factors and pregnancy outcome

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate obstetric risk factors associated with a failed trial of vacuum extraction and to assess its pregnancy outcome. STUDY DESIGN: All attempted vacuum extractions between the years 1990 and 1998 were identified, and a comparison of successful and failed trials of vacuum extraction in singleton, vertex deliveries was performed. RESULTS: Of 2,111 trials of vacuum extraction, 113 (5.4%) cases were complicated by failed extraction and underwent cesarean section. Those neonates were significantly more likely to be large for gestational age, specifically to weigh > 4,000 g as compared to the controls. Patients lacking prenatal care had significantly higher rates of failed vacuum extraction trials. While cervical and uterine tears were rather rare, parturients who had failed trials of vacuum extraction had significantly higher rates of cervical and uterine tears as compared to those with successful vacuum extractions. This association remained significant after controlling for a previous cesarean section using the Mantel-Hanszel technique. Women from the failed vacuum extraction group had significantly higher rates of postpartum anemia. Pregnancies complicated by failed vacuum extraction had significantly higher rates of intrapartum and postpartum fetal death. Those neonates had significantly higher rates of Apgar scores < 7 at one and five minutes. CONCLUSION: Failed trial of vacuum extraction is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Risk factors associated with such failures are fetal weight and lack of prenatal care. Thus, careful estimation of fetal weight should be performed before the procedure, and estimated fetal weight > 4,000 g might be considered a relative contraindication to vacuum extraction, especially among patients who did not have prenatal care.