左心室收缩功能低下冠心病病人冠状动脉旁路移植术的中远期效果

目的　总结并分析左心室收缩功能低下冠心病病人行冠状动脉旁路移植手术(CABG)的中、远期效果。方法　34例左心室射血分数(LVEF)低于0 30且不伴左心室室壁瘤的冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病病人行CABG ,平均年龄(5 8 0±9 4 )岁。冠状动脉造影显示LVEF为0 15～0 30 ,平均0 2 7±0 0 4 ,其中2支病变3例,3支病变31例(包括左主干病变4例)。超声心动显示左心室舒张末直径(LVDD)平均为(6 1 5±8 9)mm ,LVEF平均0 2 8±0 0 7。心功能分级平均为2 9±0 7。体外循环下手术2 6例,非体外循环常温手术(OPCAB) 8例。每例旁路移植2～6支,平均(3 9±0 9)支。随访率94 1% ,随访时间平均(3 5±1 9)年。结果　无手术死亡。早期主要并发症为心功能不全。所有病人心绞痛症状明显减轻,左心室舒张末直径平均(5 5 2±7 1)mm ,LVEF平均0 4 7±0 11。心功能分级平均1 9±0 3。以上指标与术前进行统计学比较,差异均具统计学意义。随访3年生存率为91 9% ,5年生存率为85 7%。5年免除心绞痛为81 3% ,心功能分级为1～3级,平均1 4±0 6。结论　伴左心室收缩功能低下的CABG病人的中、远期疗效满意,充分的术前准备是手术成功关键。     

巨大左心室主动脉瓣置换术的远期疗效--125例随访报告

目的随访巨大左心室单纯主动脉瓣置换术治疗的远期疗效,并分析其影响因素.方法对125例左心室舒张末径(LVDD)大于70mm行主动脉瓣置换手术的病人采用信访、电话随访和门诊复查相结合的方法进行长期随访.终止日期为1998年12月,随访时间为1～14年,平均(6.6±3.4)年.随访到123例,完整随访率为98.4%.结果远期死亡15例,5年生存率为90.1%,10年生存率为81.2%.瓣周漏5例,生物瓣坏损再次置换5例.3年及5年免除心脏事件发生率为87.3%和79.4%.随访结果与术前及术后早期结果进行统计学处理,LVDD、左室射血分数(LVEF)及心功能等指标均显著改善(P＜0.05).死亡组术前的LVDD和LVEF与生存组对比差异存在显著性.多因素相关分析显示,LVEF小于0.40、LVDD大于85mm为独立相关危险因素(P＜0.05).结论巨大左心室单纯主动脉瓣病变行主动脉瓣置换手术,远期疗效良好.左心室扩大的可复性,应从术前LVEF、LVDD、病变性质、年龄等因素综合考虑.     

左心室巨大室壁瘤不同左心室成形方法的对比研究

目的研究左心室巨大室壁瘤的左心室成形方法,对改进的左心室心内膜环缩技术和传统的线性缝合技术进行近、远期疗效对比。方法自1992年1月至2004年12月,对148例左心室巨大室壁瘤患者进行手术治疗,按照手术中左心室成形方法不同分为两组,传统术式组:89例,采用传统的线性缝合成形技术;改良术式组:59例,采用改良的心内膜环缩成形技术,旷置梗死的心肌组织,再缝合环缩后的切口。采用多次信访、电话随访和门诊复查相结合的方法对两组患者术后的近、远期疗效进行对比观察。结果手术死亡5例(3.4%),其中传统术式组4例,改良术式组1例(P=0.320)。术后主要并发症为低心排血量和心室颤动。随访134例(93.7%),随访时间51.4±27.0月。远期死亡21例,术后早期心功能Ⅲ级以上是影响远期死亡的危险因素(P=0.000)。改良术式组5年和8年生存率明显优于传统术式组(91.6%vs.76.3%,P=0.040;91.6%vs.61.4%,P=0.000)。两组心功能分级(NYHA)和左心室射血分数(LVEF)术后早期和随访期间较术前改善和升高(P<0.05),改良术式组改善更明显。两组左心室舒张期末内径(LVEDD)术后早期与术前比较明显减小(P=0.000),但随访30个月时有重新增大的趋势(P=0.046)。传统术式组随访30个月时LVEDD扩大比率明显高于改良术式组(38.8%vs.16.7%,P=0.030)。结论左心室巨大室壁瘤的手术近、远期疗效满意,保持适当的左心室形态和容积是手术的关键。心内膜环缩法进行左心室成形是一种简单有效的手段,其远期结果优于线性缝合法。     

