Cephalometric pharyngeal changes after Le Fort I osteotomy in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate

Pharyngeal changes after Le Fort I osteotomy were evaluated cephalometrically in 37 patients (27 M, 10 F; mean age 23.8 years) with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Seven patients had previously undergone velopharyngeal (VPP) flap surgery to improve speech. One year postoperatively the patients without previous VPP showed a significant change (55%-85% of the surgical change) in the upper and lower sagittal depth of the nasopharyngeal airway, but not in the depth of oropharyngeal airway, length of soft palate, or position of hyoid bone. No significant changes were observed between 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Mean surgical horizontal advancement was 4.7 mm and the mean vertical lengthening 4.7 mm anteriorly and 1 mm posteriorly. There was a correlation between the amount of horizontal advancement and the amount of change in the nasopharyngeal airway. The patients with previous VPP showed significant postoperative change (85% of the surgical change) only in the lower nasopharyngeal airway, although their surgical advancement was similar to that without previous VPP. Patients with previous VPP showed significantly smaller depths of upper nasopharyngeal airway postoperatively than the patients without previous VPP. Five patients (13%) needed VPP after the osteotomy. There was no difference in the nasopharyngeal airway in the patients with VPP after the osteotomy when compared to those without, but they seemed to have shortest maxillary lengths and largest mean surgical changes vertically both anteriorly (5.5 mm) and posteriorly (2.3 mm). Moderate maxillary advancement in UCLP patients results in significant changes in the nasopharyngeal airway.     

牵引成骨术治疗唇腭裂继发颌骨畸形稳定性的研究进展

牵引成骨术（distraction osteogenesis,DO）在口腔颌面外科的应用越来越广,为唇腭裂继发颌骨畸形治疗提供了新的手段。DO按牵引类型主要分为内置式牵引（intraoral distraction osteogenesis, IDO）和外置式牵引（extraoral distraction osteogenesis, EDO）2种,在大距离前徙上颌骨时,唇腭裂牵引成骨术后的长期稳定性和复发的报道还很少。本文就牵引成骨治疗唇腭裂继发颌骨畸形术后的长期稳定性的临床研究进展作一综述。     

唇腭裂患者上颌骨牵引成骨术后口鼻腔共鸣的变化

目的:通过研究行颅外支架式上颌骨牵引成骨术(rigidexternaldistraction,RED)的唇腭裂患者前后过度鼻音、过低鼻音的变化,并结合腭咽部结构功能变化、上颌骨前移幅度等因素,综合分析上颌骨RED对口鼻腔共鸣的影响。方法:1999年至2001年行RED治疗的唇腭裂术后上颌发育不足患者21例,其中男性13例,女性8例,平均年龄15.05岁。所有患者RED手术前后语音测听、拍摄静止位及[i]位头颅定位片测量腭咽闭合功能,对检测结果行非参数检验。结果:RED术后患者过度鼻音程度显著加重。RED前61.9%患者存在过度鼻音,RED术后增至90.5%,所有患者均未出现过低鼻音。上颌骨前移幅度对患者术后过度鼻音加重程度有显著影响。患者腭咽闭合冠状收缩不全率(RVCR)和RED前的过度鼻音程度也直接影响术后的过度鼻音程度。结论:唇腭裂患者经RED前移上颌骨后,鼻腔共鸣增加,过度鼻音加重。     

唇腭裂患者上颌骨牵引成骨术后发音方式的变化

目的:通过对行颅外支架式上颌骨牵引成骨术(rigidexternaldistraction,RED)唇腭裂患者治疗前后的错误发音数量变化、不同发音部位、不同发音方法以及不同类型错误发音发生特点及其变化评价,分析上颌骨RED对患者发音方式的影响。方法:1999年至2001年行上颌骨RED的唇腭裂术后上颌发育不足患者21例,其中男性13例,女性8例,平均年龄15.05岁。所有患者RED前后进行语音测听并分类。治疗前后错误发音的差异性用非参数检验。结果:RED术后42.9%患者错误发音数较RED前增加,19.0%减少,38.1%无变化。从发音部位,舌尖前音错误发音发生率最高,其次为舌面音。从发音方法,错误发音多发于塞擦音。错误发音类型以咽喉摩擦/爆破音为主,其次为腭化构音和声门爆破音。上颌骨RED后腭化构音累及音节数减少,但咽喉摩擦/爆破音和声门爆破音反而增加,尤其是咽喉摩擦/爆破音。结论:唇腭裂患者经RED前移上颌骨后,会对患者发音方式产生影响,在行语音治疗前需考虑全面。     

