Dietary risk factors for colon and rectal cancers: a comparative case-control study

BACKGROUND: In Japan, the incidence rate of colon cancer has more rapidly increased than that of rectal cancer. The differential secular trends may be due to different dietary factors in the development of colon and rectal cancers. METHODS: To compare dietary risk factors between colon and rectal cancers, we undertook a case-control study at Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Japan. Subjects were 507 patients with newly diagnosed colon (n = 265) and rectal (n = 242) cancers, and 2,535 cancer-free outpatients (controls). Intakes of nutrients and food groups were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire, and multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using unconditional logistic models. RESULTS: We found a decreasing risk of colon cancer with increasing intakes of calcium and insoluble dietary fiber; the multivariate ORs across quartiles of intake were 1.00, 0.90, 0.80, and 0.67 (trend p = 0.040), and 1.00, 0.69, 0.64, and 0.65 (trend p = 0.027), respectively. For rectal cancer, a higher consumption of carotene and meat was associated with a reduced risk; the corresponding ORs were 1.00, 1.10, 0.71, and 0.70 for carotene (trend p = 0.028), and 1.00, 0.99, 0.68, and 0.72 for meat (trend p = 0.036). Carbohydrate intake was positively correlated with the risk of rectal cancer (ORs over quartiles: 1.00, 1.14, 1.42, and 1.54; trend p = 0.048). This association was stronger in women, while fat consumption was inversely correlated with the risk of female colon and rectal cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary risk factors appear to considerably differ between colon and rectal cancers.     

Tea consumption and risk of bladder and kidney cancers in a population-based case-control study

Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that tea may be protective against cancers of the urinary tract. The authors examined the association between usual adult tea consumption and risk of bladder and kidney cancers in a population-based case-control study that included 1,452 bladder cancer cases, 406 kidney cancer cases, and 2,434 controls. For bladder cancer, the age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals (CI)) referent to nonusers of tea were 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) for <1.0 cup/day, 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) for 1.0-2.6 cups/day, and 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) for >2.6 cups/day (cutpoints for users based on the tertile distribution among controls). When more extreme cutpoints were used, persons who consumed >5 cups/day (>90th percentile) had a suggestive decreased risk (OR = 0.7; 95% CI 0.5, 1.0), but there was no evidence of a dose-response relation. In analyses stratified by median total beverage intake (2.6 liters/day), there was an inverse association with tea use among persons who consumed less than the median (OR = 0.5; 95% CI 0.3, 0.8) but no association for persons who consumed at or above the median. In contrast, for kidney cancer, there was no association with tea use. Adjustment for site-specific risk factors did not alter these results. This study offers only minimal support for an inverse association between tea consumption and bladder or kidney cancer risk.     

Egg consumption and mortality from colon and rectal cancers: an ecological study

The relation between egg consumption and mortality from colon and rectal cancers remains unclear and was investigated in this study. Colon and rectal cancer mortality data, mostly around 1993-94 and egg consumption data in nine time periods (1964-94) in 34 countries were derived from World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization, respectively. Egg consumption was significantly and positively correlated with mortality from colon and rectal cancers in both sexes in most of the nine time periods. The correlations were generally stronger for colon cancer (r = 0.39 to 0.63 in men and r = 0.33 to 0.65 in women) than for rectal cancer (r = 0.18 to 0.49 in men and r = 0.08 to 0.45 in women). After adjustment for confounding factors, egg consumption was still significantly and positively associated with mortality from colon cancer in the earliest five time periods (1964-84) (P = 0.046 to 0.017 in men and P = 0.034 to 0.014 in women) and rectal cancer in the latest five time periods except for the last time period (1982-91) (P = 0.046 to 0.024 in men and P = 0.045 to 0.026 in women). This study suggested that egg consumption was associated with an increased risk of colon and rectal cancers at the population level     

Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cholecystectomy: a prospective cohort study of women and men

Purpose

Epidemiologic data on whether consumption of fruit and vegetables (FVs) decreases the risk of gallstone disease are sparse. Therefore, we examined the association between FV consumption and the 14-year risk of symptomatic gallstone disease (defined as occurrence of cholecystectomy) in a large group of middle-aged and elderly persons.

