合并门静脉血栓形成患者的肝移植21例

目的探讨肝移植术中门静脉血栓的处理方法，评价移植术前门静脉血栓形成对肝移植疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析267例270次肝移植的临床资料。267例受者中，术中明确存在门静脉血栓者21例，占7．8％，其中12例术前通过彩色多普勒超声、计算机断层扫描血管造影或磁共振成像明确诊断。按照Yerdel门静脉血栓分级法，1级8例，2级5例，3级6例，4级2例。肝移植术中根据门静脉血栓分级的不同，采取相应处理方式：1级和2级者选择单纯血栓切除或血栓累及段门静脉切除，然后将供、受者的相应血管行端端吻合；3级和4级者采取供者肠系膜上静脉或髂静脉在供肝门静脉与受者肠系膜上静脉或门静脉系统属支间架桥等方式重建供肝门静脉循环。结果21例术前存在门静脉血栓形成的患者均顺利完成肝移植手术。4例Yerdel分级为3级的受者术后早期（8～21d）死亡，死亡率为19．0％，显著高于术前无门静脉血栓者（8．5％，P（0．01）。21例受者中，1例术后3个月时再次发生门静脉血栓形成，再次血栓形成发生率为4，8％，显著高于术前无门静脉血栓形成者（0．8％，P〈0.01）。17例术前存在门静脉血栓形成的患者肝移植后康复出院，其1年存活率为94．1％，与术前无门静脉血栓形成的良性肝病受者（93.8％）比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论术前存在的门静脉血栓形成并非肝移植的绝对禁忌证，术中根据门静脉血栓分级选择适宜的手术处理方式可顺利完成肝移植手术，并取得与无门静脉血栓形成者相近的远期疗效。     

彩色多普勒血流显像对肝移植术后监测的应用价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒血流显像技术在移植肝术后检测中的应用价值。方法对38例肝移植术后患者行床旁彩色多普勒血流显像超声检查,观察移植肝实质及周围回声变化及肝动、静脉系统的血流动力学参数改变。结果38例移植肝中3例（7．8％）肝实质回声增强或肝包膜下见部分大小不一的低回声灶。血流动力学变化：2例（5．2％）肝动脉血流流速减慢,呈低速高阻型,;5例（13．1％）门静脉流速增快;1例（2．6％）肝静脉呈单向波。5例（13．1％）胆总管腔显示不清;11例（28．9％）先后发生排斥反应;1例（2．6％）肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）;6例（15．8％）门静脉吻合口狭窄;3例（7．8％）门静脉血栓形成;30例（78．9％）于肝周及胸腹腔有少量积液。结论：彩色多普勒血流显像技术应用于移植肝术后检测其物理形态及血流动力学变化对早期发现肝移植排异反应及并发症具有重要的临床应用价值。     

肝移植手术相关并发症的防治

目的总结和探讨原位肝移植手术相关并发症发生的原因、预防及治疗。方法对1993年4月至2004年12月所实行的647例次原位肝移植患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果肝移植手术后共发生并发症73例,发生率11．3％（73／647）,包括血管并发症39例（6．0％,39／647）,其中肝动脉23例（3．6％）,门静脉6例（0．9％）,腔静脉10例（1．5％）,其中腔静脉并发症均发生在非腔静脉整形患者;放置内支架治疗肝动脉狭窄2例,均成功;肝动脉血栓形成者行再次移植治疗,成功率为4／6,再血管化和气囊扩张成功率分别为3／7和2／7;放置内支架治疗门静脉吻合口狭窄和腔静脉狭窄的成功率为3／3和10／10。发生胆道并发症34例（5．3％）,其中放置T管患者发生胆道并发症27例,未放置T管患者7例,两组吻合口胆漏、胆道狭窄和感染的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论传统背驮式肝移植术能有效预防腔静脉并发症的发生;放置内支架技术治疗血管狭窄性病变效果好;早期肝动脉血栓形成应采取再次肝移植;确保供肝胆道系统的血供是减少胆道并发症的关键;不放置T管的胆管端端吻合术,是胆道重建的首选术式。     