前方牵引治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂患者术后前牙反[牙合]畸形的研究

目的探讨前方牵引治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂（UCLP）患者术后前牙反[牙合]畸形的效果。方法进行前瞻性临床研究设计,UCLP术后骨性前牙反[牙合]患者治疗组18例,年龄9．63±1．24岁,观察对照组14例,平均8．71±1．92岁,均处于生长发育高峰前期。使用前方牵引进行治疗,治疗或观察前后拍摄头颅侧位片并测量,进行成组设计和配对设计t检验。结果UCLP治疗组前方牵引后,上颌骨前移;下颌后移合并后下旋转;上下颌间关系和面型改善明显,上颌与下颌改变的比值为1：1．7。对照组上下颌不调、前牙反覆盖、凹面型加重。结论UCLP术后轻中度骨性前牙反[牙合]畸形,前方牵引能够促进上颌骨向前,改善上下颌骨关系和软组织面型,应该早期矫形治疗。     

Virtual planning and CAD/CAM-assisted distraction for maxillary hypoplasia in cleft lip and palate patients: Accuracy evaluation and clinical outcome

The aim of this prospective study was to report the experience with a specific guided distraction protocol for the treatment of CLP patients with severe midface hypoplasia.From January 2016 to April 2019, six consecutive, non-growing, CLP patients with maxillary hypoplasia underwent a specific distraction protocol based on the use of VSP, CAD/CAM-generated surgical splints, cutting guides, prebent internal maxillary distractors, early removal of distractors, and acute callus manipulation and fixation.STL files for VSP, using multislice CT scans taken preoperatively (T0) and 3 months after distractor removal (T1) were superimposed using the free software 3D Slicer and Geomagic Wrap to evaluate the accuracy of maxillary repositioning and assess 3D bone changes. Clinical outcome was evaluated at the 1-year follow-up (T2).The patients and surgeon were satisfied with the occlusal and aesthetic outcomes. A maximum difference of 2 mm between the VSP and the actual surgical outcome was chosen as the success criterion for accuracy. The average linear difference for selected points was <2 mm in four patients and >2 mm in two patients. The average distance of the postoperative maxilla from the VSP model was 2.28 mm (median 1.85), while the average forward movement of the maxilla was 10.18 mmThe protocol used is effective and accurate in the correction of severe maxillary hypoplasia in CLP patients. Early removal of the distractor and stabilization with plates reduces patient discomfort and does not jeopardize stability. This protocol should be reserved for complex cases due to the costs of the procedure, which are not negligible.     

Impacted maxillary canine in unilateral cleft lip and palate: A literature review

Background

The incidence of canine impaction in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is increasing and in most cases is a part of a syndrome. The provision of different treatment modalities in these patients is a challenging and daunting task.

前方牵引治疗唇腭裂术后与非唇腭裂前牙反(牙合)疗效的比较

目的探讨生长发育高峰前期单侧完全性唇腭裂(UCLP)术后前牙反与非唇腭裂前牙反患者对前方牵引治疗反应的异同,以利于UCLP前牙反的治疗。方法进行前瞻性临床研究设计,UCLP术后前牙反患者18例,年龄(9·6±1·2)岁;非唇腭裂前牙反患者18例,年龄(9·8±1·4)岁,均处于生长发育高峰前期。使用前方牵引进行治疗,治疗前后拍头颅侧位片并测量,进行成组设计和配对设计t检验。结果前方牵引治疗后UCLP组SNA增加1·45°,A-TFH增加2·19mm,非唇腭裂组SNA增加1·42°,A-TFH增加2·12mm,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0·05)。UCLP组SNB减小2·18°,ANB增加3·64°,MP/SN增加2·78°,LL-EP增加0·88mm;非唇腭裂组SNB减小1·32°,ANB增加2·68°,MP/SN增加1·47°,LL-EP减小1·37mm,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0·05)。结论通过前方牵引治疗,生长发育高峰前期UCLP术后轻中度骨性前牙反患者与非唇腭裂前牙反患者的上下颌骨关系、软组织面型得到改善。两组上颌骨对治疗的反应相似。UCLP组较非唇腭裂组颌间关系改变大,下颌向后向下旋转多;UCLP组患者治疗后下唇变化不如非唇腭裂组明显。     

