Effects and mechanism of angiotensin Ⅱ on the expression of nephrin in podocyte

Nephrin 是特异表达于肾小球足细胞及裂孔膜上的结构和功能蛋白,Nephri 的正常表达与定位对于维持肾小球持滤过屏障结构和功能的完整性、防止蛋白尿的发生具有重要作用.Ang Ⅱ在肾脏局部水平的升高可以影响 Nephrin 的表达,破坏足细胞的正常结构和功能,并导致蛋白尿的产生.     

Effects and mechanism of angiotensin Ⅱ on the expression of nephrin in podocyte

Nephrin 是特异表达于肾小球足细胞及裂孔膜上的结构和功能蛋白,Nephri 的正常表达与定位对于维持肾小球持滤过屏障结构和功能的完整性、防止蛋白尿的发生具有重要作用.Ang Ⅱ在肾脏局部水平的升高可以影响 Nephrin 的表达,破坏足细胞的正常结构和功能,并导致蛋白尿的产生.     

Effects and mechanism of angiotensin Ⅱ on the expression of nephrin in podocyte

Nephrin 是特异表达于肾小球足细胞及裂孔膜上的结构和功能蛋白,Nephri 的正常表达与定位对于维持肾小球持滤过屏障结构和功能的完整性、防止蛋白尿的发生具有重要作用.Ang Ⅱ在肾脏局部水平的升高可以影响 Nephrin 的表达,破坏足细胞的正常结构和功能,并导致蛋白尿的产生.     

Effects and mechanism of angiotensin Ⅱ on the expression of nephrin in podocyte

Nephrin 是特异表达于肾小球足细胞及裂孔膜上的结构和功能蛋白,Nephri 的正常表达与定位对于维持肾小球持滤过屏障结构和功能的完整性、防止蛋白尿的发生具有重要作用.Ang Ⅱ在肾脏局部水平的升高可以影响 Nephrin 的表达,破坏足细胞的正常结构和功能,并导致蛋白尿的产生.     

Effects and mechanism of angiotensin Ⅱ on the expression of nephrin in podocyte

Nephrin 是特异表达于肾小球足细胞及裂孔膜上的结构和功能蛋白,Nephri 的正常表达与定位对于维持肾小球持滤过屏障结构和功能的完整性、防止蛋白尿的发生具有重要作用.Ang Ⅱ在肾脏局部水平的升高可以影响 Nephrin 的表达,破坏足细胞的正常结构和功能,并导致蛋白尿的产生.     

Effects and mechanism of angiotensin Ⅱ on the expression of nephrin in podocyte

Nephrin 是特异表达于肾小球足细胞及裂孔膜上的结构和功能蛋白,Nephri 的正常表达与定位对于维持肾小球持滤过屏障结构和功能的完整性、防止蛋白尿的发生具有重要作用.Ang Ⅱ在肾脏局部水平的升高可以影响 Nephrin 的表达,破坏足细胞的正常结构和功能,并导致蛋白尿的产生.     

Effects and mechanism of angiotensin Ⅱ on the expression of nephrin in podocyte

Nephrin 是特异表达于肾小球足细胞及裂孔膜上的结构和功能蛋白,Nephri 的正常表达与定位对于维持肾小球持滤过屏障结构和功能的完整性、防止蛋白尿的发生具有重要作用.Ang Ⅱ在肾脏局部水平的升高可以影响 Nephrin 的表达,破坏足细胞的正常结构和功能,并导致蛋白尿的产生.     

Effects and mechanism of angiotensin Ⅱ on the expression of nephrin in podocyte

Nephrin 是特异表达于肾小球足细胞及裂孔膜上的结构和功能蛋白,Nephri 的正常表达与定位对于维持肾小球持滤过屏障结构和功能的完整性、防止蛋白尿的发生具有重要作用.Ang Ⅱ在肾脏局部水平的升高可以影响 Nephrin 的表达,破坏足细胞的正常结构和功能,并导致蛋白尿的产生.     

Effects and mechanism of angiotensin Ⅱ on the expression of nephrin in podocyte

Nephrin 是特异表达于肾小球足细胞及裂孔膜上的结构和功能蛋白,Nephri 的正常表达与定位对于维持肾小球持滤过屏障结构和功能的完整性、防止蛋白尿的发生具有重要作用.Ang Ⅱ在肾脏局部水平的升高可以影响 Nephrin 的表达,破坏足细胞的正常结构和功能,并导致蛋白尿的产生.     

