内镜超声在食管黏膜下肿物临床诊疗中的应用价值

目的探讨内镜超声在食管黏膜下肿物(SMT)临床诊疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析该院113例胃镜下发现的食管SMT并行超声内镜(EUS)检查的患者,收集患者115处SMT病变的临床特点、内镜检查治疗和病理组织学结果等资料,并对术后患者进行随访。结果 SMT好发于食管上段44处(38.26%)和中段(38/115,33.04%);病理结果显示,84.35%为平滑肌瘤(97/115),另外5处食管囊肿(4.35%),5处黏膜下固有腺体增生伴导管扩张(4.35%),2处间质瘤(1.74%),2处脂肪瘤(1.74%),1处神经鞘瘤(0.87%),1处血管瘤(0.87%),1处浆液性腺瘤(0.87%),1处颗粒细胞瘤(0.87%);EUS诊断符合率分别为平滑肌瘤93.00%(93/100),食管囊肿55.50%(5/9),间质瘤0.00%(0/3),脂肪瘤100.00%(2/2),血管瘤100.00%(1/1)。EUS诊断起源于黏膜肌层者,主要选择内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)(76.12%,51/67)和内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)(23.88%,16/67)治疗,起源于黏膜下层者,主要选择EMR(35.71%,5/14)和ESD(64.29%,9/14)治疗,起源于固有肌层或累及固有肌层者,多选择经内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)(84.85%,28/33)治疗。免疫组化结果示平滑肌瘤98.97%(96/97)平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)和97.94%(95/97)结蛋白(Desmin)表达阳性。结论 EUS对SMT的病理性质可进行较准确的诊断,并指导食管SMT内镜下微创手术方式的选择,能进行安全有效的治疗,但对食管间质瘤、神经鞘瘤等少见食管肿瘤的诊断具有一定的局限性。     

Grasping-forceps-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection using a novel irrigation cap-knife for large superficial early gastric cancer

The technique of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) needs special skills and involves a long procedure. We therefore developed a new type of dissection knife, the irrigation cap-knife (the Kume cap-knife attachment, which uses a fixed snare), that facilitates ESD by just sliding over the muscle layer with a coagulating current. The ESD procedure using the irrigation cap-knife was performed in seven patients with intramucosal gastric cancer. The tumor was separated from the surrounding normal mucosa using the insulated-tip knife. Submucosal dissection was then performed by pushing our device along the muscle layer while applying a coagulating current, at the same time as a grasping forceps, deployed through the accessory channel, was used to push the lesion away from the muscle layer. The rate of en bloc resection was 100% (7/7). The irrigating cap-knife was extremely useful for ESD of large intramucosal cancers in the stomach.     

超声内镜指导下食管间质瘤黏膜切除术

目的探讨超声内镜指导下食管间质瘤黏膜切除术的意义。方法对2005年～2007年5月76例疑为消化道黏膜下肿瘤的患者进行超声内镜检查,其中34例食管病变超声内镜显示病变来源于黏膜下层,有24例经知情同意后行超声内镜下黏膜切除术。切除的病变经过病理检查明确病变的层次和病变性质。结果通过与病理结果对照表明,超声内镜检查能准确地判断肿瘤所在层次;通过黏膜切除术切除所有的病变,无1例发生并发症。结论超声内镜指导食管间质瘤黏膜切除术既准确又安全。     

Lifting of lesions during endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of early colorectal cancer: implications for the assessment of resectability

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: This study assessed the indications for and limitations of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for early colorectal cancer, focusing on the way in which the lesion lifts after submucosal injection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 94 patients with early colorectal cancer who received EMR treatment. The lifting of the lesion after submucosal injection was analyzed (classified as completely lifted/soft; completely lifted/hard; incompletely lifted; and non-lifted) along with the endoscopic findings, pathological findings, and clinical course. RESULTS: Almost all completely lifted/soft lesions were mucosal cancers. Some of the completely lifted/hard lesions were staged as sm2. The incompletely lifted lesions included stages sm1 to sm3. Non-lifting lesions were almost always deeper than sm3. The lifting condition was significantly associated with the depth of invasion, and the lesion type was related to the extent of lifting but not to tumor size or recurrent disease. Recurrent disease was noted in three patients who underwent piecemeal EMR. CONCLUSIONS: The indication for EMR is easily assessed on the basis of the lifting characteristics of the tumor after submucosal injection, which was found to be significantly related to the depth of invasion. The factor limiting the indication for EMR is not the size of a tumor, but its lifting condition.     

