2005年安徽省碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的了解安徽省实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标后碘缺乏病防治工作现状，掌握碘缺乏病病情的消长趋势。方法按人口比例概率抽样方法确定监测对象，触诊法和B超法检查8～10岁儿童甲状腺大小；用直接滴定法（GB/T13025．7-1999）检测食盐含碘量，用酸消化砷铈接触分光光度法测定尿碘。结果8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数为311．7μg／L，其中〈50μg／L的2份，占0．55％；〈100μg／L的29份，占8．03％。8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率触诊法为3．33％，B超法为3．73％。合格碘盐食用率95．5％，碘盐覆盖率97．6％。儿童智商均值98．22。碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率学生组为86．3％，家庭主妇组为100％。结论安徽省儿童碘营养水平充足：安徽省已达到消除碘缺乏病各项指标。     

陕西省南郑县碘缺乏病控制情况的监测分析

目的通过对陕西省南郑县1998年以来碘缺乏病控制情况的监测,评价防治效果,为未来南郑县碘缺乏病防治工作提供参考。方法采用＂全国碘缺乏病防治监测方案＂和＂国家实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标评估方案＂,对居民食盐含碘量、8-10岁儿童尿碘值、甲状腺肿大率进行了调查。结果监测数据表明,南郑县居民食用碘盐合格率由1998年的87.5%上升到2008年的97.9%,2006-2008年全县碘盐覆盖率达到100%;8-10岁儿童尿碘中位数在178.26-377.14μg/L;儿童检出甲状腺肿大率由1998年的10.8%下降到2008年的4.2%。结论南郑县的碘盐质量得到了保证,碘缺乏病防治成效显著。     

2002年江西省碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 了解2002年江西省碘缺乏病防治工作现状，完善可持续防治策略。方法 采用Monte Carlo方法进行抽样，按全国统一的标准方法进行各项指标的检测。结果 8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率触诊法为6．8％，B超法为5．2％；儿童尿碘中位数为235．15μg／L；合格碘盐食用率为90．9％；5年级学生和特需主妇健康教育平均分为61．01和79．50分。结论 8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率、儿童尿碘中位数和合格碘盐食用率3项指标均达到阶段性消除碘缺乏病标准。与历次监测资料比较，健康教育平均分呈逐年下降趋势，应引起各级领导的高度重视。     

山东省碘缺乏病防治进程、现状、策略与发展

目的　总结山东省碘缺乏病防治进程与现状 ,提出今后发展策略。方法　回顾并分析山东省几十年的防治工作历史资料。结果　 1998年山东省自评基本达到了消除碘缺乏病阶段目标。 2 0 0 0年国家评估碘盐合格率 10 0 % ,儿童尿碘中位数 2 10 .79μg/ L ,8～ 10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率 <5 % ,评估总得分 95 .97,认定山东省实现了消除碘缺乏病阶段目标 ,基本建立了可消除碘缺乏病工作机制。 2 0 0 1年山东省两个非碘盐综合干预试点县的非碘盐率较基线调查的 39.6 %明显降低到 7.8% ,零售店所售碘盐合格率达到 10 0 %。但工作中还存在着一些制约防治工作发展的问题。结论　山东省已实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标 ,但部分地区工作中还存在着薄弱环节 ,应采取有效策略以实现可持续发展目标     

江苏省2001年8～10岁学龄儿童碘营养状况监测

为掌握江苏省8－10岁学龄儿童碘营养状况，保障可持续消除碘缺乏病（IDD）目标的实现，我省对30个抽样点进行了调查，结果1160名目标人群尿碘中位数中333．7μg/L，甲状腺肿大率触诊法为2．8％，B超法为1．4％，表明江苏省已处于可持续消除碘缺乏病的发展阶段，人群碘营养状况达到较高水平。     

新疆北部地区碘缺乏病防治工作进程评估

目的 评估新疆北部地区碘缺乏病防治工作进展情况,为完善可持续的防治对策提供科学依据.方法 采用全国碘缺乏病防治监测方案.结果 触诊法检查8～10岁儿童480名,甲状腺Ⅰ度肿大者38人,甲肿率为7.9%;居民盐碘中位数为33.8 mg/kg,居民碘盐食用率为97.9%,居民合格碘盐食用率为87.7%;儿童尿碘中位数为228.45 μg/L,低于50 μg/L的为7.6%,低于100 μg/L的占11.8%;家庭主妇和五年级学生的碘缺乏病防治知识及格率分别为87.0%和80.0%.结论 新疆北部地区消除碘缺乏病的各项指标有所改善,基本实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标的成果继续得到巩固,处于可持续消除碘缺乏病的状态.     

2002年乌鲁木齐市碘缺乏病监测报告

为加快乌鲁木齐市实现消除碘缺乏病的步伐，找出消除碘缺乏病的薄弱环节，我们于2002年6—7月对全市7区1县进行了碘缺乏病监测，结果显示：小学生健康教育平均及格率为88．65％，居民生活用水碘含量中位数为2．64μg／L，居民食用盐碘平均普及率为92．5％，合格碘盐食用率为91．54％，尿碘中位数为232．63μg／L，尿碘值小于50μg／L的占5．3％，儿童甲状腺肿大率触诊平均肿大率为7．76％。结果说明乌鲁木齐市碘缺乏病的防治工作处在一个较为稳定的控制阶段．但在边远郊区仍存在薄弱环节，需采取针对性强的防治措施。     

陕西省碘缺乏病防治现状

为了及时准确的了解陕西省碘缺乏病的流行和防治现状,建立可持续消除碘缺乏病的有效工作机制,我们就全省1995-1999年的3次碘缺乏病病情监测和人群碘营养状况进行分析,现将结果报告如下.     

2006年新疆伊宁县碘缺乏病防治效果评价

目的评价伊宁县基本实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标后,以食盐加碘为主的防治现况,为如何更深层地解析可持续消除IDD目标提供科学依据。方法按伊宁县碘缺乏病病情分布区域随机抽取4个乡,在每个乡中确定人口最多的一个村为调查点;开展户用碘盐食用率、8~10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率和8~10岁儿童日间随机一次尿碘水平的调查和检测。结果4个乡的平均居民户碘盐食用率为61.1%,合格碘盐食用率为58.4%;8~10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为15.9%;8~10岁儿童日间随机一次尿碘中位数为91.9μg/L。结论该县2000年实现基本消除碘缺乏病目标后,由于放松了碘缺乏病防治工作,使合格碘盐食用率、8~10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率和儿童尿碘中位数水平均恢复到达标前的水平。     

1995～2002年湖北省碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 了解湖北省碘缺乏病发展动态，探索其影响因素，为防治提供依据。方法 按照《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》对8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘水平和盐碘等指标进行流行病学调查。结果 8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率1995、1997、1999和2002年分别为6．2％、5．1％、7．4％和6．5％；儿童尿碘中位数分别为233．4、390．8、331．2和197．0μg／L；居民户碘盐合格率分别为47．8％、86．4％、90．2％、93．5％；学生健康教育平均分1997、1999、2000年分别为70．0、63．5、53．6。结论 湖北省碘盐质量逐年提高，覆盖率稳定在较高水平；人群碘营养逐步改善，但健康教育平均分呈逐年下降趋势，应引起高度重视。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.