The change of angiotensin Ⅱ production and its receptor expression during wound healing: possible role of angiotensin Ⅱ in wound healing

Objective This study was undertaken to observe the change in the local level of angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ) and the expression of its corresponding receptors AT1 and AT2 during wound healing, and explore the possible role of Ang Ⅱ in wound healing . Methods A model of full-thickness cutaneous wound was developed on the back of C57/BL6 mice. Specimens were taken from the wound of each mouse on the day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 after wounding. The change in the generation of Ang Ⅱ in wounded tissue during the healing process was detected with ELISA. The proliferation and the apoptosis of cells were detected by bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu) and terminal deoxyuncleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) method in wounded skin during the healing process, respectively. The cellular localization and the mRNA level change of Ang Ⅱ receptors in wounded tissue during healing were detected with immunostaining and RT-PCR. Results Ang Ⅱ produced in wounded skin was increased in the first 7 days to reach the peak, and then gradually decreased during wound healing. BrdU labeling index was increased gradually in the first 7 days to reach the peak, and then gradually decreased during wound healing. The number of TUNEL-positive cells was increased slowly in the first 7 days after wounding. The increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells was more markedly after epithelization of the wound. In normal mice, AT1 and AT2 receptor were found positively expressed in the whole epidermal layer, while positive expression was only found in the endothelial cells of the capillary vessels within the dermal layer, and positive expression was also found in appendages of the skin, i.e. hair follicle, sweat gland and sebaceous gland respectively. Positive staining signal of both AT1 and AT2 receptors were increased in the first 7 days to reach the peak, then gradually decreased. Expression of AT2R was increased again following the epithelization of wound. The result of RT-PCR showed that the expression of both AT1 and AT2 receptors was detectable, and AT1 receptor was increased in the first 7 days to the peak, and then gradually decreased during wound healing, while AT2 receptor expression reached its peak value on day 7, then gradually decreased, and increased again following the epithelization of wound. Conclusions These results indicate that Ang Ⅱ participate in wound repair and related to remolding in the late stage of wound healing through the change in production of angiotensin Ⅱ and expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors. AT1 receptor might be closely associated with cell proliferation,while AT2 receptor might play a role in cell apoptosis and remolding during wound healing.     

The change of angiotensin Ⅱ production and its receptor expression during wound healing: possible role of angiotensin Ⅱ in wound healing

Objective This study was undertaken to observe the change in the local level of angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ) and the expression of its corresponding receptors AT1 and AT2 during wound healing, and explore the possible role of Ang Ⅱ in wound healing . Methods A model of full-thickness cutaneous wound was developed on the back of C57/BL6 mice. Specimens were taken from the wound of each mouse on the day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 after wounding. The change in the generation of Ang Ⅱ in wounded tissue during the healing process was detected with ELISA. The proliferation and the apoptosis of cells were detected by bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu) and terminal deoxyuncleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) method in wounded skin during the healing process, respectively. The cellular localization and the mRNA level change of Ang Ⅱ receptors in wounded tissue during healing were detected with immunostaining and RT-PCR. Results Ang Ⅱ produced in wounded skin was increased in the first 7 days to reach the peak, and then gradually decreased during wound healing. BrdU labeling index was increased gradually in the first 7 days to reach the peak, and then gradually decreased during wound healing. The number of TUNEL-positive cells was increased slowly in the first 7 days after wounding. The increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells was more markedly after epithelization of the wound. In normal mice, AT1 and AT2 receptor were found positively expressed in the whole epidermal layer, while positive expression was only found in the endothelial cells of the capillary vessels within the dermal layer, and positive expression was also found in appendages of the skin, i.e. hair follicle, sweat gland and sebaceous gland respectively. Positive staining signal of both AT1 and AT2 receptors were increased in the first 7 days to reach the peak, then gradually decreased. Expression of AT2R was increased again following the epithelization of wound. The result of RT-PCR showed that the expression of both AT1 and AT2 receptors was detectable, and AT1 receptor was increased in the first 7 days to the peak, and then gradually decreased during wound healing, while AT2 receptor expression reached its peak value on day 7, then gradually decreased, and increased again following the epithelization of wound. Conclusions These results indicate that Ang Ⅱ participate in wound repair and related to remolding in the late stage of wound healing through the change in production of angiotensin Ⅱ and expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors. AT1 receptor might be closely associated with cell proliferation,while AT2 receptor might play a role in cell apoptosis and remolding during wound healing.     