唇腭裂术后上颌骨发育不良骨牵引矫治的临床研究

目的:探讨口内入路牵引成骨技术在唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不良患者成年之前矫治中的作用。方法:对12例9～12岁唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨明显发育不良者,采用高位LeFortI型截骨术,将上颌骨完全断离,安装口内牵引器,按一定的速度和频率牵引上颌骨向前,对术前、术后头颅定位X线侧位片进行颅颌面软硬组织的测量分析,数据以SPSS10.0统计软件包进行t检验。结果:本组病例上颌骨牵引前移明显,SNA角增加7°～11°,软组织鼻尖点、鼻底点及上唇最突点明显前移,面部外形得到明显改善,上下前牙获得正常覆牙合、覆盖关系。随访3～36个月,咬合关系保持稳定。结论:骨牵引成骨技术可以很好地用于矫治唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不良,早期解除上颌骨畸形,使面部软组织得到适应性改变,面型更为协调,避免或减轻口颌系统继发畸形和功能障碍,不失为唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不良的有效治疗方法。     

唇腭裂患者不同截骨方式下上颌骨外置式牵引成骨的比较

目的：利用颅外支架外固定式牵引器治疗唇腭裂继发上颌骨重度发育不足患者,分别采用上颌骨前段截骨和整块截骨方式,探讨不同截骨方式的牵引成骨效果。方法：唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨重度发育不足患者10例,反覆盖均超过10mm。采用传统整块截骨5例,前段分块截骨5例,均利用颅外支架固定式牵引器行术后牵引。通过头影测量分析,比较其矫治效果。利用SPSS13.0软件包对数据进行独立样本t检验。结果：所有患者均成骨良好,无明显并发症,面形及咬合显著改善。牵引成骨后,SNA角、NA与FH夹角、前牙覆盖、零子午线与Sn距离等显著增加。前段截骨组硬腭长度增加7.50mm,2组间有显著差异（P〈0.05）。而软腭长度、静止位腭咽腔深度无显著差异。结论：上颌骨前段截骨牵引在增加硬腭和牙弓长度、避免腭咽腔深度增加及腭咽闭合功能恶化方面具有更大优势,是一种较为理想的矫治唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不足的方法。     

Secondary correction of premaxilla in bilateral cleft lip and palate with lag-screw fixation

It is not unusual for the protruding premaxilla to attain an undesirable position after cleft lip repair. Such a premaxilla may lead to considerable problems in facial aesthetics, or oral functions, or both in early childhood. These abnormal premaxillas may produce difficulties in bone grafting and orthodontic treatment in late childhood. In such cases, surgical correction of the premaxilla in childhood is justified. From 2013 to 2018, 11 children, aged 2 to 11 years, had a secondary ostectomy of their premaxilla. A new stabilisation method (developed by us) was used to provide rigid fixation to the premaxilla. The follow up period ranged from 1 - 6 years. The results were satisfactory in all except for a few minor issues in three patients. There was significant improvement in their appearance, oral functions, and most importantly in their quality of life. The need for secondary osteotomy of the premaxilla should always be weighed against its potential complications. The fixation technique described by us, though, provides rigid fixation, but may potentially be associated with a few complications if not practised carefully.     

