轻度认知障碍患者记忆力的功能磁共振研究

目的为探索早期诊断阿尔茨海默病 (AD)的方法 ,将神经心理测定和功能磁共振 (fMRI)检查相结合 ,了解轻度认知障碍 (MCI)患者在记忆方面的脑功能情况。方法 9例MCI患者和 9名正常对照在进行无意义图形记忆和再认时行fMRI检查 ,对反应时间、正确率和fMRI的脑激活图进行比较。结果患者的反应时间比正常对照明显延长 (P <0 0 1) ,正确率显著降低 (P <0 0 0 1)。脑激活图显示 ,与对照相比 ,在记忆编码时 ,患者主要在左侧前额叶背外侧和海马旁回、以及以右侧为主的后部脑区激活减弱 ,记忆提取时 ,在双侧前额叶背外侧 ,左侧海马旁回和前扣带回 ,以及后部脑区激活减弱。结论MCI患者的记忆功能已有损害。记忆功能的fMRI检查与认知神经心理学的联合研究能为早期诊断AD提供有力的参考依据。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者记忆损害特点及与氢质子磁共振波谱的相关性研究

目的分析轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者的记忆损害特点及其与氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)的关系,探讨记忆功能评定及1H-MRS对MCI和AD的诊断和鉴别诊断的作用。方法用中文听觉词汇学习测验、Rey-Osterrieth复杂图形测验(ROCFT)和韦氏记忆量表中文版的逻辑记忆分测验分别对30例MCI患者、24例AD患者和20例健康对照进行听觉记忆、视觉记忆和逻辑记忆的评分;采用刺激回波序列进行检测,计算双侧额叶和双侧海马的N-乙酰天冬氨酸/肌酸(NAA/Cr)、胆碱/肌酸(Cho/Cr)、肌醇/肌酸(MI/Cr)、N-乙酰天门冬氨酸/肌醇(NAA/MI)等的比值;比较各组间记忆功能评分和各代谢物比值的差别,并进行相关分析。结果 (1)MCI组和AD组的MoCA总分、短时延迟记忆、长时延迟记忆、延时再认、视觉记忆、逻辑记忆评分及AD组的即刻记忆评分均低于对照组(P<0.05);MCI组的MoCA总分、长时延迟记忆、延时再认、视觉记忆、逻辑记忆评分均高于AD组(P<0.05),而即刻记忆、短时延迟记忆评分与AD组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)MCI组和AD组左侧额叶、左侧海马的NAA/Cr比值均低于对照组(P<0.05);MCI组和AD组左侧额叶MI/Cr比值高于对照组(P<0.05);MCI组和AD组左侧额叶、双侧海马的NAA/MI比值低于对照组(P<0.05)。与AD组相比,MCI组左侧额叶、左侧海马的NAA/Cr比值升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),左侧额叶、双侧海马的NAA/MI比值升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Cho/Cr比值在各组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)MCI组和AD组的记忆减退与左侧额叶、左侧海马NAA/Cr和NAA/MI存在正相关(P<0.05)。结论在记忆功能损害方面MCI患者与AD患者具有相似性,且记忆损害与左侧额叶、左侧海马的1H-MRS有相关性,记忆功能评分与1H-MRS结合可作为MCI和AD早期诊断及鉴别诊断的重要工具。     

轻度认知功能障碍心理学特点和危险因素分析

目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍的心理学特点及其危险因素。方法由神经专科医生采集2009年9-12月在神经内科门诊就诊患者106例的临床资料,进行简易智能量表（MMSE）、听觉词语测验（AVLT）、画钟测验（CDT）、日常生活功能量表（ADL）、Hamilton抑郁量表（HDRS）及临床痴呆评定量表（CDR）等神经心理测试。根据检查结果分为MCI组与对照组。结果 MCI组受教育年限低于对照组（P〈0.05）,高血压病、糖尿病、脑卒中史高于对照组（P〈0.05）。Logistic多因素回归分析显示受教育年限和高血压病史与MCI密切相关。MCI组MMSE总分、CDT得分、AVLT即刻记忆、延迟记忆及长时延迟再认显著低于对照组,ADL评分及HDRS评分高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论高血压病是MCI的危险因素,较高的受教育年限是MCI的保护因素。MCI患者在多个神经心理学领域受损。     