主动脉瓣关闭不全合并巨大左心室外科治疗的危险因素分析及远期结果

目的探讨主动脉瓣关闭不全合并巨大左心室患者外科治疗的适应证、危险因素及远期结果。方法回顾性分析了2004年3月至2012年12月共收治主动脉瓣关闭不全合并巨大左心室患者42例(左心室舒张期末内径≥70mm和左心室收缩期末内径≥50mm)的临床资料。其中男38例、女4例,年龄16~73(45.86±14.99)岁。所有患者均行主动脉瓣置换术,术前、术后1周、术后3个月行超声心动图检查,并对患者随访12~132个月,分析影响术后心功能恢复及导致死亡的危险因素。结果术后早期死亡1例,远期死亡5例。41例患者术后1周经胸超声心动图检查,左心室舒张期末内径(62.00±13.21)mm、左心室收缩期末内径(50.71±14.02)mm、左心室舒张期末内径指数(35.23±8.58)mm/m~2、左心室收缩期末内径指数(28.92±9.08)mm/m~2,与术前相比均明显减小(P0.01)。左心室射血分数(46.41%±12.4%)明显低于术前(P0.01)。术前心功能分级、射血分数、左心室舒张期末内径、左心室舒张期末内径指数是预测术后早期左心室功能恢复的预测因子。左心功能不全及室性心律失常是导致术后死亡的危险因素。术后1年、5年、10年生存率分别为92.9%、90.2%和83.8%。结论大多数主动脉瓣关闭不全合并巨大左心室患者仍有手术指征,术后疗效满意。但术前左心功能不全、室性心律失常是影响手术疗效和远期存活的危险因素。     

室壁瘤切除左心室几何重建连续42例经验

目的总结42例室壁瘤切除左心室成形加冠状动脉搭桥无死亡的经验. 方法 42例左心室室壁瘤患者,男41例、女1例,平均年龄(55.5±2.4)岁(40～68岁).38例有不稳定性心绞痛,术前合并严重室性心律失常10例,其中有心室颤动病史2例,反复发作室性心动过速8例,合并高血压病26例,糖尿病3例,重症慢性阻塞性肺疾病1例;心功能(NYHA)Ⅲ级32例,Ⅳ级10例;合并二尖瓣轻至中度关闭不全6例.42例经左心室造影和手术证实为解剖性室壁瘤,位于前间壁41例、下壁1例.左心室射血分数(LVEF)平均41%(17%～63%),其中LVEF<40%29例.33例采用Jatene术式,8例Dor术式, 1例Cooley术式,其中10例在心脏跳动下完成左心室成形术.左主干病变7例,3支病变30例,2支病变6例,单纯左前降支病变5例.全部患者同期行冠状动脉搭桥术,乳内动脉使用率100%.术中证实左心室内附壁血栓21例.平均体外循环时间(135±11)min,阻断升主动脉(78±10)min. 结果术后平均住院天数(13.1±1.2)d,住ICU(2.8±0.6)d.使用主动脉内气囊反搏7例(17%),术后发生顽固性室性心动过速1例,胸骨哆开1例,术后早期渗血、二次开胸止血1例.术后左心室前后径、舒张末期和收缩末期容量较术前明显缩小(P<0.05),LVEF有增加趋势(P>0.05).围手术期无死亡,均痊愈出院.术后随访10个月至4年,无死亡. 结论室壁瘤切除左心室几何重建术同期行冠状动脉旁路术,除改善心功能外,可消除室性心动过速,手术安全、可靠,效果良好.     