早期结直肠癌及癌前病变患者经内镜下黏膜切除术与黏膜剥离术治疗的疗效比较

目的比较内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)与内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)在结直肠癌前病变与早期癌患者中的应用效果。方法选取2010年1月-2015年1月该院收治的116例早期结直肠癌患者与结直肠腺瘤患者为研究对象。其中,61例患者采用EMR治疗,为EMR组,55例采用ESD治疗,为ESD组。比较EMR与ESD在结直肠癌前病变与早期癌患者中的应用效果。结果 EMR组患者的手术时间明显短于ESD组患者,两组患者的病理情况、异型增生程度的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ESD组病变最大径≥2 cm的整块切除和病变最大径≥2 cm的组织治愈性切除的患者明显多于EMR组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ESD组病变最大直径≥2 cm的患者明显多于EMR组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。EMR组和ESD组患者并发症总发生率分别为6.56%和23.63%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。EMR组和ESD组患者的复发率分别为5(8.20%)例和3(5.45%)例,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ESD术后出现并发症的危险因素为操作经验和病变大小(P0.05)。结论 ESD术和EMR术均能较好的整块切除病变最大径≥2 cm的早期结直肠癌与结直肠腺瘤,术后复发率较低。ESD术相对于EMR术更适合较大的病变,但术后复发率较高,且手术医师的操作经验和病变大小为ESD术后发生并发症的危险因素,应加强监测。     

Indications, Knives, and Electric Current: What's the Best?

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was developed to overcome the limitations of conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), and ESD has been also applied for large colorectal neoplasms. Since colorectal ESD is still associated with higher perforation rate, a longer procedure time, and increased technical difficulty, the indications should be strictly considered. Generally, colorectal tumors without deep submucosal invasion or minimal possibility of lymph node metastasis, for which en bloc resection using conventional EMR is difficult, are good candidates for colorectal ESD. The ideal knife for colorectal ESD should avoid making perforations but can make a clean cut of optimal depth at one time. The ideal current for ESD differs depending on the procedure used, the surgical devices used, the tissue to be dissected, and the operator's preference. Application of the optimal indications and improvements in the technical skill and surgical devices are required for easier and safer colorectal ESD.     

水下内镜切除术在消化道肿瘤治疗中的应用 （附452例综合分析）*

目的探讨水下内镜切除术在治疗消化道肿瘤中的疗效及安全性。方法通过美国国立医学图书馆搜索引擎PubMed,分别以"underwater endoscopic mucosal resection","underwater endoscopic submucosal dissection","underwater peroral endoscopic myotomy"为关键词,检索出相关文献,汇总病例并进行分析。结果共检索出40篇相关文献,纳入452例病例,其中水下内镜下黏膜切除术(UEMR)413例,水下内镜黏膜下剥离术(UESD)37例,水下经口内镜下肌切开术(UPOEM)2例。413例UEMR患者一共有468个病灶,切除成功率为98.5%,其中整块切除率达61.1%,整块切除者的R0切除率为94.3%;37例UESD患者共有39个病灶,所有病灶均经UESD完整剥离;2例UPOEM患者成功行水下黏膜下隧道建立及肌切开。全组术后并发症较低,以出血多见,其他包括穿孔、十二指肠腔狭窄、低钠血症、吸入性肺炎和自限性息肉切除术后综合征。结论水下内镜切除技术是一项较为安全有效的治疗手段,易于掌握且操作方便。今后仍需要更多的临床研究以及长期随访资料,以明确水下内镜切除技术与常规内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)或内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)相比的优势及适应证,便于临床应用及推广。     

New endoscopic treatment for intramucosal gastric tumors using an insulated-tip diathermic knife

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: For one-piece resection the conventional technique of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is limited to gastric mucosal tumors of 10 mm or less in size. In this retrospective study, we investigated the efficacy and complications associated with a new EMR method, using an insulated-tip diathermic knife (IT-EMR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a total of 41 patients gastric mucosal tumors were resected using IT-EMR. Results: One-piece resection rates were 82% (14/17) for lesions of 10 mm or less, 75% (12/16) for those between 11 and 20 mm, and 14% (1/7) for those of over 20 mm. Complication rates for severe bleeding and perforation were 22% and 5%, respectively. With a median follow-up period of 32 months, no recurrence was observed after these procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with conventional EMR, this new method may have significant benefits, particularly regarding one-piece resection of lesions between 11 and 20 mm in size, and may also have a lower recurrence rate.     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for residual/local recurrence of early gastric cancer after endoscopic mucosal resection