不同亚型轻度认知功能障碍听觉事件相关电位随访研究

目的探讨听觉事件相关电位在不同亚型轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)诊断及转归预测中的作用。 方法对37例遗忘型-单领域MCI（SD-MCI）患者、19例遗忘型-多领域MCI（MD-MCI）患者及50例健康老年对象（纳入对照组）进行神经心理学测试和听觉事件相关电位（AERPs）检测。对各组对象神经心理学测试评分及P50、N100、P200、N200及P300波潜伏期和波幅进行分析比较。并于随访2年后再次进行相同测试。 结果入选时与对照组比较,SD-MCI组逻辑记忆即刻回忆得分及逻辑记忆延迟回忆得分均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;MD-MCI组韦氏逻辑记忆亚测验、Boston命名、连线试验和韦氏成人智力量表积木试验得分均较显著低于SD-MCI组（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,SD-MCI组P50波幅明显增高(P<0.05),P300潜伏期明显延长(P<0.05),波幅明显降低(P<0.05)。MD-MCI组与SD-MCI组比较,前者P50波幅明显增高(P<0.01),P300潜伏期明显延长(P<0.05),波幅显著降低(P<0.05)。2年后随访时发现,转化为阿尔茨海默病（AD）的患者其韦氏逻辑记忆亚测验、Boston命名、连线试验和韦氏成人智力量表积木试验得分均显著低于稳定型MCI患者（P<0.01）。与对照组比较,AD组患者P300潜伏期明显延长(P<0.05),波幅显著降低(P<0.05)。AD组与稳定型MCI患者比较,前者P50波幅明显降低(P<0.001),P300潜伏期明显延长(P<0.05),波幅显著降低(P<0.05)。通过比较AD组与稳定型MCI患者入选时AERPs结果发现,前者入选时P50波幅明显增大(P<0.05)。 结论AERPs的P50波幅和P300潜伏期、波幅可作为诊断不同亚型MCI的重要指标,P50波幅可作为预测不同亚型MCI转归的重要参考依据。     

轻度认知障碍患者计算能力的fMRI研究

目的 探讨早期诊断A1zheimer病的方法，以及轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者计算能力损害的脑功能定位。方法 对8例MCI患者和9例正常对照使用神经心理测定和功能磁共振(fMRI)检查相结合的方法，比较两组反应时间、正确率和fMRI的脑激活图。结果 患者的反应时间比对照组延长(退位减法P＞0．05，非退值减法P＜0．05一0．01)，正确率降低(P＜0．01-0．001)。脑激活图显示：患者在左侧前额叶外下部，颞叶外侧和顶叶激活减弱(P＜0．05)，而右侧前额叶外下部激活代偿性增强(P＜0．05)。结论MCI患者的计算功能已有损害。计算功能的fMRI与认知神经心理学的联合研究能为早期诊断AD提供有力的参考依据。     

老年轻度认知损害的神经心理特点横断面比较

目的 利用神经心理学检查方法对老年人轻度认知损害的神经心理特点进行研究，以便为阿尔茨海默病早期诊断提供依据。方法 为横断面比较研究，对50例有轻度认知损害的老年人(MCI组)和54例认知功能正常的老年人(对照组)进行临床记忆量表、词语回忆．画钟表以及词语流畅性测验。结果MCI组临床记忆量表各分测验、词语延迟回忆测验0．48&;#177;0．32、画钟表测验3．16&;#177;0．87以及词语流畅性测验30．08&;#177;6．03的成绩较对照组(0．82&;#177;0．19，3．67&;#177;0．48，32．54&;#177;3．33)均有显著性下降(t=6．37，3．66，2．54，P&;lt;0．05)，MCI组在简明智力状态检查中计算3．92&;#177;0．96、延迟回忆1．34&;#177;0．75及视空间技能0．50&;#177;0．443个子项目的成绩与对照组(4．48&;#177;0．67，2．31&;#177;0．77，0．87&;#177;0．34)比显著性下降(t=3．64，6．54，5．09，P&;lt;0．01)。结论 MCI者存在多项认知功能的损害，在短时记忆、视空间功能、执行功能方面表现出与早期阿尔茨海默病相类似的神经心理特点。     

