慢性肾脏病住院患者白蛋白尿与心血管疾病相关性研究

目的：研究慢性肾脏病（CKD）住院患者白蛋白尿与心血管疾病（CVD）的相关性,探讨白蛋白尿对非糖尿病CKD患者CVD的预测价值。方法：回顾性分析1245例非糖尿病CKD患者的一般情况、生化指标、心电图、胸部X线、心超及CVD的危险因素。结果：（1）1245例患者中CKD1、2、3、4、5期分别为304例（24.4%）、281例（22.6%）、372例（29.9%）、157例（12.6%）、131例（10.5%）;CKD1～5各期有蛋白尿者分别为208例（68.8%）、194例（69%）、269例（72.3%）、117例（74.5%）、106例（80.9%）。（2）与CKD1期患者相比,CKD2～5期患者年龄、SBP、DBP、Scr、UA明显升高,eGFR、Hb、Alb明显降低（P〈0.05）;CKD3期患者TG、LDL升高,HDL降低（P〈0.05）;CKD4、5期患者TC、LDL、HDL降低;TG升高（P〈0.05）。（3）与CKD同期非白蛋白尿组相比,白蛋白尿组CKD1～5期患者Scr、UA明显升高,Alb明显降低（P〈0.05）;CKD2～5期患者SBP、DBP明显升高,eGFR、Hb明显降低（P〈0.05）;CKD4、5期患者TC、HDL降低,TG、LDL升高（P〈0.05）。（4）CKD患者CVD发病率从CKD1～CKD5期逐步升高（P〈0.05）,白蛋白尿患者CVD发病率以及胸部X片、心电图、心超异常阳性率升高更加明显（P〈0.05）。（5）Logistic回归分析显示CVD与年龄、SBP、UA、TG、白蛋白尿呈现正相关,与GFR、Hb呈现负相关（P〈0.05）。结论：非糖尿病CKD患者CVD发病率随CKD进展而增高,与白蛋白尿密切相关,白蛋白尿是CVD患者心血管疾病危险标志。     

合并慢性前列腺炎的慢性肾脏病患者临床病理特点

目的：探讨合并慢性前列腺炎（CP）的男性慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者临床病理特点。方法：比较伴CP与不伴CP的CKD患者的年龄、婚姻情况、蛋白尿、血尿、肾功能水平及病理类型等临床病理指标。结果：（1）合并CP组平均年龄较不伴CP组大[（232.6±12.7）岁vs（9.5±11.4）岁],CP组已婚率高（63.7%vs47.3%）（P均〈0.05）;大量蛋白尿（〉3.5g/24h）52例（57.1%）,CP组中最常见的3种肾脏病为IgA肾病31例（34.1%）,非IgAN系膜增生性肾小球肾炎24例（26.4%）,膜性肾病12例（13.2%）,其中膜性肾病的发生率较不伴CP组（4.4%）高（P〈0.05）;伴CP的IgAN患者血管襻IgA沉积率较不伴CP患者高（P〈0.05）。（3）CP组与不伴CP组在蛋白尿、血尿、肾功能方面比较差异无统计学意义。结论：伴CP的CKD者年龄较大,多为已婚,半数伴大量蛋白尿,具有一定的临床病理特点,CP可能造成某些CKD患者慢性化改变。     

Anemia Development and Cardiovascular Risk Management in Nonanemic Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease

Background/Aim. There is little information on the development of anemia in the early stages of chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the onset of renal anemia in a cohort of initially nonanemic chronic kidney disease patients followed up in nephrology clinics. Methods. This epidemiological, prospective, three-year, multicenter study enrolled patients aged 18–78 years with stage 3 chronic kidney disease without anemia. Interim analysis was performed on the data collected during the first 12 months. Results. The study included 432 patients, average age 63.6 years (range 22–78 years, 70% male). The main etiologies of chronic kidney disease were glomerular (11.6%), interstitial (10.4%), vascular (29.4%), and diabetic (16.9%). The percentages of patients with comorbidities were 33.8% diabetes (2.5% type 1), 69% dyslipidemia, and 93% hypertension. During the first year, 12.4% of patients developed anemia. The chronic kidney disease progression rate was low: proteinuria was 0.46 ± 0.8 g/24 h at one year versus 0.67 ± 1.0 g/24 h at baseline. Diabetic patients showed a greater prevalence of previous cardiovascular events (50.0% vs. 24.5%) and worse control of some modifiable cardiovascular risk factors: smoking (13.4% vs. 8.6%), obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m², 33.6% vs. 25.3%), target blood pressure (<130/80 mmHg, 21.0% vs. 27.9%), and proteinuria (0.8 ± 1.1 vs. 0.6 ± 0.9 g/day). Conclusions. After one year, 12.4% of patients developed anemia. Diabetic patients had a higher cardiovascular risk and limited blood pressure control. The overall control of cardiovascular risk was unsatisfactory.     