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a widely accepted treatment for early gastric cancer; however, incomplete resection with residual local disease and recurrences continues to be a difficult problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for residual/local recurrent early gastric cancer lesions after EMR. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The en bloc resection rate, histologically complete resection rate, complications, and local recurrence were assessed in 15 patients who underwent ESD for residual/local recurrent early gastric cancer lesions after EMR. RESULTS: The nonlifting sign after injection of a glycerin solution was positive due to scar formation in all cases. En bloc resection was attempted in all cases, with a complete resection rate of 93.3 % (14 of 15). The lesion was completely resected with histologically adequate margins in the 14 patients who received complete en bloc resection. The average operation time was 85.4 +/- 52.9 min, and the mean follow-up period for all patients was 18.1 +/- 7.4 months. Major bleeding during the procedure in one case was the only complication (one of 15, 6.7 %). None of the patients experienced recurrence of early gastric cancer after ESD. CONCLUSIONS: ESD appears to be a safe and effective treatment for residual/local recurrent early gastric cancer lesions after EMR, and it is useful for histological confirmation of successful treatment.     

A novel approach to endoscopic colorectal mucosal resection using a three-channel outer tube and multiple forceps: an experimental assessment

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Colorectal endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) has limitations both anatomically and technically when it is done using the conventional snare wire method. The aim of this study was to develop a new method and instrument for colorectal EMR. METHODS: A total of 21 EMR procedures were done using ten surgical specimens. Saline was injected into the normal submucosa of freshly resected colorectal specimens to prepare a pseudotumor. EMR was performed experimentally by employing a three-channel outer tube with three forceps and a colonoscope with a needle-type precutting knife. This method was assessed in terms of safety and the size of the resected specimens. RESULTS: Perforation occurred only twice in the initial stage of this study. The size of the specimens resected by EMR was 28-39 mm (long diameter 34.8+/-3.11), by 22-28 mm (short diameter 25.8+/-2.07). CONCLUSION: This method can achieve safety and en bloc mucosal resection to the submucosal layer. This novel approach may be promising for clinical application as a new form of endoscopic surgery.     

Aggressive endoscopic mucosal resection in the upper GI tract — Hook knife EMR method —

Summary

We have developed a new EMR method, the ‘Hook knife’ method, for the en-bloc resection of larger lesions. First, we placed marks around the lesion with a coagulation tip. Next, 10% glycerol diluted epinephrine solution was injected into the submucosal layer to separate the mucosa from the muscular layer proper. Then, we cut the mucosa around the lesion with a needle knife. Finally, we cut the submucosal fibers and vessels using a hook-type knife and resected the lesions. A large en-bloc resection, ≥70 mm in size, was possible with this new EMR method. Because of this, the histological examination for both the range of lateral spreading and the depth of invasion can be made more precisely. Aggressive endoscopic mucosal resection is established by this new EMR method.     

Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection for tumors of the esophagogastric junction

Background: For submucosal tumors (SMTs) originating from the muscularis propria (MP) layer of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER) is now widely used, and it shows promise in overcoming the limitations of endoscopic submucosal dissection. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the STER technique for treating SMTs of the EGJ originating from the MP layer. Material and methods: From October 2011 to February 2014, 20 patients were enrolled for STER surgery. Results: The patients were categorized into three groups according to the tumor location. The esophagocardiac group had a lower complication rate (0/7) compared with the cardiac group (3/6) and the gastrocardiac group (3/7). The mean operation time in the esophagocardiac (83?±?24?min) and cardiac (83?±?55?min) groups was significantly shorter than that of the gastrocardiac group (145?±?44?min) (P?Conclusions: The STER technique appears to be a feasible and safe minimally invasive approach for SMTs originating from the MP layer of the EGJ, with satisfying en bloc resection, a short operation time, and low rates of severe complications.     

