用数字化可视人研究低位脑神经

数字化可视人是将大量人体横断面数据信息应用计算机进行整合,重建成人体的三维立体结构图像,构成人体形态学信息研究的实验平台,使虚拟现实成为可能,为开展各类人体相关研究提供形象而真实的模型 [1]。我们以 1999 -2002年完成的首例中国数字化可视人体数据集薄层断面为基     

Computerized three-dimensional reconstruction of the developing blood-brain barrier

Summary Computer-aided techniques for three-dimensional reconstruction of images were employed in a morphological and morphometrical study of blood-brain barrier (BBB) development in the micro-vasculature of the chick embryo optic tectum. The method proved very useful for understanding the spatial relationships between BBB vascular and perivascular components, and of their modifications during embryonic life. The results indicate that the perivascular astrocytic endfeet, the main periendothelial components of the BBB, appear on the 14th incubation day and form an almost continuous perivascular envelope at hatching time.     

基于CVH的基底神经核区三维重建和虚拟现实研究

目的 应用计算机三维重建和虚拟现实研究．显示基底神经核区和结构的立体形态、空间位置和毗邻关系。方法抽取中国数字化可视人体数据集中含有基底神经核和周围结构的断面图像,分别应用Medview软件和VRman软件,对基底核区的尾状核、壳核、苍白球、丘脑的内部核、丘脑底核、杏仁核及其周围结构中的视神经、红核、黑质和脑室等进行计算机三维重建和虚拟现实显示。结果应用Medview软件重建的三维图像比较清楚地显示了基底神经核诸核及其周围结构的空间形态和毗邻关系,并能单独显示、任意搭配显示或总体显示;应用VRman软件进行的计算机虚拟现实显示,对于所构建的部位可以基本恢复到原始自然状态,可以对所构建的基底节区重新从冠状位、矢状位和水平位以及任意方位和角度的斜切进行连续断面切割．清晰显示其内部结构。结论基底神经核的三维重建和虚拟现实研究对于该区域疾病的影像学诊断和神经外科手术,尤其是对立体定向手术具有重要的意义。     

三维CT重建成像在创伤性寰枢椎失稳治疗中的应用

背景：CT三维重建的运用对于复杂的解剖结构如头颈、脊柱、骨盆、四肢的精确评价有确切的作用。 目的：观察三维CT重建成像在诊断和治疗创伤性寰枢椎失稳的作用。 方法：选择解放军沈阳军区总医院骨科收治的创伤性寰枢椎失稳患者21例,三维CT重建检查,以明确诊断及损伤类型,并依据损伤类型,进行植骨融合内固定治疗。 结果与结论：三维CT重建成像可清楚观察寰枢椎失稳惰况,并依据进行内固定,所有病例未出现脊髓、椎动脉及神经根损伤等并发症。全部病例均获得有效随访,随访时间6~15个月,平均9个月。寰枢椎获得骨折愈合和骨性融合,寰枢椎不稳现象均获得有效纠正。提示三维CT重建成像对诊断寰枢椎失稳有较大帮助,并有助于制定恰当的手术方式。     

The complex of microglial cells and amyloid star in three-dimensional reconstruction

Summary Ultrastructural, three-dimensional reconstruction and morphometric studies of classical plaques from the cortex of a patient with Alzheimer's disease showed five or six microglial cells, which form, together with the amyloid star, the central complex of the classical plaque. Microglial cells associated with the amyloid star show marked polymorphism, but all forms possess an amyloid making pole. The surface of the cell membrane at this pole is extended by apparent connection with membranes of cytoplasmic channels filled with amyloid fibers. The amyloid pole also shows other features of local activation with nuclei translocation, expansion of Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, and multiplication of vacuoles and coated vesicles that are in close proximity to channels filled with new polymerized amyloid fibers. On the basis of ultrastructural studies, three forms of microglial cells can be distinguished: macrophage-like, cap-like, and octopus-like cells. The most effective in production of amyloid fibers seem to be cap-like microglial cells, which have the greatest interface with the amyloid star. Octopus-like cells have the least contact with the amyloid star. The size of the surface of the interface with the amyloid star appears to be an indicator of the extent of cell engagement in amyloid fiber formation.Supported in part by NIH grants PO-1-AGO-4220-05 and PO-1-HD-22634-0     

Prenatal gliogenesis in the developing cerebrum of the mouse

A correlative light microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical study was made of the brains of C57BL/6J mice obtained between embryonic day (E-) 11 to postnatal day (P-) 3. The deployment of radially oriented glial cells within the neopallium was already apparent by E-12, at which time the expanded endfeet of processes abutting the basement membrane at the pial surface showed ultrastructural evidence of glial differentiation. Scattered, horizontally arranged glial cells were also observed within the marginal zone prior to the arrival of the cortical plate neurons. Indirect immunofluorescence for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was detected at the outer margins of the neopallium at E-12, antedating the expression of GFAP in radially organized fibers. Radial fibers traversing the full thickness of the neopallium became strongly immunoreactive for GFAP only at and after day E-16. These findings provide evidence of early gliogenesis in the developing mouse forebrain and indicate that GFAP is as readily demonstrable in mouse astrocytes and radial glial fibers as it is in those of man and subhuman primates.     