20例再次肝移植血管重建的方法

目的探讨再次肝移植血管重建的方法。方法回顾20例再次肝移植的临床资料，分析血管重建的不同方式。结果20例再次肝移植病人术后随访期2d至25个月，平均11．2个月。其中15例（75％）术后顺利恢复，至今存活。5例（25％）于术后早期死于感染性休克、多器官功能衰竭、急性心肌梗死和颅内出血等并发症。所有病人术后肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉流出道血流均正常，未出现血管破裂、血栓形成、血管狭窄和梗阻或假性动脉瘤等明显血管并发症。结论再次肝移植血管重建情况复杂，方式多变，根据供、受体血管的解剖特点和首次移植时血管重建的情况灵活选择适当的重建方式并进行细致的吻合，是再次肝移植血管重建成功的关键。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的探讨介入治疗在肝移植术后胆道并发症治疗方面的作用。方法回顾性分析本中心2004年4月至2006年10月采用介入方法治疗的37例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的I临床资料。结果本中心肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生率为7．2％（30／417）。介入治疗的近期治愈率为54．1％（20／37），近期治愈患者中需反复治疗的比率是40％（8／20），围手术期病死率为5．4％（2／37），总病死率为16．2％（6／37）。吻合口漏、胆道坏死导致的胆漏、吻合口狭窄、非吻合口狭窄、胆泥和胆石形成的介入治疗治愈率分别为57．1％（4／7）、0（0／4）、100％（8／8）、16．7％（2／12）、100％（6／6）。结论介入治疗是肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要治疗方法。疗效与胆道并发症的类型相关，吻合口狭窄、胆泥和胆石形成以及吻合口漏的介入治疗效果良好；胆道坏死导致的胆漏及非吻合口狭窄的介入治疗效果较差，应把握好时机进行再次肝移植。     

ERCP和PTC介入治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的作用比较

目的比较ERCP和PTC介入治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的作用和疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年8月至2006年8月44例接受介入治疗的肝移植术后胆道并发症患者临床资料，比较ERCP和PTC介入治疗在肝移植术后胆道并发症中的疗效和并发症。结果首选ERCP介入治疗31例，3例操作失败（9．6％）；PTC介入治疗16例，均操作成功。胆道吻合口狭窄和非胆道吻合口狭窄ERCP和PTC介入治疗的治愈率分别为73．3％、77．7％和23．1％、14．3％，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两种介入治疗术后并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论ERCP和PTC介入治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的疗效和并发症的发生率相当，可以将PTC介入技术作为治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的首选措施。     

彩色多普勒超声在检测正常移植肝脏及其并发症中的应用价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在检测正常移植肝脏及并发症中的应用价值。方法 用彩色多普勒超声观察41例肝移植患者肝脏动、静脉血流变化及胆管、肝实质声像图改变。主要观察最大血流速度、时间平均血流速度、阻力指数及胆管的内径。结果 41例中17例（41．5％）发生移植物排斥反应，其彩色多普勒显像（CDFI）显示13例（76．4％）门静脉平均血流速度减低；15例（88．25％）肝静脉波幅降低，呈单相锯齿波或负二相波；9例（52．9％）肝动脉阻力指数升高；5例（29．4％）胆管轻度扩张。41例中5例（12．2％）肝动脉血栓形成，主要表现为门静脉周围检测肝动脉血流信号消失。检测中要注意操作技术及一些假阳性和假阴性影响因素。肝移植术后3例（17．3％）早期轻度胆管扩张，2周内恢复。20例（48．8％）胆管扩张明显并逐渐加重，原于胆管狭窄（2例）、胆管结石（15例）及其他（3例）。结论 彩色多普勒显像技术对正常移植肝脏的确定及并发症的检出具有重要价值；对提高术后存活率有重要意义。     