慢性肾脏病患者中慢性前列腺炎的发生率及其影响因素

目的：研究慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者中慢性前列腺炎（CP）的发生率及其影响因素。方法：对273例明确病理诊断的CKD男性患者进行前列腺液常规检查，比较不同类型肾脏病、不同年龄段和不同程度蛋白尿、血尿、肾功能对CP发生率的影响。结果：273例CKD患者中91例患者伴有CP，总的发生率33．3％；膜性肾病患者CP发生率最高60．0％，较非IgA肾病的系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（25．5％）、乙肝相关性肾炎（24．2％）及局灶节段肾小球硬化症患者（0％）高（P〈0．05）。IgA肾病（IgAN）患者CP发生率39．7％较非IgA系膜增生性肾小球肾炎患者高（P〈0．05）。随年龄增加CP的发生率升高但是各组间无统计学差别；不同程度蛋白尿、血尿、肾功能组间CP的发生率无差别。结论：CKD是CP的高发人群，随年龄增加CKD患者中CP的发生率有增加的趋势，肾脏病病理类型是影响CP的发生率的主要因素；CP与部分CKD间存在一定的联系。     

Successful Renal Transplantation in Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a genetic disease caused by structural mutations in the enzyme NADPH oxidase that results in severe immunodeficiency. End-stage renal disease occurs in this patient population, and is often attributed to the necessary use of nephrotoxic anti-infectives. In this report, we present the experiences of two centers in transplantation of three patients with CGD: one transplanted with CGD, one cured of his CGD with bone marrow transplantation who subsequently underwent kidney transplantation and one that received a kidney transplant prior to being cured of CGD via a sequential peripheral blood stem cell transplant (SCT). All three recipients have enjoyed excellent outcomes. Their courses demonstrate the absolute requirements for a multidisciplinary and compulsive approach before, during and after transplantation. These case reports also highlight the unexpectedly benign effects of immunosuppressive therapy in this patient population.     

住院患者慢性肾脏病的危险因素分析

目的：回顾性分析慢性肾脏病（CKD）住院患者肾功能进展的危险因素。方法：收集2001年1月1日～2008年12月31日,在我院肾内科首次住院,未接受替代治疗16岁以上CKD患者655例,分析患者的性别、年龄、血压、原发病、肾穿病理、Hb、Alb、PA、UA、Ca2＋、P3-、TC、TG、LDL、HDL及肾功能进展的危险因素。结果：（1）起病较集中在31岁～60岁,占CKD的53.9%。（2）原发性肾小球疾病、糖尿病、高血压（69.5%、8.9%、8.9%）是导致CKD的主要病因。（3）58.2%患者行肾脏穿刺,病理结果以IgA肾病、系膜增生性肾炎、局灶节段性肾小球硬化、微小病变（31.2%、23.6%、11.3%、10.2%）为主。（4）各期患者血尿存在明显统计学差异（P〈0.01）;蛋白尿差异无统计学意义。与CKD1期比较,除PA、TG外,各期SBP、DBP、Hb、Alb、UA、Ca2＋、P3-、TC、LDL、HDL差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（5）多元相关回归分析显示eGFR与Hb呈正相关（P〈0.05）,与年龄、血压、UA呈负相关（P〈0.05）。多元Logistic回归分析显示年龄、贫血、高尿酸血症、高血压是CKD肾功能进展的危险因素（P〈0.05）。结论：原发性肾小球肾炎、糖尿病、高血压是主要病因。年龄、贫血、高尿酸血症、高血压为CKD进展的危险因素。     

Use of Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and End Stage Renal Disease

Epilepsy is a disorder with an approximate worldwide prevalence of 1%. Due to complexities of metabolism, protein‐binding, renal elimination, and other pharmacokinetic parameters, the dosing of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end stage renal disease (ESRD) deserves special attention. This is a review of the most commonly prescribed AEDs with special focus on their indication, pharmacokinetics, and unique considerations for use in patients with CKD and ESRD. A review of their renal toxicities is also included.     