冠心病合并室壁瘤及二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的 总结冠心病合并室壁瘤和二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗经验及效果. 方法 回顾性分析78例冠心病合并室壁瘤和二尖瓣关闭不全患者的临床资料,其中男45例,女33例;年龄42～70岁,平均年龄55岁.室壁瘤位于心尖部44例,外侧壁14例,下壁20例; 二尖瓣中度关闭不全48例,重度关闭不全30例.手术在低温体外循环下施行,室壁瘤线性缝合术24例,心内膜环缩、三明治缝合术36例,心内膜环缩、左心室补片成形术18例,同期血栓清除术13例;二尖瓣成形术42例,二尖瓣置换术36例;移植旁路血管1～6支(2.5±1.5支). 结果 围术期死亡5例,死于败血症1例,多器官功能衰竭2例,心力衰竭2例.术中停机困难5例.术后主要并发症:低心排血量综合征、恶性心律失常和多器官功能衰竭.左心室舒张期末内径(55.6±1.2 mm vs. 68.2±4.0 mm),射血分数(45%±23% vs.34%±14%),心功能分级(NYHA,1.82±0.26级 vs. 3.36±0.56级)与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).随访69例,随访率94.52%,随访时间25±8个月.随访期间无远期死亡,无症状复发.心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级58例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级2例, 较术前明显改善(P<0.05). 结论 根据病理生理特点选择对心腔、血管和瓣膜全面处理的手术方式,加强围术期管理,手术治疗冠心病合并室壁瘤及二尖瓣关闭不全的近、远期疗效满意.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗缺血性心功能不全患者的远期疗效

目的分析缺血性心功能不全患者接受冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的远期生存率和心力衰竭免除率,以评价单纯CABG治疗缺血性心功能不全患者的远期疗效。方法 1999年1月至2005年12月阜外心血管病医院收治冠心病伴左心功能不全(左心室射血分数40%)患者239例,其中男215例,女24例;年龄32～78岁,平均年龄59.1岁。术前有心肌梗死病史193例,有心绞痛31例;心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅰ级26例,Ⅱ级106例,Ⅲ级73例,Ⅳ级34例。冠状动脉造影显示:单支血管病变10例(4.2%),2支病变35例(14.6%),3支病变194例(81.2%);术前超声心动图提示:左心室射血分数35.7%±4.6%。所有患者均接受CABG,体外循环CABG153例(64.0%),非体外循环CABG86例(35.9%);择期手术237例,急诊手术2例。同期未行心瓣膜成形或置换术、室壁瘤切除和折叠术等其他手术。结果每例移植旁路血管1～6支(3.4±1.1支)。院内死亡5例(2.09%),其中因低心排血量、循环衰竭死亡2例,发生恶性心律失常死亡1例,肾功能衰竭死亡1例,昏迷并发多器官功能衰竭死亡1例。随访216例(92.3%),随访时间5.12±1.79年;失访18例(7.7%)。随访期间死亡29例,其中心源性死亡24例,心源性死亡率1年为2.8%,5年为9.4%;发生心力衰竭40例,1年心力衰竭免除率为93.7%,5年免除率为81.8%;1年生存率为97.2%,5年生存率为89.3%。结论 CABG治疗缺血性心功能不全患者的远期疗效满意。     