Methods

Data from two population-based cohorts were used, which included 74,554 men and women (born 1914–1952). Participants filled in a food frequency questionnaire in the late fall of 1997 and were followed up for cholecystectomy between 1998 and 2011 via linkage to the Swedish Patient Register. Cox regression models were used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs).

Results

During 939,715 person-years of follow-up, 2120 participants underwent a cholecystectomy (1120 women and 1000 men). An inverse association between FV consumption and risk of cholecystectomy was observed in age- and sex-adjusted analyses (P _trend = .036) but not in confounder-adjusted analyses (P _trend = .43). The multivariable-adjusted HR was 0.95 (95 % CI 0.83–1.08) for the highest compared with the lowest sex-specific quartile of FV consumption. There was no evidence of interactions with age (P = .25) or sex (P = .72) in analyses pooled by sex. However, an age-by-FV consumption interaction was observed in separate analyses of women (P = .010), with decreased HRs of cholecystectomy for ages up to 60 years.

Conclusions

This study supports an inverse association between FV consumption and risk cholecystectomy in women, although the association was restricted to women aged 48–60 years. In contrast, the study does not support an association in men.

     

Fruit and vegetable consumption,ethnicity and risk of fatal ischemic heart disease

Objective: Mortality rates from ischemic heart disease vary among ethnic groups. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables has been associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease, but ethnic-specific data are limited. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Hawaii and Los Angeles County, between 1993 and 1996. Participants: These analyses included 164,617 adults age 45 to 75, representing five ethnic groups who were enrolled in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Dietary data were collected at baseline using a validated food frequency questionnaire and fatal ischemic heart disease cases were identified up to December 31, 2001. Associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and fatal ischemic heart disease were examined using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Results: The associations between fruit and vegetable intake and fatal ischemic heart disease were similar among the five ethnic groups. When data for the ethnic groups were combined, higher vegetable intake was associated with a protective effect against ischemic heart disease in men with all intake levels above 3.4 servings per day (over 6.6 servings per day: hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.58–0.92). Inconsistent results were observed for women, where the protective association was observed only at mid-level vegetable intake levels, but not among women with the highest level of vegetable intake. There was no evidence of an association for fruit intake. Conclusions: Associations between fruit and vegetable intake and fatal IHD do not appear to vary among ethnic groups. Additional research is needed to clarify associations for fruit versus vegetable intake and impact on cardiovascular outcomes.     

Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for glioma: a case-control study in Melbourne, Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible associations between tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption and the risk of adult glioma. DESIGN: This was a population based, case-control study. Relative risks (RR) were estimated using logistic regression analysis. SETTING: Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: These comprised 416 case subjects (166 women, 250 men), 66% of those eligible; and 422 control subjects (170 women, 252 men), 43.5% of those potentially eligible. RESULTS: There was no increase in risk of glioma with having ever smoked tobacco (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.95, 1.75) for all subjects, adjusted for age, a reference date, and gender. There was a slight increase in risk for men (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.1, 2.45), but not for women (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.62, 1.62). For men, there was no increase in risk with increasing pack-years of cigarette smoking, but the risk was significantly increased in subjects who had smoked for less than 10 years. There was no increase in risk associated with having ever drunk alcohol for all subjects (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.67, 1.37), women (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.4, 1.15) or men (RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.81, 2.43). CONCLUSIONS: This study does not support an association between either tobacco smoking or alcohol consumption and glioma. The pattern of risk associated with tobacco smoking in men appears inconsistent with a causal role, and may be due to chance, response bias, or uncontrolled confounding.     