Overall Survival and Development of Stage IV Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients Undergoing Partial and Radical Nephrectomy for Benign Renal Tumors

Background

Although partial nephrectomy (PN) has been associated with improved renal function compared with radical nephrectomy (RN) for renal cell carcinoma, the impact on overall survival (OS) remains controversial.

Objective

To evaluate comparative OS and renal function in patients following PN and RN for a renal mass where malignancy was not a confounding factor.

Design, setting, and participants

Using the Mayo Clinic Nephrectomy Registry, we retrospectively identified 442 patients with unilateral sporadic benign renal masses treated surgically with PN or RN between 1980 and 2008.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

The primary outcome measures were OS and the incidence of new-onset stage IV chronic kidney disease (CKD), determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox models were used to test the association of nephrectomy type with these outcomes.

Results and limitations

Overall, 206 and 236 patients with benign renal masses were surgically treated with RN and PN, respectively. Patients who underwent RN were older (median age: 67 vs 64 yr; p = 0.02) and had larger tumors (median size: 5.0 vs 2.7 cm; p < 0.001). Median follow-up for patients still alive at last follow-up was 8.3 yr (range: 0.1–27.9 yr). Estimated OS (95% confidence interval [CI]) rates at 10 and 15 yr were 69% (62–76%) and 53% (45–62%) for RN compared with 80% (73–87%) and 74% (65–83%) following PN (p = 0.032). After adjusting for covariates of interest, patients treated with RN were significantly more likely to die from any cause (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.75; 95% CI, 1.08–2.83; p = 0.023) or develop stage IV CKD (HR: 4.23; 95% CI, 1.80–9.93; p < 0.001) compared with patients who underwent PN. Limitations include the retrospective design, selection bias for surgical approach, and referral bias to a tertiary care facility.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that PN may confer a clinical benefit for improved renal function and better OS compared with RN after excluding the confounding effect of malignancy.     

Associations of Plasma Pentraxin 3 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Concentrations with Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

We examined the associations of circulating levels of pentraxin 3 (PTX3), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and some other inflammatory mediators with cardiorenal syndrome. In advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m²), the values of area under the curve of PTX3, tumor necrosis factor α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for the detection of the association of cardiovascular disease (CVD) were 0.664, 0.507, and 0.318, respectively. In contrast, serum levels of MCP-1 were significantly higher in CKD patients than in control subjects independently of association with CVD.

Abstract

Both pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are mediators of inflammation. They also appear to play critical roles in vascular endothelial dysfunction but their associations with cardiorenal syndrome remain largely unknown. The objective of this study was to examine their associations with cardiorenal syndrome. Circulating levels of PTX3, MCP-1, and some other biomarkers were evaluated in 134 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 55 age- and gender-matched subjects without CKD or CVD. Levels of PTX3, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were significantly higher in CKD patients with CVD than in those without CVD. In advanced CKD patients (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m²), the values of area under the curve of PTX3, TNFα, and hsCRP for the detection of the association of CVD were 0.664, 0.507, and 0.318, respectively. In contrast, serum levels of MCP-1 were significantly higher in CKD patients than in control subjects independently of association with CVD. PTX3, hsCRP, and TNFα, but not MCP-1 could predict the presence of CVD as a complication associated with CKD. Additionally, PTX3 might be a more sensitive marker for the association of CVD than hsCRP and TNFα in patients with advanced CKD.     