改良的圈套器行内镜黏膜下剥离术切除结直肠息肉及黏膜下肿瘤的疗效评价

目的探讨改良的圈套器行内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)切除结直肠息肉及黏膜下肿瘤的安全性、有效性。方法回顾性研究2014年12月-2016年5月利用改良的圈套器完成ESD切除结直肠息肉、神经内分泌肿瘤(NETs)和间质瘤患者的临床资料,探讨改良的圈套器进行ESD术治疗结直肠病变的安全性、有效性、治疗时间和并发症等,并与HOOK刀完成ESD术进行比较。结果共20例病例24处入选并完成ESD术,其中16例病例共20处病灶均顺利完成改良的圈套器行ESD术(实验组),4例病灶采用传统HOOK刀完成ESD术(对照组)。两组手术成功率均为100.0%,病灶整块切除率100.0%(24/24);实验组息肉长径为1.2~4.0 cm,平均长径(2.4±0.9)cm,对照组息肉长径为1.5~3.0 cm,平均长径(2.2±0.6)cm;实验组手术时间为45.0~120.0 min,平均时间(83.3±23.9)min,对照组手术时间45.0~80.0 min,平均时间(66.2±15.4)min,与对照组比较,实验组耗时长,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.038)。术后病理:结直肠腺瘤15例(其中3例腺瘤伴局部腺体高级别上皮内瘤变),增生性息肉1例,高级别上皮内瘤变1例,NETs 2例共4处病灶,间质瘤1例,两组中除1例来源于固有肌层间质瘤全层切除术以外,无1例出现出血、穿孔、感染等并发症,无1例术中、术后转外科治疗。结论改良的单圈套器能够安全、有效地完成ESD术切除巨大结直肠息肉及黏膜下肿瘤,拓展了圈套器在内镜切除术中的使用方法及适应证,但需要更长时间来完成手术。     

Circumferential endoscopic mucosal resection in Barrett's esophagus with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or mucosal cancer. Preliminary results in 21 patients

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Treatment by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) has been established for early lesions in Barrett's esophagus. However, the remaining Barrett's esophagus epithelium remains at risk of developing further lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of circumferential endoscopic mucosectomy (circumferential EMR)s in removing not only the index lesion (high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN) or mucosal cancer), but also the remaining Barrett's esophagus epithelium. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 21 patients were included in the study (11 men, 10 women), who had Barrett's esophagus and either HGIN (n = 12) or mucosal cancer (n = 9). Of the patients, 17/21 were at high surgical risk and five had refused surgery. On the basis of preprocedure endosonography their lesions were classified as T1N0 (n = 19) or T0N0 (n = 2). The lesions and the Barrett's esophagus epithelium were removed by polypectomy after submucosal injection of 10-15 ml of saline; a double-channel endoscope was used in 15/21 cases. Circumferential EMR was performed in two sessions, the lesion and the surrounding half of the circumferential Barrett's esophagus mucosa being removed in the first session. In order to prevent the formation of esophageal stenosis, the second half of the Barrett's esophagus mucosa was resected 1 month later. RESULTS: Complications occurred in 4/21 patients (19 %), consisting of bleeding which was successfully managed by endoscopic hemostasis in all cases. No strictures were observed during follow-up (mean duration 18 months) and endoscopic resection was considered complete in 18/21 patients (86 %). For three patients, histological examination showed incomplete removal of tumor: one of these underwent surgery; two received chemoradiotherapy, and showed no evidence of residual tumor at 18 months' and 24 months' follow-up, respectively. Two patients in whom resection was initially classified as complete later presented with local recurrence and were treated again by EMR. Barrett's esophagus mucosa was completely replaced by squamous cell epithelium in 15/20 patients (75 %). CONCLUSIONS: Circumferential EMR is a noninvasive treatment of Barrett's esophagus with HGIN or mucosal cancer, with a low complication rate and good short-term clinical efficacy. Further studies should focus on long-term results and on technical improvements.     