肝移植术中受者左肾静脉与供肝门静脉吻合一例及文献复习

目的探讨受者左肾静脉与供肝门静脉吻合技术在肝移植术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析1例肝移植术中应用受者左肾静脉与供肝门静脉吻合重建门静脉血流的病例资料，并复习相关文献资料进行总结和探讨。结果肝移植术后随访13个月，患者无呕血、黑便，肝功能正常，门静脉血流通畅，生活质量较好。总结相关文献中的13例（包括此例患者）受者左肾静脉与供肝门静脉吻合资料，术前合并弥漫性门静脉血栓8例，存在自然脾肾分流3例，外科远端脾肾分流7例，无自然或外科分流3例。肝移植术后出现门静脉高压相关性并发症3例，其中2例为一过性的腹水，另1例发生严重的消化道出血。死亡3例，死亡原因均与受者肾静脉一供肝门静脉吻合无关。结论终末期肝病患者在合并有弥漫性门静脉血栓或术前有脾肾分流的情况下，肝移植术中采用受者左肾静脉与供肝门静脉吻合是一种安全和可靠的门静脉血流重建方式。     

肝移植门静脉血栓形成的预防和治疗

目的总结原位肝移植门静脉血栓形成（PVT）的预防和治疗经验，提高肝移植疗效和受者存活率。方法分析1995年5月至2005年9月实施的137例肝移植临床资料，肝移植术前存在门静脉血栓10例，其中Ⅰ级5例，Ⅱ级4例，Ⅲ级1例，肝移植术中均行门静脉血栓切除术，结扎术前存在的门腔分流和粗大的侧支循环。术后根据凝血酶原时间（PT），应用普通肝素或低分子肝素预防性抗凝。术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测门静脉血供。结果137例患者肝移植术后PVT发生率为2．92％（4／137）。1例PVT经外科门静脉取栓、重新吻合治愈，2例经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影置管溶栓、支架植人治愈，另1例仅表现肝功能轻度异常，未经特殊处理。与PVT相关的死亡率为0。其余患者随访2～66个月，未发生PVT。结论肝移植术中完整地切除门静脉存在的血栓、结扎门腔存在的分流以及术后有效的抗凝治疗可以减少PVT的发生；多普勒超声监测能早期发现PVT，挽救移植物的功能，避免再次移植。     

彩色多普勒超声监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声(CDI)监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症的应用价值。方法 对107例次原位肝移植患者于术前、术后应用CDI进行连续监测，监测指标包括门静脉主干内径、血流速度、血流量、血流频谱、侧支循环及腹水量等。结果 4例受者术后出现门静脉并发症：门静脉狭窄2例，门静脉狭窄并血栓形成1例，门静脉右支闭塞1例。2例门静脉主干血流量明显减少者接受经皮腔内血管成形术治疗后，门静脉高压缓解；而CDI提示门静脉血流量末见下降的2例患者，仅接受保守治疗，存活时间均超过1年。结论 彩色多普勒超声动态检查对肝移植术后门静脉并发症较为敏感，作为无创性检查手段可用于肝移植术后门静脉并发症的监测。     

原位肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊治

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析173例原位肝移植患者的临床资料.结果 本组原位肝移植术后有6例门静脉并发症(3.5%),门静脉狭窄发生率为1.2%,门静脉血栓发生率为2.3%,且术前3例有门静脉血栓,3例有门静脉高压症手术史.2例患者成功放置血管内支架,3例患者行套扎术或硬化剂治疗后好转出院,6例中无1例死亡.结论 术前存在门静脉高压症手术治疗史和门静脉血栓是门静脉并发症的高危因素.彩色多普勒超声检查是监测门静脉并发症的有效方法 ,确诊门静脉并发症则要依据门静脉CT血管成像.晚期门静脉血栓溶栓治疗效果不佳,对单纯性门静脉狭窄行介入治疗是安全可行的.     