1405例冠状动脉旁路移植、激光心肌血运重建术的临床分析

目的总结冠心病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和激光心肌血运重建术(TMLR)中的治疗难点、围术期处理要点,以提高冠心病患者的外科治疗效果。方法1997年5月~2006年1月,1405例冠心病患者中在体外循环下行CABG825例,其中单纯CABG666例,CABG+心瓣膜手术98例,CABG+室壁瘤手术55例,CABG+左心房粘液瘤摘除术2例,CABG+室间隔穿孔修补术2例,CABG+升主动脉成形术1例,CABG+纵隔内肿瘤切除术1例;非体外循环下CABG(OPCAB)500例;单纯TMLR30例,CABG+TMLR50例。结果每例移植旁路血管2.9±1.0支。住院死亡42例(3.0%),死亡原因包括出血、心肌梗死、低心排血量综合征、肾功能衰竭、多器官功能衰竭等。术后发生并发症70例,包括出血、低心排血量综合征、心肌梗死、肾功能不全等,均经积极的对症处理后治愈或好转。术前心绞痛(CCS)为~级的1177例患者中,术后1154例(98.0%)改善为0~级。术后随访857例(62.9%),随访时间8.3±2.9个月。随访6个月时788例(91.9%)无心绞痛发作,复查超声心动图提示:左心室射血分数0.66±0.10,较术前提高7.9%,生活质量较术前大为提高。结论CABG已成为治疗冠心病最有效的常规手术,只要能正确掌握适应证,有效地加强围术期管理,便可以扩大手术适应证范围,降低手术死亡率和并发症发生率,提高手术疗效。     

左心室室壁瘤不同术式的选择及疗效分析

目的探讨不同手术方式对左心室室壁瘤治疗的临床效果。方法以2013-07—2014-07收治的70例冠心病合并左心室壁瘤患者为研究对象,均行冠状动脉旁路移植术。术前根据患者超声心电图报告综合分析,对左心室室壁瘤分别选择不同的手术方式并对治疗效果进行回顾性分析。结果患者分别采用线性缝合术(n=33例)和心内膜环缩成形术(n=37例)两种手术后,左心室射血分数均较手术前明显提高,左心室舒张末期内径较术前明显缩小,手术前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。线性缝合术术后左心室射血分数以及左心室舒张末期内径改善情况与心内膜环缩成形术比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两种手术方式术后并发症比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。围手术期因低心排出量综合征导致3例(3.79%)死亡。结论左心室室壁瘤手术方式需充分考虑室壁瘤的病变程度以及大小、形状等科学选择,以达到有效保护心肌,提高手术效果的目的。     

非体外及体外循环下左心室运动异常型室壁瘤切除术的临床疗效比较

目的比较非体外循环（off-pump）室壁瘤折叠术与体外循环（CPB）室壁瘤线形切除术治疗左心室运动异常型室壁瘤的临床疗效,以提高室壁瘤的治疗效果。方法2003年9月至2007年9月,手术治疗32例左心室前壁或心尖部运动异常型室壁瘤患者,其中男23例,女9例;年龄46～70岁,平均年龄63岁。根据手术中是否采用CPB,将32例患者分为两组,off-pump组（n=17）：室壁瘤范围占左心室的25%～37%,在off-pump下行室壁瘤折叠术;常规体外循环（on-pump）组（n=15）：室壁瘤范围占左心室的27%～40%,在常规CPB下行室壁瘤线形切除术。两组均同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术。术后采用超声心动图测定左心室容积及收缩功能等指标,并进行比较,以评价临床效果。结果两组均无手术死亡。off-pump组无围术期并发症,术后心功能分级（NYHA）较术前有明显改善（1.0±0.8级vs.2.9±0.3级,P=0.001）,左心室射血分数（LVEF）明显提高（41.0%±4.5%vs.36.4%±4.8%,P=0.035）,左心室收缩期末容积指数（LVESVI）明显减小（52.6±27.7ml/m^2vs.79.7±21.4ml/m^2,P=0.003）。随访17例,随访时间12～53个月,平均随访29个月,随访期间无死亡。1例患者术后1年因二尖瓣重度反流再次手术治疗,1例患者于术后3年发生充血性心力衰竭,LVEF31%,仍在观察中;其余患者临床效果良好。on-pump组围术期发生并发症3例（神经系统并发症2例、呼吸功能不全1例）,术后心功能分级较术前有明显改善（1.0±0.6级vs.3.1±0.9级,P=0.001）,LVEF较术前明显提高（42.3%±3.2%vs.35.6%±6.5%,P=0.023）,LVESVI较术前明显减小（49.3±22.6ml/m^2vs.81.3±25.0ml/m^2,P=0.003）。随访15例,随访时间12～60个月,平均随访35个月,随访期间无死亡,临床效果良好。两组间临床指标比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论在off-pump下行室壁瘤折叠术治疗左心室运动异常型室壁瘤,可有效地减少左心室容积,提高左心室?     