内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术治疗食管贲门周围黏膜下肿瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)治疗食管贲门周围黏膜下肿瘤(SMT)的临床效果及安全性。方法收集2012年9月-2018年6月在南京医科大学附属南京医院内镜中心采用STER治疗的50例食管贲门周围SMT患者的临床资料,并进行分析。结果 50例患者均完成STER。食管病变33例,贲门周围、胃底病变17例,1例病变为2个瘤体,其他均为单个瘤体。成功切除所有SMT,一次性完整切除率96.0%,手术时间32～115 min,平均(54.0±24.5)min,完整缝合创面所需金属夹4～8枚,平均(5.6±2.1)枚。术后瘤体直径0.8～3.3 cm,平均(1.6±0.4)cm。术后经常规病理及免疫组化染色确诊为平滑肌瘤40例(80.0%),间质瘤7例(14.0%),食管支气管源性囊肿2例(4.0%),钙化性纤维性肿瘤1例(2.0%),切缘均为阴性。4例术中发生穿孔,3例术中发生皮下气肿,3例术后出现发热,均经保守治疗痊愈。住院时间6～15 d,平均(7.8±3.7)d。结论 STER对食管贲门周围SMT有较高的完整切除率,且手术创伤小,恢复快,并发症较少,住院时间较短。     

内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术治疗颈部食管黏膜下良性肿瘤策略和并发症分析

目的评估内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)治疗颈部食管黏膜下肿瘤的可行性及安全性。方法收集2017年1月至2018年1月本院收治的12例颈部食管黏膜下良性肿瘤并接受STER治疗的患者资料,分析其整块切除率、治愈性切除率、手术及住院时间、术后相关并发症。结果 12例颈部食管黏膜下肿瘤均行STER治疗,男7例,女5例,年龄(58.3±11.6)岁,病灶距门齿(19.41±0.51)cm,切除瘤体直径(16.25±6.44)mm,手术时间为(45.00±6.57)min,整块切除率91.67%(11/12),治愈性切除率100%(12/12)。术中出血1例(8.33%,1/12),无穿孔,术后有8例(66.67%,8/12)出现不同程度发热,有9例(75.00%,9/12)出现咽喉部不适或胸骨后烧灼不适,住院时间为(8.17±1.11)d,术后随访未发现病变残留、复发及食管狭窄。结论 STER治疗颈部食管黏膜下良性肿瘤是安全有效的治疗方法。     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of early neoplastic gastric lesions using a new double-channel endoscope (the "R-scope")

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) allows en bloc resection of lesions > 2 cm in diameter. However the procedure is difficult because of limited visualization of the cutting area. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new endoscope (the "R-scope") for ESD; this provides a second flexible section for improved positioning capability and two instrumentation channels for vertical lifting of the targeted mucosal area and horizontal cutting of the submucosa. METHODS: The R-scope was tested first for ESD of 17 predetermined gastric areas in eight anesthetized pigs. Clinical experience was then prospectively obtained in 10 patients with early gastric neoplasia. In both instances, dye-stained saline solution was used for repeated submucosal injection. Various types of knives were available for circumferential cutting of the mucosa to isolate the targeted lesion. The specimen was then lifted and the submucosal layer was dissected with the appropriate type of knife to achieve en bloc resection. RESULTS: ESD succeeded in 14/17 animal cases (82 %), remained incomplete in two cases and failed in one because of an intractable perforation; a further two small perforations were clipped. In 10 patients (with nine early carcinomas and one adenoma, with a median diameter of 22 mm), lesions were completely resected in six cases. Surgery was necessary in two patients due to early and delayed perforation. Three other patients with small amounts of free air were conservatively managed but elective surgery was performed in two of these patients because of incomplete resection or deep submucosal tumor infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: The R-scope facilitated ESD of large gastric areas in live animal testing and in a small series of patients However the procedure is technically demanding and time-consuming. It was also associated with a high risk of perforation; this may be related to an insufficient volume of solution being injected submucosally, excessively forceful lifting of the specimen, or the short learning period.     