头颅CT三维重建测量正常儿童颅腔的研究

目的 通过测量正常儿童（0~18岁）头颅CT三维重建后颅腔数据,建立正常儿童颅腔体积的生长曲线。方法 收集2018年9月至2019年9月954例正常儿童头颅CT检查影像数据,并通过图像重建保存至图片存档与通讯系统,测量颅腔数据。结果 相同年龄组儿童中,男性颅腔体积明显大于女性（P<0.05）。颅腔体积随年龄变化的拟合方程:颅腔体积=982.6×年龄0.1302,颅腔体积增长速度逐渐减缓,0~2岁是儿童颅腔体积迅速增长期。颅腔体积、颅长、颅宽、颅高逐渐增大;而且,年龄与颅腔体积（r=0.919）、颅长（r=0.587）、颅宽（r=0.278）、颅高（r=0.598）均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。颅腔体积=6.535×颅长+0.059×颅宽+4.182×颅高-349.193,颅长的变化对颅腔体积的变化贡献最大。正常儿童前囟出生后4~6个月最大,之后逐渐减小,在2.5岁前闭合。结论 儿童颅腔体积呈幂函数曲线增长,结合儿童颅腔体积增长特点,建议儿童颅骨成形术在2岁及之后进行     

Electron microscopy of endocytic elements in the cat cerebrum

Summary Small quantities of ferritin or Thorotrast were injected into the visual cortex of the cat in order to determine which cells in the cerebrum exhibited endocytic activity when exposed to foreign material. Blocks of tissue from the cortex and adjacent white matter were examined by electron microscopy 5 h and 20 h after injection.Some neurons and oligodendrocytes and all the astrocytes examined showed pinocytotic activity. Increasing the time of exposure of the tissue to the tracer did not appear to result in greatly increased uptake by individual cells, except in the case of astrocytes.Neutrophils, which invaded the tissue after 5 h, and in increased numbers after 20 h, exhibited minimal endocytic activity when they invaded the grey matter. They were more active in the white matter.Up to 20 h after injection, the three most important endocytic elements in the cerebrum were astrocytes (collectively), pale perivascular cells within the basement membrane of the blood vessels and phagocytes, which appeared to be reactive endogenous cells.Many thanks are due to Professor M. J. Blunt, School of Anatomy, University of N.S.W., for his helpful criticisms throughout the course of this study, which was supported by a research grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia to Professor Blunt. The assistance of Mrs. Ruth Mather is gratefully acknowledged.     

Adipose tissue and smooth muscle in a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of cerebrum

We describe a case of an occipital lobe primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) in a 60-year-old man with immunocytochemical evidence of neuronal, glial, smooth muscle and adipose tissue differentiation in the primary tumor and its metastases. This is the first case of PNET of cerebrum in which adipose tissue and smooth muscle has been demonstrated. The possible cells of origin for these mesenchymal elements is discussed.     

Analysis of peptides from pigeon cerebrum: A comparison of sacrifice methods

BARRACO, R. A., M. S. ABEL AND D. M. TERRIAN. Analysis of peptides from pigeon cerebrum: A comparison ofsacrifice methods. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(6) 645–653, 1978.—Peptides were extracted and fractionated from pigeon cerebrum and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, and amino acid analysis. A highly consistent pattern of peptides in the 700–5000 molecular weight range was obtained from each cerebral sample. A comparison was also made between cerebral peptide patterns obtained from animals sacrificed by decapitation with those from animals sacrificed by microwave irradiation. Amino acid analysis of the peptide fraction from microwaved and decapitated animals revealed slight differences in the amount and incidence of various amino acids. These differences may be due to post-mortem proteolysis in the cerebra of decapitated pigeons prior to homogenization and freezing.     

数字化构建人脑豆状核及其亚结构图谱

目的 应用<中国数字化可视人体图谱>男性尸脑切片构建豆状核及其亚结构的三维可视化图谱.方法 利用哈尔滨工业大学Bio-X中心开发的软件对尸脑切片豆状核及其亚结构进行识别、分割等图像转换与处理,并进行三维重建.结果 三维重建后的结果显示豆状核为一个前后径较长、上下径较高、左右径相对较窄,近似蚕豆形状的灰质团块.应用透明处理方法进行的三维重建清晰地显示了豆状核及其亚结构的空间位置关系.结论 利用超薄尸脑切片可以成功构建人脑核团的亚结构.

Abstract：

Objective To establish a 3D atlas of the lenticular nuclei and its subnucleus with the cryosection images of the male from Atlas of Chinese Visible Human.Method The lenticular nuclei and its subnucleus were segmented from the cryosection images and reconstructed with the software developed by Harbin Institute of Technology.Results 3D model of the lenticular uuclei illustrated that it was fabaceous with its anteroposterior and superoinferior diameter longer,and the mediolateral diameter shorter.The spatial relationship between the lenticular nuclei and its subnucleus was clear with the surface of the lenticular nuclei semitransparent.Conclusions It is feasible to establish 3D model of the subnucleus in the human brain with the cryosection images.