Left ventricular aneurysm complicated by congestive heart failure: an analysis of long-term results and risk factors of surgical treatment

The results of surgical treatment of post-infarction left ventricular aneurysms in 49 patients with congestive heart failure preoperatively were analyzed. Average patient age was 55 years. Preoperative total ejection fraction averaged 30.5 +/- 1.5% (mean +/- SEM), contractile segment ejection fraction was 42.5 +/- 1.1% and end-diastolic volume of aneurysm was 81.4 +/- 10.4 ml. Seventy eight percent of patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting concomitantly with aneurysmectomy. Mean follow-up after operation was 41.5 +/- 3.5 months. Hospital mortality was 8.2%, the 5 year survival rate was 70 +/- 7% and the 5 year complication free rate was 52 +/- 8%. Mean functional class of dyspnea improved significantly from 2.9 +/- 0.1 preoperatively to 1.6 +/- 0.1 at late follow-up (p less than 0.001). Likewise, isotopic ejection fraction at rest increased from 13.7 +/- 1.3% preoperatively to 30.9 +/- 3.0% postoperatively (p less than 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis isolated two factors which influenced postoperative survival independently: contractile segment ejection fraction (p = 0.045) and myocardial score of left anterior descending coronary artery (p = 0.035). Combining these two risk factors, it was possible to identify a low risk group of patients with a 5 year survival probability of 93 +/- 6%, contrasting with a high risk group of patients having a 5 year survival of 57 +/- 9% (p less than 0.02). Thus, resection of left ventricular aneurysms complicated by congestive heart failure provides improvement in left ventricular function and clinical status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Results from coronary artery bypass surgery combined abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

OBJECTIVE: Complication from coronary artery disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. We report our results from coronary artery bypass surgery performed in combination with abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in patients with coronary artery disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm, each being an indication for an emergency operation. METHODS: Seventeen patients underwent combined coronary artery bypass surgery and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. The mean age of the patients was 67.6 +/- 5.2 years. Four had left main disease, 8 patients had triple-vessel disease, and 12 had a prior myocardial infarction. The average left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.49 +/- 0.13. The average abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter was 6.2 +/- 1.0 cm (range 4.5-8.0 cm). Thirteen patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery followed by abdominal aortic aneurysm repair after discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass. In the remaining four patients, including one patient with severe left ventricular dysfunction, cardiopulmonary bypass was continued as a circulatory assist until the abdominal aortic aneurysm repair was completed. The left internal thoracic artery was used in 14 patients, and the right internal thoracic artery in one patient. RESULTS: Postoperative surgical complications occurred in three patients (bleeding in one patient requiring reoperation, abdominal subcutaneous wound infection in another and transient neural disorder in the others). There were no surgical or in-hospital death. There was no late cardiac complication and no late cardiac death after a mean of 29 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that combined surgery was reasonable for selected patients with combined coronary artery disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm, each of which is an indication for an urgent operation. The aortic aneurysm repair during cardiopulmonary bypass for patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction was safe and effective.     

Preoperative modeling of an optimal left ventricle volume for surgical treatment of ventricular aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the results of surgical treatment postinfarction ventricular aneurysms, with preoperative modeling of an optimal left ventricle volume. METHODS: From January 1998 to December 2000, 41 patients underwent left ventricular (LV) aneurysm repair. There were 39 men and two women, with a mean age 45.6+/-6.2 years. With echocardiography study, an optimal end-diastolic volume of LV was modeled on the basis of the proper stroke index and the contractile ejection fraction (EF). A permissible area of aneurysm resection was calculated by using a difference between the initial and the projected surface area of LV. The patch position and sizes were measured preoperatively. Ventricular reconstruction was performed by using linear plasty in eight patients, septal plasty of the Stoney et al. technique in 14 patients, and endoventriculoplasty of the Dor et al. technique in 19 patients. RESULTS: The mean NYHA functional class decreased from 2.9+/-0.6 to 1.6+/-0.7 postoperatively. The improvement of LV contracting function made itself evident in a decreased end-diastolic volume from 216+/-98 to 158+/-35 ml, and end-systolic volume from 133+/-85 to 80+/-34 ml postoperatively. The mean EF increased from 38+/-11 to 49+/-9% after operation. We noted that preoperative contractile EF corresponded with postoperative EF (49.8+/-11% and 49.3+/-9%, respectively). The projected optimal end-diastolic volume of LV estimated before operation agreed with postoperative data (152+/-33 ml and 158+/-35 ml, respectively). The hospital mortality rate was 7.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative modeling of an optimal LV volume allows for the estimation of a permissible area of aneurysm resection, the position and sizes of the patch, as well as for the prevention of an excessive reduction of the LV cavity after aneurysm repair.     