正颌外科手术矫正唇腭裂继发颌骨畸形术后上颌稳定性的研究

目的 探讨正颌外科手术矫正唇腭裂继发颌骨畸形患者术后上颌骨的稳定性及相关影响因素.方法 34例唇腭裂继发上颌骨发育不足的患者,均行改良LeFortⅠ型截骨术前徙上颌骨,其中29例患者同期行BSSRO和/或颏成形术,术后随访时间≥12月.分别在术前、术后即刻及术后随访时拍摄头颅定位侧位片.通过头影测量分析,测量上齿槽座（A）点、后鼻嵴（PNS）点、∠SNA的变化.结果 34例患者术后1年以上（平均19个月）水平向复发率为（20.10±18.09）％;垂直向复发率为（34.78±32.89）％.∠SNA术前平均为77.9°,术后即刻为82.3°,术后1年以上为81.4°.水平向复发率与上颌骨前徙量无相关性（P＞0.05）,但垂直向的复发率与上颌骨下移量呈正相关性（P＜0.05）.通过对15例连续随访患者资料的方差分析提示,上颌骨术后复发主要发生在术后3个月内.结论 唇腭裂患者上颌骨前徙术后具有一定程度的复发,其复发主要发生在术后3个月内.垂直向的复发率与颌骨下移量成正相关.     

Periodontal changes following distraction osteogenesis in patients with cleft lip and palate: a clinical trial

ObjectivesTo evaluate inflammatory mediator levels and periodontal changes following distraction osteogenesis (DO) in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) using mid-maxillary distraction (MMD).Materials and MethodsA total of 20 healthy patients with CLP with Class III malocclusion were included. Segmental forward advancement of the anterior maxilla from the second premolars on both sides using DO was performed. A custom-made, tooth-borne distractor connecting buccal molar segments to the anterior maxilla was used for 7 days with 0.5-mm distraction for the first 2 days and then increased to 1 mm daily until overcorrection. Crevicular interleukin IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor TNF-α levels were measured during distraction. Periodontal clinical parameters and indices were recorded at baseline and 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Soft tissue healing was evaluated histologically at 2 and 4 weeks after distraction.ResultsThe periodontal parameters remained stable during the follow-up periods. Insignificant increases in the level of inflammatory cytokines compared with the control were observed. Histological findings revealed mild inflammatory and structural changes in the gingiva immediately after distraction, whereas regeneration was noticed after 4 weeks.ConclusionsMMD was an effective technique in treating patients with CLP, leading to new bone and soft tissue formation without significant detrimental effect on the periodontium of the adjacent teeth.     

单侧完全性唇腭裂患者上颌骨扩弓稳定性的研究进展

唇腭裂患者在生长发育期,常可观察到上颌骨矢状向、横向和垂直向等三维方向的发育障碍,其牙弓形态往往表现为上牙弓狭窄等,尤以完全性唇腭裂患者为严重。上颌骨扩弓成为唇腭裂患者正畸治疗的重要步骤,扩弓方法根据不同需要进行选择。本文分别从各类扩弓方式、年龄和牙弓形态等方面,讨论其对单侧完全性唇腭裂患者扩弓稳定性的影响。     

唇腭裂患者上颌骨牵引成骨术后[i]和[S]声学特性的变化

目的:通过研究行颅外支架式上颌骨牵引成骨术(rigid external distraction,RED)的唇腭裂患者治疗前后元音[i]和擦音[s]的声学特性变化,分析上颌骨牵引成骨术对患者腭咽闭合功能和舌位的影响。方法:1999年至2001年行颅外支架式上颌骨牵引成骨术的唇腭裂术后上颌发育不足患者21例,其中男性13例,女性8例,平均年龄15.05岁。所有患者RED手术前后测量元音[i]擦音[s]的声学指标。用非参数检验比较治疗前后[i]和[s]声学特性的变化,并绘制[i]的声学舌位图。结果:RED后患者元音[i]基频能量明显加强,擦音[s]的能量明显降低。RED前后元音[i]声学舌位图上舌位无明显变化,RED后擦音[s]强频区向高频区移动。结论:唇腭裂患者经RED前移上颌骨后,腭咽闭合功能恶化,鼻腔共鸣增加,辅音趋向无力,同时发音时舌向前运动增加。     