慢性肾脏病合并代谢综合征患者的中医证候分析

目的:对慢性肾脏病(CKD)合并代谢综合征(MS)患者的中医证候进行回顾性研究,了解CKD合并MS的证候特征,为CKD的个体化诊治提供指导。方法:收集2007年～2009年住院或门诊的CKD患者,其中CKD合并MS组121例,CKD非合并MS组123例,设计中医证候临床观察表,对两组病人临床脉证进行调查研究。结果:(1)CKD合并MS组男性患病人数明显高于女性,年龄大于CKD非合并MS组。两组病程及慢性肾脏病的分期差异无统计学意义。(2)代谢综合征各组分比较:CKD合并MS组腰围(W)、BMI、高血压发生率、FPG、TG、LDL-C明显高于CKD非合并MS组(P<0.01)。HDL-C明显低于CKD非合并MS组(P<0.05)。(3)两组病人肾损害比较:Scr、BUN、24h尿蛋白定量、血尿及肾衰竭发生率两组相比差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。CKD合并MS组UA明显高于CKD非合并MS组(P<0.001)。(4)两组病人中医证候的比较:虚证中合并MS组以脾肾气虚多见,非合并MS组以气阴两虚多见;实证中合并MS组以血瘀、痰湿、热盛多见,非合并MS组以湿热、血瘀为多见;合并MS组实证中两证以上相兼的现象较非合并MS组常见;合并MS组血瘀证和热盛证兼夹、血瘀和痰湿证兼夹、血瘀、痰湿和热盛证兼夹多见,非合并MS组以血瘀和湿热证兼夹、湿热和热盛证兼夹多见。两组总的证候均以虚实夹杂为主要特征。结论:CKD合并MS的中医证候特点以虚实夹杂,多证相兼为主要特征。虚证以脾肾气虚为主,实证以血瘀、痰湿、热盛为主。     

Potential Benefits of Renal Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Dietary manipulation, including protein, phosphorus, and sodium restriction, when coupled with the vegetarian nature of the renal diet and ketoacid supplementation can potentially exert a cardiovascular protective effect in chronic renal failure patients by acting on both traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors. Blood pressure control may be favored by the reduction of sodium intake and by the vegetarian nature of the diet, which is very important also for lowering serum cholesterol and improving plasma lipid profile. The low protein and phosphorus intake has a crucial role for reducing proteinuria and preventing and reversing hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism, which are major causes of the vascular calcifications, cardiac damage, and mortality risk of uremic patients. The reduction of nitrogenous waste products and lowering of serum PTH levels may also help ameliorate insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in diabetic patients, as well as increase the responsiveness to erythropoietin therapy, thus allowing greater control of anemia. Protein-restricted diets may have also anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties.

Thus, putting aside the still debatable effects on the progression of renal disease and the more admitted effects on uremic signs and symptoms, it is possible that a proper nutritional treatment early in the course of renal disease may be useful also to reduce the cardiovascular risk in the renal patient. However, conclusive data cannot yet be drawn because quality studies are lacking in this field; future studies should be planned to assess the effect of renal diets on hard outcomes, as cardiovascular events or mortality.     

血清胱抑素C评价慢性肾脏病患者早期肾损害的临床研究

目的:探讨血清胱抑素C(CystatinC,CystC)在评价慢性肾脏病患者早期肾功能损害的临床价值。方法:收集自2005年7月～2006年2月住院的慢性肾脏病患者88例,采用乳胶颗粒增强免疫透射比浊分析法(PETIA)测定血清CystC浓度,同时测定血清肌酐浓度(Scr,碱性苦味酸法)及内生肌酐清除率(Ccr,标准24h留尿计算法),以99mTc-二乙三胺五醋酸(99mTc-DTPA)法测得的肾小球滤过率(GFR)作为诊断评价的金标准,比较CystC、Scr、Ccr与GFR的相关性。采用受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUCROC)和似然比(LR)评价CystC的可靠性。结果:患者血清CystC、Ccr、Scr与GFR均呈显著相关(P<0.01),以CystC与GFR的相关程度最密切;上述3个指标AUCROC分别为0.980、0.941、0.914,且CystC与Scr之间具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而与Ccr间无统计学差异(P>0.05),LR以血清CystC为最佳。结论:与Ccr和Scr相比,血清CystC是一个更为准确、可靠的反映肾小球滤过功能的指标,对早期诊断慢性肾脏病患者肾小球滤过功能的损害具有重要价值。