Efficacy of additional Dor approach to coronary bypass grafting in severe left ventricular dysfunction with large akinetic area

Between January 1994 and August 1999, we experienced 16 cases of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in severe left ventricular dysfunction with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < or = 40%. Four had additional endoventricular patch plasty in large postinfarction akinetic scars, the so-called Dor approach, to CABG (group D). Eleven had only CABG, or CABG and mitral annuloplasty (group C). One had linear repair after the resection of the left ventricular aneurysm. One died of sustained low output syndrome 5 months after the operation in group C. Fractioning shortening and left ventricular diastolic diameter were not changed after the operation in group C. On the other hand, in group D, there were no complications after the operation, LVEF was significantly improved from 31.5 +/- 4.9% to 62.5 +/- 5.9% (p < 0.01) and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume index was reduced from 118 +/- 23 ml/m2 to 74 +/- 12 ml/m2 (p < 0.01). The Dor approach is considered to be a safe and effective additional procedure to CABG in severe patients with a large akinetic antero-septal segment.     

Surgical repair of acquired ventricular septal defect. Determinants of early and late outcome

Between January 1970 and June 1985, 60 patients underwent surgical repair of postinfarction ventricular septal defect. The preoperative cineangiograms of all patients were reviewed to measure left ventricular ejection fraction and to quantitatively assess right ventricular function by measuring the percentage reduction in right ventricular midcavity diameter. There were 23 early deaths (within 30 days) and 14 late deaths occurring between 1 and 92 months after operation. Of the 23 long-term survivors, 87% are in New York Heart Association Class I or II. The early mortality was significantly higher for inferior infarction (58%) than for anterior infarction (25%). Early mortality was also influenced by the time interval between infarction and operation (under 1 week 41%, over 4 weeks 22%). Early survival was favored by good preoperative right ventricular function; the percentage reduction in right ventricular midcavity diameter was 16.5% +/- 9.5% (mean +/- standard deviation) for the early death group and 26.7% +/- 10.6% for the early survival group. However, the early outcome was not influenced by left ventricular function before operation. Conversely, long-term survival was favored by preserved preoperative left ventricular function; left ventricular ejection fraction was 26.2% +/- 9.3% for the late death group and 35% +/- 8.5% for the late survival group. Long-term survival was not, however, affected by right ventricular function before operation. The results of surgical closure of postinfarction ventricular septal defect have improved between two successive time frames in this series, which is the largest to date.     

Reverse remodeling and improved regional function after repair of left ventricular aneurysm