肝移植中门静脉-内脏曲张静脉吻合在门静脉机化血栓患者的应用

目的:探讨门静脉-内脏曲张静脉吻合在门静脉机化血栓患者肝移植中的应用。方法:对门静脉和肠系膜上静脉均完全被机化血栓阻塞的7例患者实施肝移植,其中3例供体门静脉-曲张冠状静脉吻合;2例髂静脉搭桥供体门静脉和脾门旁曲张的静脉吻合;1例采用供体门静脉-胆总管前曲张静脉吻合;1例供体门静脉—曲张的胃网膜右静脉吻合。结果:7例手术全部成功。1例术后7d死于多脏器功能衰竭,但是门静脉血流一直通畅。1例术后6个月发现吻合口狭窄,术后9个月采用经皮肝穿刺门静脉支架置入治愈;其余患者分别随访12～22个月,门静脉血流均通畅,无狭窄或血栓形成,肝、肾功能正常。结论:肝移植中对门静脉和肠系膜上静脉均完全被机化血栓阻塞的患者,行供体门静脉-曲张内脏静脉吻合可取得良好疗效。     

肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断和治疗(附6例分析)

目的 探讨肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断和治疗。方法 回顾性分析160例原位肝移植临床资料。结果 肝移植术后门静脉并发症发生率为3．75％，与门静脉并发症相关死亡率为0。门静脉狭窄发生率为1．25％，门静脉栓塞发生率为2．5％，需治疗的门静脉并发症占33．3％。结论 术前有门脉高压症手术治疗史、移植术前门静脉血栓、门静脉手术史以及严重感染病史等是门静脉并发症的高危因素；彩色多普勒超声检查是监测门静脉并发症的有效方法，确诊门静脉并发症依赖门静脉造影；有症状的门静脉并发症需及时行再血管化手术。     

Innovative techniques for and results of portal vein reconstruction in living-related liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Portal vein reconstruction is a crucial factor affecting the outcome of a successful living-related liver transplantation. We describe here our experience with portal vein reconstruction in 314 cases of living-related liver transplantation with use of novel surgical modalities to enable the transplant surgeons to deal with any size mismatch between the donor's and recipient's portal veins. METHODS: Portal vein reconstruction was classified into 2 major groups, anastomosis without and with a vein graft. When there was no stenosis of the recipient portal vein and the diameter was the same, the portal trunk was used for anastomosis. When the diameter mismatch was minimal, branch patch anastomosis was feasible. When the recipient portal vein was significantly stenotic and the portal vein of the graft was long enough, we removed the stenotic trunk and constructed an anastomosis between the graft portal vein and the confluence of the recipient portal vein. When the graft portal vein was short, a vein graft was interposed. The vein patch technique was preferable when the diameter of the graft vein was not large enough for the interposition technique. RESULTS: Anastomosis without vein graft included trunk anastomosis (n = 156), branch patch anastomosis (n = 39), and confluence anastomosis (n = 22). Anastomosis with vein graft used the interposition technique (n = 77) and vein patch technique (n = 27). The origin of the grafts was mostly from the maternal left ovarian vein (70%) or the paternal inferior mesenteric vein (27%). Complications related to portal vein reconstruction occurred in 16 (5%) patients: portal vein thrombosis in 8, stenosis in 7, and fatal rupture in 1 patient. The incidence of complications was similar for all techniques except for confluence anastomosis. CONCLUSION: Our innovative techniques should be helpful for overcoming diameter or length mismatches in portal vein reconstruction in pediatric liver transplantation.     