The effect of renin–angiotensin system blockade on the incidence of end-stage renal disease in IgA nephropathy

Background

The impact of renin–angiotensin system blockade (RASB) on the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) remains unclear in IgA nephropathy (IgAN).

Methods

This study assessed associations between RASB treatment and the incidence of ESRD in IgAN using propensity score approaches. We retrospectively analyzed 1273 patients with IgAN biopsied between 1979 and 2010. Propensity scores were calculated using logistic regression. Associations between RASB and ESRD were examined using a Cox regression model adjusted by inverse probability of treatment weighted, regression, stratification and matching.

Results

During follow-up (median 5.1 years), 130 patients developed ESRD. With Cox regression adjusted by inverse probability of treatment weighted, RASB use was significantly associated with a lower risk of ESRD (hazard ratio 0.58; 95 % confidence interval 0.42–0.80). Significant associations were observed for other propensity score-based approaches. In stratified analysis, a beneficial association between RASB and ESRD was observed in patients ≥35 years, with hypertension, reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (<60 mL/min/1.73 m²), mesangial proliferation and segmental glomerulosclerosis (P for interaction <0.05), and tended to be greater in patients with proteinuria (≥1.0 g/24 h), extracapillary proliferation and receiving methylprednisolone pulse therapy (P for interaction <0.10).

Conclusion

Treatment with RASB was associated with a lower incidence of ESRD in the real-world practice of IgAN.

     

What is the effect of overactive bladder symptoms on woman's quality of life during and after first pregnancy?

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of overactive bladder symptoms (OAB) on women's quality of life (QoL) during and after the first pregnancy, using self‐reported symptom‐based QoL questionnaires.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In a prospective cohort study, 474 women were asked to complete four self‐reported questionnaires. Urogenital symptoms were assessed with the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI) and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ). A women was considered to experience ‘dry’ OAB if she replied positively to the following two questions: ‘do you experience a strong feeling of urgency to empty your bladder?’; and ‘do you experience frequent urination?’. A women was considered to experience ‘wet’ OAB if she replied positively to all of the following questions: ‘do you experience a strong feeling of urgency to empty your bladder?’; ‘do you experience frequent urination?’; and ‘do you experience urine leakage related to the feeling of urgency?’.

RESULTS

In all, 344 (72.6%) women who returned all four questionnaires were included in the analysis. After first childbirth there was a rapid decline in the prevalence of dry OAB (45.2% to 7.9%, P < 0.001). In pregnancy the prevalence of wet OAB increased significantly, but a year after childbirth the prevalence of wet OAB decreased and was similar to that at 12 weeks of gestation (P = 0.289). Women with wet OAB had higher scores on all IIQ domains than those with no OAB symptoms at 36 weeks of gestation. Women with dry or wet OAB all had higher scores on the mobility domain than those with no OAB. The scores on the physical, social and emotional functioning domains were low, suggesting a minimal restriction of lifestyle.

CONCLUSION

OAB symptoms are common during pregnancy; dry OAB had no negative effect on QoL, whereas wet OAB compromised QoL both during and after pregnancy, mainly in the ‘mobility’ and ‘embarrassment’ domains. The urge urinary incontinence symptom in wet OAB seems to profoundly compromise QoL. Apparently, in young mothers with wet OAB, limitations in mobility are especially stressful and these symptoms can be embarrassing.

     

The effect of Fluosol-DA® on the reticuloendothelial system in surgical patients

The effect of Fluosol-DA^® (Perfluorochemicals), an oxygen carrying blood substitute, on the function of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was investigated by means of Ferrichondroitin sulfate in a series of patients undergoing gastrectomy for cancer of the stomach. In 20 patients, 500ml of blood were replaced with the same amount of either Fluosol-DA^® or hydroxyethylstarch (HES) prior to surgery. Changes of perioperative cellular immunity were studied by PHA-stimulated T-lymphocyte transformation. It was found that the RES functions were significantly depressed postoperatively and fairly recovered by the sixth postoperative day in the Fluosol-DA^® group. A prolongation of the suppression of cellular immunity with sustained fever was noted in this gastrectomized series. In analyzing the decay of infused Perfluolochemicals in blood, the half life of Fluorodecalin (FDC) was 4.9 ± 0.1hr, for Perfluorotripropylamine (FTPA) it was 5.1 ± 0.1hr. The prolonged depression of the RES function might be caused by saturation of RES with particles of Perfluorochemicals.(Suzuki C: The effect of Fluosol-DA^® on the reticuloendothelial system in surgical patients. J Anesth 1: 8–14, 1987)     