BACKGROUND: Changes in regional left ventricular mechanics after anteroapical aneurysm repair in human subjects can be studied noninvasively by means of magnetic resonance tagging. We hypothesized that left ventricular intramyocardial function would improve throughout the left ventricle after repair. METHODS: We studied 6 male patients with a left ventricular anteroapical aneurysm (mean age +/- SD, 63 +/- 5 years) using magnetic resonance tagging 3 +/- 1 weeks before and 6 +/- 1 weeks after aneurysm repair, coronary artery bypass grafting, and mitral valve repair (n = 2). Breath-hold tagged imaging spanned the left ventricle in the short axis from apex to base. Left ventricular mass, end-diastolic and end-systolic volume, and ejection fraction were measured. Two-dimensional strain analysis was applied; averaged for the apical, middle, and basal left ventricle and the whole left ventricle; and expressed as greatest lengthening (similar to wall thickening), greatest shortening, and angular deviation of the lengthening strain from the radial direction. RESULTS: After aneurysm repair, left ventricular mass decreased from 373 +/- 27 to 333 +/- 25 g (P <.05), end-diastolic volume from 212 +/- 22 to 168 +/- 18 mL (P <.005), and end-systolic volume from 188 +/- 26 to 113 +/- 18 mL (P <.005); ejection fraction improved from 13% +/- 4% to 23% +/- 4% (P <.005). For the whole left ventricle, lengthening strain increased from before to after the operation (8% +/- 1% to 10% +/- 1%, P <.01). Most of the improved lengthening occurred at the middle left ventricle (8% +/- 1% to 11% +/- 1%, P <.01), in the base (8% +/- 1% to 10% +/- 1%, P <.05), and in the inferior wall (9% +/- 1% to 12% +/- 1%, P <.05). Lengthening tended to become more radially oriented, decreasing from 31 degrees +/- 3 degrees to 27 degrees +/- 3 degrees (P =.10). Shortening strain did not change (10% +/- 1% to 11% +/- 1%, P = not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular aneurysm repair is associated with reverse remodeling and an improvement in the extent and orientation of intramyocardial function, especially at the middle and basal left ventricle and inferior wall.     

Left ventricular aneurysm with predominating congestive heart failure. A comparative study of medical and surgical treatment

From 1979 to 1985, 109 patients were treated for congestive heart failure caused by postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm. Congestive heart failure was predominant in all patients at the time of diagnosis, 73% of whom were in Functional Class III or IV. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure averaged 23.8 +/- 0.8 mm Hg (mean +/- standard error of the mean), total ejection fraction 29.7% +/- 1.0%, and telediastolic volume of the aneurysm 76.2 +/- 5.8 ml. Aneurysmectomy was performed in 49 patients (45%), whereas the remaining 60 patients were treated medically. The two groups did not differ in regard to clinical and hemodynamic data on admission, except for a more extensive coronary artery disease in the surgical group. Follow-up was obtained for all patients (100%) and averaged 48 +/- 3 months. Actuarial survival curves were similar, and the 5-year survival rates for surgical and medical groups were 70 +/- 7% and 64% +/- 7%, respectively (not significant). However, the 5-year complication-free rate was significantly (p = 0.05) higher among surgical patients (52% +/- 8%) than among the medical group (31% +/- 7%). Multivariate analysis showed the following variables to influence survival independently (p less than 0.05): contractile segment ejection fraction, right ventricular failure, antecedents of cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock, and corrected contractile score. Independent variables decreasing the risk of cardiac-related complications and death (p less than 0.05) were as follows: surgical treatment, shorter interval between initial infarction and diagnosis of aneurysm, and absence of right ventricular failure. Functional improvement was directly related to surgical treatment and to residual segment contractile score (p less than 0.05). Thus, in patients with congestive heart failure caused by left ventricular aneurysm, surgical treatment improved the quality of life and prognosis for cardiac-related complications, but did not increase overall survival, compared to medical management of similar patients.     

Preoperative left ventricular dimensions predict reverse remodeling following restrictive mitral annuloplasty in ischemic mitral regurgitation.