Successful Treatment of a Patient With Diffuse Portosplenomesenteric Thrombosis Using a Pericholedochal Varix for Portal Flow Reconstruction During Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation: A Case Report

Portal vein thrombosis remains a challenging issue in liver transplantation. When thrombectomy is not feasible due to diffuse portosplenomesenteric thrombosis, other modalities are adapted such as the use of a jump graft or portal tributaries or even multivisceral transplantation. For patients with diffuse thrombosis of the splanchnic venous system, a large pericholedochal varix can be a useful vessel for providing splanchnic blood flow to the graft and for relieving portal hypertension. We report our experience of successfully treating a patient with diffuse portosplenomesenteric thrombosis using a pericholedochal varix for portal flow reconstruction during deceased donor liver transplantation and eventually preventing unnecessary multivisceral transplantation. A 56-year-old man diagnosed with liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis B underwent deceased donor liver transplantation due to refractory ascites. Preoperative imaging revealed diffuse portosplenomesenteric thrombosis with large amount of ascites. During the operation, dissection of the main portal vein was not possible due to the development of multiple large pericholedochal varices and cavernous change of the main portal vein. After outflow reconstruction, portal inflow was restored by anastomosing the graft portal vein to a large pericholedochal varix. Postoperatively, although abdominal computed tomography scan showed stenosis of portal vein anastomosis site, liver function tests improved, and Doppler sonogram revealed no flow disturbance. During follow-up, the patient repeatedly developed hydrothorax and ascites. In addition, stenosis of the portal vein anastomosis and thrombosis of the portomesenteric system still remained. The patient underwent transhepatic portal vein stent insertion. After portal vein stent insertion, hydrothorax and ascites improved and the extent of thrombosis of the portomesenteric system decreased without anticoagulation therapy. In conclusion, enlarged pericholedochal varix in patients with totally obliterated splanchnic veins can be a source of useful inflow to restore portal flow and decrease the extent of thrombosis, thereby preventing unnecessary multivisceral transplantation.     

The impact of portal vein reconstruction on portal vein complications after pediatric living-donor liver transplantation with left lobe graft

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine whether the different methods of portal vein reconstruction have an impact on the occurrence of portal vein complications after pediatric living-donor liver transplantation with left lobe graft.MethodsA total of 567 recipients were eligible for enrollment in this study and were divided into the following 2 groups according to the type of portal vein reconstruction: group 1 underwent anastomosis of the left and right bifurcations of the recipient portal vein to the donor portal vein (type 1), whereas group 2 underwent anastomosis of the bevel formed by the main trunk and right branch of the recipient portal vein to the donor portal vein (type 2). Postoperative portal vein complications and recipient and graft survival rates were compared between the 2 groups before and after propensity score matching.ResultsPortal vein complications occurred in 53 (9.3%) patients, including 46 recipients with portal vein stenosis and 7 with portal vein thrombosis. After propensity score matching, the incidence of portal vein stenosis in group 2 was lower than that in group 1 (P = .035). The first diagnosis time of portal vein stenosis in group 2 was later than that in group 1 (P = .033), and the incidence of early portal vein stenosis was lower than that in group 1 (P = .009). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of portal vein thrombosis and recipient and graft survival rates between the 2 groups.ConclusionsType 2 portal vein reconstruction appears to be a viable technique in pediatric living-donor liver transplantation with left lobe graft that can effectively reduce the incidence of portal vein stenosis.     

彩色多普勒超声在诊断肝移植术后并发症中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后并发症的诊断价值。方法回顾分析彩色多普勒超声对95例肝移植患者术后并发症的诊断结果。结果95例中发现肝动脉血栓形成3例（3.15%）,肝动脉狭窄2例（2.10%）,门静脉血栓形成1例（1.05%）,门静脉狭窄1例（1.05%）,下腔静脉狭窄2例（2.10%）,胆道并发症10例（10.52%）,排异反应7例（7.36%）,浆膜腔积液93例（97.89%）,肝周血肿7例（7.36%）,肿瘤复发5例（29.41%）。结论彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后并发症诊断中具有重要的实用价值。     