The effect of keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF-2) on the proliferation of human keratinocytes

Objective:In vitro studies have shown that KGF-2 has a proliferative effect on neonatal foreskin keratinocytes. Cells from adult donors have been shown to respond to KGF-1 to a lesser degree than neonatal keratinocytes. The purpose of the study was to investigate the proliferative effect of KGF-2 on keratinocytes from an adult subject. Methods: Standard medium was Keratinocyte Growth Medium without BPE, hydrocortisone and EGF. Keratinocytes cultured from a 48-year-old subject were seeded at 2 104 in 32 mm dishes in standard medium with EGF.After 24 hours, medium was changed to standard medium with KGF-2 at 4, 16, 125 and 500 ng/ml or without KGF-2. Standard medium with EGF was used as a positive control. The growth of keratinocytes was monitored by the MTT assay and by photographs at day 3, 5 and 7. Each treatment was performed in triplicate. Results: KGF-2concentrations from 4 to 500 ng/ml all showed a significant proliferative effect on days 5 to 7 compared to the negative control (P＜ 0.01). By day 3 the response of keratinocytes in KGF-2 was 1.5 to 2.5-fold, by day 5 was 3 to 5-fold and by day 7 was 3 to 12-fold relative to the negative control. The optimal response was in 125 ng/ml KGF-2 at day 7. Cell proliferation was also consistently higher in all KGF-2 concentrations compared to the positive control.Conclusion: KGF-2 exerted a significant effect on the proliferation of adult keratinocytes, which was higher than that of the EGF concentration in the growth medium. This supports the clinical work where KGF-2 has been shown to improve the healing in chronic wounds in adults.     

The effect of tolterodine 4 and 8 mg on the heart rate variability in healthy subjects

Purpose  

To investigate the potential effect of tolterodine on the human heart rate variability (HRV). Oral antimuscarinic treatment for overactive bladder might significantly alter HRV, which is an important predictor for cardiac and all-cause mortality. Yet, little information exists regarding the influence of oral antimuscarinics on the HRV.     

The effect of fibrin clot and C vitamin on the surgical treatment of Achilles tendon injury in the rat model✰

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine the histological, biochemical, and biomechanical efficacy of fibrin clot and vitamin C in the healing of Achilles tendon ruptures (ATR) in a rat model.Methods52 adult Wistar-Albino rats (300–450 g) were used in the study. 12 rats were divided into four groups as Monitor (Group I), Control (Group II), Fibrin Clot (Group III), Fibrin Clot with vitamin C (Group IV). Four rats were used for fibrin clot preparation. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) were measured on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. Four rats were sacrificed on the 21st day from each group for histological evaluation. The rest of the rats were sacrificed at 42nd day, half for biomechanical and a half for histological evaluation.ResultsThe 42nd-day HSS score of group IV was significantly lower than those of group I, group II and group III (p = 0.036, p = 0.019, and p = 0.036, respectively). Group IV showed a significantly higher Maximum force N value than those of group I, group II and group III (p = 0.034, p = 0.034 and, p = 0.025, respectively). The blood FGF and VEGF levels of group III and group IV on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days were higher than those of group I and group II (p < 0.05).ConclusionFibrin clot and vitamin C produced a stronger tendon structure in terms of biomechanics while providing histological and biochemically better quality tendon healing in the surgical treatment of ATR. This model can be used to accelerate high-quality tendon healing after ATR.Level of EvidenceLevel II, experimental study.     

The effect of sterilisation on the light intensity of the reusable Trachlight™

We examined the light intensity delivered by the Trachlight? reusable lightwand and the effect of repeated sterilisation on this light intensity. Using a light meter and test chamber, the light intensity of 12 new Trachlights and 31 Trachlights available in operating theatres was measured. In addition, five new devices underwent 30 repeated sterilisations with light intensity measurement after each cleaning. There was no difference between the light intensity of new Trachlights (median (IQR [range]) 2282 (2202–2780 [1970–4400])) lux and the devices currently in service (2295 (2018–2796 [1649–3280]) lux (p = 0.27)). The median (range) number of uses for devices currently in service was only 3 (0–9). There was, however, significant light intensity loss after 10, 20 and 30 cleanings (p = 0.001). After 10 cleanings, the mean light intensity was 75% of initial output, and after 30 cycles, light intensity was 59% of initial output.