内镜隧道黏膜下肿瘤切除术治疗来源于食管固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤的价值研究

目的探讨及评价内镜隧道黏膜下肿瘤切除术(STER)治疗来源于食管固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤(SMTs)的有效性、安全性及相关并发症的处理。方法 2011年11月至2013年7月期间,南方医科大学第三附属医院内镜中心经胃镜及超声胃镜诊断来源于食管固有肌层的黏膜下肿瘤并要求内镜微创治疗的患者13例,所有患者行STER治疗,完整切除病变并行病理及免疫组化检查,术后1¹2个月随访观察治疗效果。结果 13例患者食管SMTs均应用STER完整切除,完整切除率100%;其中固有肌浅层9例,深层4例;切除病变直径1.312个月随访观察治疗效果。结果 13例患者食管SMTs均应用STER完整切除,完整切除率100%;其中固有肌浅层9例,深层4例;切除病变直径1.3³.0 cm,中位直径2.0 cm;手术时间503.0 cm,中位直径2.0 cm;手术时间50¹20 min,中位时间80 min。术后病理检查及免疫组织化染色证实平滑肌瘤11例,间质瘤2例,切缘均为阴性;术中发生单纯皮下气肿3例,均保守治疗后恢复;皮下气肿合并气胸及气腹1例,予术中胸腔闭式引流术及气腹针放气后顺利完成手术并恢复;术中出现隧道黏膜侧小破损2例,均予钛夹封闭,术后愈合良好,未发生隧道瘘;所有病例均无术后隧道内出血及感染。采用胃镜及超声内镜随访1120 min,中位时间80 min。术后病理检查及免疫组织化染色证实平滑肌瘤11例,间质瘤2例,切缘均为阴性;术中发生单纯皮下气肿3例,均保守治疗后恢复;皮下气肿合并气胸及气腹1例,予术中胸腔闭式引流术及气腹针放气后顺利完成手术并恢复;术中出现隧道黏膜侧小破损2例,均予钛夹封闭,术后愈合良好,未发生隧道瘘;所有病例均无术后隧道内出血及感染。采用胃镜及超声内镜随访1¹2个月,中位随访6个月,未见肿瘤残留及复发。结论 STER术治疗食管固有肌来源的黏膜下肿瘤是一种安全、有效的微创治疗方法,具有较好的临床应用前景,但应注意来源于固有肌深层的病变易出现严重并发症。     

Meta-analysis comparing differing methods of endoscopic therapy for colorectal lesions

AIM: To compare the outcomes of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of colorectal lesions. METHODS: An electronic systematic literature search of four computerized databases was performed in July 2014 identifying studies reporting the outcomes of colorectal ESD and EMR. The primary outcome measures were en-bloc resection rate, endoscopic clearance rate and lesion recurrence rate of the patients followed up. The secondary outcome was the complication rate (including bleeding, perforation and surgery post EMR or ESD rate). Statistical pooling and random effects modelling of the studies calculating risk difference, heterogeneity and assessment of bias and quality were performed. RESULTS: Six observational studies reporting the outcomes of 1324 procedures were included. The en-bloc resection rate was 50% higher in the ESD group than in the EMR group (95%CI: 0.17-0.83, P < 0.0001, I² = 99.7%). Endoscopic clearance rates were also significantly higher in the ESD group (95%CI: -0.06-0.02, P < 0.0001, I² = 92.5%). The perforation rate was 7% higher in the ESD group than the EMR group (95%CI: 0.05-0.09, P > 0.05, I² = 41.1%) and the rate of recurrence was 50% higher in the EMR group than in the ESD group (95%CI: 0.20-0.79, P < 0.001, I² = 99.5%). Heterogeneity remained consistent when subgroup analysis of high quality studies was performed (with the exception of piecemeal resection rate), and overall effect sizes remained unchanged for all outcomes. CONCLUSION: ESD demonstrates higher en-bloc resection rates and lower recurrence rates compared to colorectal EMR. Differences in outcomes may benefit from increased assessment through well-designed comparative studies.     

Endoscopic mucosal resection for squamous premalignant and early malignant lesions of the esophagus

BACK AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is used to treat premalignant and malignant digestive tract lesions. This report presents the efficacy and safety of EMR for squamous superficial neoplastic esophageal lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study presented data from 51 patients with 54 lesions over an 8-year period, between November 1997 and September 2005. Dysplasas or mucosal (m) T1 carcinomas were treated with repeated EMR until there was a complete local remission. Patients with submucosal (sm) T1 carcinomas were treated with repeated EMR until there was a complete local remission. Patients with submucosal (sm) T1 carcinomas or more advanced stage were offered surgery or chemoradiotherapy. RESULTS: There was no mortality, perforation, or major hemorrhage, and there were three easily dilated stenoses. Of the patients, 16 had lesions graded as T1sm or more advanced and one patient was found to have normal tissue post EMR. Complete local remission was achieved in 31 of the 34 patients with dysplasia or T1 m cancers (91%). There was no distant relapse and there was local disease recurrence in eight of the 31 patients (26%). The 5-year survival rate was 95%. CONCLUSIONS: EMR for squamous superficial neoplastic lesions of the esophagus is safe and provides satisfactory survival results.