肝移植术中门静脉血栓和瘤栓的处理

目的 探讨肝移植时门静脉血栓和瘤栓的处理方法和临床效果.方法 2000年8月至2004年底我院施行的150例肝移植患者中5例为肝硬化伴门静脉血栓形成,21例为肝癌伴门静脉瘤栓及/或血栓形成,共26例.这些病例在术中清除了门静脉内的栓子,3例又行门静脉壁部分切除及低位门静脉对端吻合术,1例行门腔静脉半转位吻合术.结果 26例中1例术后门静脉又再发血栓形成.21例肝癌合并门静脉瘤栓者,术后近期死亡3例,分别死于：门静脉继发性血栓形成,移植肝原发性无功能和多器官衰竭.18例得到长期随访,术后1、2、3年生存率分别为：66.7%,38.9%,27.8%.结论 肝移植时受体门静脉合并血栓/瘤栓者在清除栓子后再行肝移植仍然可取得较好的疗效.     

Eversion Thrombectomy for Portal Vein Thrombosis During Liver Transplantation

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) has been seen as an obstacle to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), but recent data suggest that favorable results may be achieved in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence, management, and survival of patients with PVT undergoing primary OLT with thrombectomy. Between October 1990 and August 2000, 468 liver transplantations were performed in our center and portal vein thrombosis was present in 38 patients (8.1%). Preoperative diagnosis, extension, intraoperative management, postoperative recurrence of portal vein thrombosis, and 1-year actuarial survival rates were retrospectively studied. Preoperative diagnosis was made in 17 cases (44.7%). In all patients, portal flow was restored after portal vein thrombectomy, followed by usual end-to-end portal anastomosis. All patients received preventive low-weight heparin from day 2 to hospital discharge, and then aspirin. Rethrombosis was observed in one patient with extended splanchnic thrombus. The 1-year actuarial patient survival rate was 83.7%, and did not significantly differ from the patients without portal vein thrombosis (86.7%). Our results suggest that portal vein thrombosis is often partial and thus difficult to diagnose preoperatively: it can be managed successfully during surgery by thrombectomy, except when there is complete splanchnic veins thrombosis; and it did not affect 1-year survival.     

Portal vein reconstruction in pediatric liver transplantation from living donors.

OBJECTIVE: The authors analyze the surgical pattern and the underlying rationale for the use of different types of portal vein reconstruction in 110 pediatric patients who underwent partial liver transplantation from living parental donors. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In partial liver transplantation, standard end-to-end portal vein anastomosis is often difficult because of either size mismatch between the graft and the recipient portal vein or impaired vein quality of the recipient. Alternative surgical anastomosis techniques are necessary. METHODS: In 110 patients age 3 months to 17 years, four different types of portal vein reconstruction were performed. The portal vein of the liver graft was anastomosed end to end (type I); to the branch patch of the left and right portal vein of the recipient (type II); to the confluence of the recipient superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein (type III); and to a vein graft interposed between the confluence and the liver graft (type IV). Reconstruction patterns were evaluated by their frequency of use among different age groups of recipients, postoperative portal vein blood flow, and postoperative complication rate. RESULTS: The portal vein of the liver graft was anastomosed by reconstruction type I in 32%, II in 24%, III in 14%, and IV 29% of the cases. In children <1 year of age, type I could be performed in only 17% of the cases, whereas 37% received type IV reconstruction. Postoperative Doppler ultrasound (mL/min/100 g liver) showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower portal blood flow after type II (76.6 +/- 8.4) versus type I (110 +/- 14.3), type III (88 +/- 18), and type IV (105 +/- 19.5). Portal vein thrombosis occurred in two cases after type II and in one case after type IV anastomosis. Portal stenosis was encountered in one case after type I reconstruction. Pathologic changes of the recipient native portal vein were found in 27 of 35 investigated cases. CONCLUSION: In living related partial liver transplantation, portal vein anastomosis to the confluence with or without the use of vein grafts is the optimal alternative to end-to-end reconstruction, especially in small children.