OBJECTIVE: Ischemic mitral regurgitation can be treated with a restrictive mitral annuloplasty, with or without coronary revascularization. In this study, the extent of reverse remodeling of the left ventricle following this strategy is assessed, as well as the factors that influence it. METHODS: Eighty-seven consecutive patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation and a mean ejection fraction of 32+/-10% underwent restrictive mitral annuloplasty (downsizing by two ring sizes, median ring size 26), with additional coronary revascularization in 75 patients. All underwent transthoracic echocardiography 18 months after surgery to assess residual mitral regurgitation, mitral valve gradient and left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors for reverse remodeling, defined as a 10% reduction in left ventricular dimension. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to identify cut-off values for preoperative left ventricular dimensions in predicting reverse remodeling. RESULTS: Early mortality was 8.0% (seven patients, three non-cardiac), late mortality was 7.5% (six patients, four non-cardiac). There were two reoperations (redo annuloplasty), and four readmissions for heart failure. At 29 months follow-up, NYHA class improved from 3.0+/-0.9 to 1.3+/-0.5 (P<0.01). Mitral regurgitation grade decreased from 3.1+/-0.5 to 0.6+/-0.6 at 18 months, left ventricular end-systolic dimension decreased from 52+/-8 to 44+/-11 mm (P<0.01), and end-diastolic dimension from 64+/-8 to 58+/-10mm (P<0.01). Multivariate analysis identified preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic dimension as the single best factor in predicting occurrence of reverse remodeling. For end-systolic dimension, 51mm was the optimal cut-off value to predict reverse remodeling (specificity and sensitivity 81%, area under curve 0.85); for end-diastolic dimension, the cut-off value was 65mm (specificity and sensitivity 89%, area under curve 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Stringent restrictive mitral annuloplasty with or without revascularization provides excellent clinical results with acceptable mortality. At 18 months follow-up, there is no significant residual mitral regurgitation. Reverse remodeling occurs in the majority of patients, but is limited by preoperative left ventricular dimensions. In patients with a left ventricular end-diastolic dimension exceeding 65mm, additional surgical procedures are necessary to try and obtain reverse remodeling in this subgroup.     

Evaluation of predictors of clinical outcome after partial left ventriculectomy

BACKGROUND: Outcome after partial left ventriculectomy (PLV) is difficult to predict. Our goal was to determine if clinical measurements including exercise testing could predict outcome after PLV. METHODS: Sixteen patients with dilated cardiomyopathy had left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, amount of mitral regurgitation (MR), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing measurements measured before PLV and 3 months after PLV. Eleven patients who remained stable after PLV (group 1) were compared with 5 patients who deteriorated after PLV (group 2). RESULTS: Similar significant improvements were seen in both groups 3 months post-PLV with respect to left ventricular ejection fraction (group 1: 0.136+/-0.037 to 0.212+/-0.046; group 2: 0.139+/-0.042 to 0.179+/-0.073) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (group 1: 8.5+/-0.7 to 7.0+/-0.6 cm; group 2: 7.6+/-0.6 to 6.5+/-0.6 cm). The MR grade (1.0+/-0.6 versus 2.5+/-0.6), NYHA functional class (1.5+/-0.31 versus 2.5+/-0.6), and peak oxygen consumption (17.8+/-1.1 versus 12.2+/-2.0) were significantly different in the two groups 3 months after PLV (p < 0.05, analysis of variance). CONCLUSIONS: Patients that do not show significant improvement in peak oxygen consumption, NYHA class and significant decrease in the amount of MR 3 months after PLV, compared with pre-PLV, are at increased risk of clinically deteriorating.     

Surgery for Left Ventricular Aneurysm: Is There Still Any Role for Simple Linear Repair?

Abstract   The aim of left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) surgery is to eliminate the diskinetic portion of the left ventricle and to restore the patient's clinical condition. This can be obtained with two surgical procedures: linear repair and endoventricular patch technique. We investigated early- and long-term results in patients who underwent both procedures. From January 1980 to December 2004, 158 patients underwent surgical repair of LVA: 86 had linear repair and 72 patch repair. Operative mortality was 6.9%, with no differences between the two groups. Logistic regression revealed older age, higher left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and an ejection fraction (EF) less than 30% as independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality; the type of operation "per se" did not influence the early mortality. At the follow-up extending up to 25 years, there was no statistically significant difference in survival between the two study groups, as well as in New York Heart Association and Canadian Cardiovascular Society classes. Cox regression revealed older age, EF less than 30%, urgent operation, and a history of cerebrovascular accident as independent risk factors for late mortality: the type of operation did not influence mortality at follow-up. We conclude that aneurysm resection associated with myocardial revascularization is the best treatment for LVA. The choice of the technique should be tailored on an individual basis, according to aneurism location, extension, residual ventricular function, and septal involvement.