自锁托槽对唇腭裂腭扩展短期效果的研究

目的：探讨自锁托槽对单侧完全性唇腭裂患者上颌腭扩展的短期治疗效果。方法选取5例恒牙期单侧完全性唇腭裂（UCLP）患者,未行牙槽突裂骨移植手术,上颌牙齿粘贴自锁托槽（AO, Time2）,放置高弹性镍钛弓丝,采集患者治疗前和腭扩展6~17个月后的牙颌模型、头颅定位后前位片进行测量,分析上颌腭扩展前后患者的牙弓、牙槽骨、腭穹窿以及颌骨的形态变化。结果牙颌模型测量结果提示：第一前磨牙区牙弓宽度明显增大,其次为尖牙区牙弓宽度,第一磨牙区牙弓宽度增加最少,第二磨牙区宽度减小。牙弓长度变化不明显。第一磨牙近中颊向扭转。腭部宽度增加,深度减小。头影测量结果提示：鼻腔宽度、上颌基骨宽度和上颌磨牙宽度稍有增加。结论唇腭裂自锁托槽腭扩展后上颌牙颌形态在横向宽度的变化较矢状向的变化明显。短期腭扩展治疗效果以牙齿移动和牙槽改建为主。     

Treatment of severe maxillary hypoplasia with oligodontia and complete bilateral cleft lip and palate by maxillary anterior segmental distraction osteogenesis

Effective maxillary advance treatment is difficult to achieve without impairing velopharyngeal function in patients with severe maxillary deficiency. We describe successful orthodontic treatment using maxillary anterior segmental distraction osteogenesis (MASDO) in a patient with cleft lip and palate. A 20-year-old woman with bilateral cleft lip and palate, multiple congenitally missing teeth, reduced maxilla, concave soft-tissue profile, and skeletal Class III jaw relationship was treated with a combination of orthodontic treatment and MASDO. After treatment, the anterior maxilla was displaced forward with new bone formation induced in the distraction gap for insertion of dental implants. Maxillary hypoplasia was successfully treated while preserving the velopharyngeal function with MASDO. We suggest that MASDO is useful for patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia.     

唇腭裂伴前颌骨缺损及牙列缺损1例报告

上颌发育不足是唇腭裂患者最常见的并发症,但合并重度牙列缺损者并不多见。此类患者除影响其口腔功能及面部美观外,也增加了其后续序列治疗的难度。本文报告1例该类患者,探索其上颌发育不足及牙列缺损的原因,提出该患者后续治疗的难度所在,提示先天因素和前期治疗的并发症对后续治疗的影响。     

唇腭裂患者口腔卫生及牙周健康状况的调查研究

目的 调查我国各年龄段唇腭裂患者口腔卫生及牙周健康的现状、特点及与普通正畸患者之间的差异。方法 对唇腭裂患者及年龄匹配的普通正畸患者各80例，其中6～11岁30例、12～15岁27例、16～25岁23例，进行口腔卫生及牙周健康的检查及口腔卫生保健的问卷调查。结果 各年龄阶段的唇腭裂患者全口的牙周状况与对照相比均无统计学差异，但12～15岁、16～25岁组的唇腭裂患者全口的口腔卫生差于对照，12～15岁组的唇腭裂患者的口腔保健行为差于对照组；裂侧附近的牙齿的茵斑指数高于非裂侧及对照组，且在16～25岁组表现出探诊深度大于非裂侧及对照组。结论 不同的年龄阶段有不同的口腔卫生及牙周状况的特点。应该根据其特点，进行不同的口腔卫生指导及保健；应加强唇腭裂患者口腔健康的教育，强调裂侧附近牙齿的清洁及定期牙周栓查的必要性。     

前方牵引治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂患者术后前牙反(牙合)畸形的研究

Objective To investigate the effects of maxillary protraction on anterior crossbite in repaired pre-pubertal patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate(UCLP).Methods Prospective controlled clinical trial was carried out.Eighteen UCLP patients with anterior crossbite,aged 9.63±1.24 years,were the experimental subjects.Fourteen UCLP patients with similar malocclusion,aged 8.71±1.92 years,were selected as controls.All patients were before puberty according to the evaluation of the hand wrist radiograms.A Hyrax appliance and reverse headgear were applied.Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken before and after the treatment.Computerized cephalometric analysis was carried out.Results After treatment in experimental group.the maxilla moved forward more significantly.The mandible rotated downward and backward.The intermaxillary relationship and soft tissue profile improved significantly.The rate of maxillary and mandibular Contribution was 1:1.7. ConelusionsMaxillary protraction could improve the imermaxillary relationship and soft tissue profile in UCLP patients with mild or moderate skeletal deformity before puberty.