老年轻度认知损害的神经心理特点横断面比较

目的利用神经心理学检查方法对老年人轻度认知损害的神经心理特点进行研究,以便为阿尔茨海默病早期诊断提供依据。方法为横断面比较研究,对50例有轻度认知损害的老年人(MCI组)和54例认知功能正常的老年人(对照组)进行临床记忆量表、词语回忆、画钟表以及词语流畅性测验。结果MCI组临床记忆量表各分测验、词语延迟回忆测验0.48±0.32、画钟表测验3.16±0.87以及词语流畅性测验30.08±6.03的成绩较对照组(0.82±0.19,3.67±0.48,32.54±3.33)均有显著性下降(t=6.37,3.66,2.54,P<0.05),MCI组在简明智力状态检查中计算3.92±0.96、延迟回忆1.34±0.75及视空间技能0.50±0.443个子项目的成绩与对照组(4.48±0.67,2.31±0.77,0.87±0.34)比显著性下降(t=3.64,6.54,5.09,P<0.01)。结论MCI者存在多项认知功能的损害,在短时记忆、视空间功能、执行功能方面表现出与早期阿尔茨海默病相类似的神经心理特点。     

中国汉族人群中白细胞介素-1β基因、载脂蛋白E基因多态与阿尔茨海默病的关联

目的：研究中国汉族人群中白细胞介素-1β基因(IL-1β)和载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease，AD)患者中的分布情况。方法：随机选取76例AD患者和80例对照人群，用聚合酶链式反应和限制性片段长度多态性方法，分析受检者的IL-1β，ApoE基因型。结果：IL-1β B1基因型在两组中差异无显著性区别。占主导地位是IL-1β B1等位基因(80.3％)。ApoE ε4等位基因(22．4％)在AD患者组中过表达。ApoE ε4等位基因不影响IL-1β基因型或等位基因的分布频率。具有ApoE ε4等位基因的AD患者的IL-1β基因型(B1／B1，B1／B2，B2／B2)分别为34，16，2例；具有ApoE ε4等位基因的对照组人群的IL-1β基因型分别为38，18，4例；不具有ApoE ε4等位基因的AD患者IL-1β基因型(B1／B1，B1／B2，B2／B2)分别为14，10，0例；不具有ApoE ε4等位基因的对照组人群的IL-1β基因型分别为12，8，0例。结论：中国人AD与ApoE ε4等位基因过表达密切相关，IL-1β B1等位基因的出现不能被用来作为区分AD和健康对照人群的标志。     

温州地区阿尔茨海默病载脂蛋白E基因多态性研究

目的 探讨温州地区阿尔茨海默病(AD)与载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性的关系.方法 收集温州地区AD患者51例,另取正常对照者54例,采用聚合酶链反应法(PCR)进行ApoE基因分型.结果 ApoEε4基因分布频率AD组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 ApoEε4是AD的风险基因,可以作为AD患者早期诊断和治疗的依据.     

多奈哌齐干预对轻度认知功能障碍患者听觉事件相关电位的影响

目的探讨多奈哌齐对轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者听觉事件相关电位的影响。 方法对轻度认知功能障碍患者34例进行听觉事件相关电位检测，同时进行神经心理学测试。患者入组时给予口服多奈哌齐5 mg，每日1次，治疗3个月后行神经心理学测试并复查听觉事件相关电位。 结果治疗后， MCI患者神经心理各项评分较治疗前均显著改善，差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)；但Boston命名测验得分较治疗前无显著改善，差异无统计学意义(P&rt;0．05)。治疗后，MCI患者P50波幅较治疗前降低，差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)；P300波幅较治疗前升高，潜伏期缩短，差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。治疗前，MCI患者P50波幅与P300潜伏期呈正相关，且P50波幅和P300潜伏期与认知试验记忆功能各项评分均呈负相关。 结论多奈哌齐可改善MCI患者的认知功能，尤其是记忆功能。听觉事件相关电位的P50和P300可作为观察MCI的指标，同时也可作为评估多奈哌齐治疗MCI疗效的指标。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.