Occupational risk factors for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a case-control study in Western Australia

Objective

To assess the association of selected occupational exposures with risk of prostate cancer and with risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Methods

This population‐based case–control study recruited 606 men with a diagnosis of confirmed prostate cancer, 400 men who had undergone their first prostatectomy for BPH and 471 male controls randomly selected from the electoral roll between 1 August 2001 and 1 October 2002 in Western Australia. χ² tests and logistic regressions were used for univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate the association of the two outcomes with occupational exposure to pesticides, fertilisers, metals, wood dust, oils, diesel exhaust and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Results

Exposure to toxic metals at a non‐substantial level increased the risk of BPH (odds ratio (OR) 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 1.84) and led to a non‐significant excess risk of prostate cancer (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.61). Non‐significant excess risks were observed for prostate cancer after exposure to oils other than mineral oil (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.51) and for BPH after exposure to PAHs (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.58). A non‐statistically significant protective effect for prostate cancer was seen after exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OR 0. 69, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.12). No other associations were found for either prostate cancer or BPH and no dose–response relationships were seen for the exposures investigated.

Conclusions

These results do not provide evidence that any of the occupational factors examined are risk factors for either prostate cancer or BPH.Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men in Western countries. In the US, prostate cancer is the second most common cancer after lung cancer—that is, one in five American men will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime.¹ In Australia, prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men.² The aetiology of prostate cancer still remains unclear. Well‐established risk factors are age, family history of prostate cancer, diet and ethnicity.³ Level of physical activity has also been suggested to be a risk factor, but the evidence is not strong.^4,5,6,7Several potential occupational risk factors for prostate cancer have been investigated. Some studies have provided evidence of a positive association between developing prostate cancer and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), diesel fuel and fumes.⁸ Pesticides have been suggested to be a possible risk factor in some studies,^9,10,11 but have been found to be protective in other studies.¹² In addition, some studies have found that exposures to cadmium and fertilisers are markedly associated with prostate cancer.^13,14 Several studies have investigated the relationship between farming and prostate cancer. Some of them have reported excess risk of prostate cancer,^11,15 but others have found no association.¹⁶Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an extremely common condition among men aged 45–80 years. Nearly half of the Australian men aged >65 years report some urinary symptoms resulting from BPH.¹⁷ Established risk factors that have consistently been associated with BPH include increasing age and there are geographical patterns, with BPH being more common in areas such as Africa and America. Also, there have been debates around the association of lifestyle factors such as physical activity, diet, smoking and alcohol consumption, which may be positively or negatively associated with BPH.^{18,19,20,21,22}Few data are available on occupational causes of BPH or indeed on any causative factors for BPH. In view of the lack of information on this topic, we elected to examine the same occupational factors for BPH as for prostate cancer.This study used interview‐derived data from a population‐based case–control study to assess the association of prostate cancer and BPH with occupational exposure to metals, woods, oils, pesticides, herbicides, fertilisers, diesel fumes and PAHs.     

Fruit and vegetable consumption among adults--United States, 2005

A diet high in fruits and vegetables is associated with decreased risk for chronic diseases. In addition, because fruits and vegetables have low energy density (i.e., few calories relative to volume), eating them as part of a reduced-calorie diet can be beneficial for weight management. Healthy People 2010 health objectives include increasing to 75% the percentage of persons aged >/=2 years who eat at least two daily servings of fruit (objective 19-5) and increasing to 50% the proportion of persons aged >/=2 years who eat at least three daily servings of vegetables, with at least one third being dark green or orange vegetables (objective 19-6). To assess the level of fruit and vegetable consumption among adults by state and demographic characteristics, data from the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were analyzed. This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that 32.6% of adults consumed fruit two or more times per day and 27.2% ate vegetables three or more times per day. The results underscore the need for continued interventions that encourage greater fruit and vegetable consumption among U.S. adults.     

Dietary patterns and risk of oesophageal cancers: a population-based case-control study

Epidemiological studies investigating the association between dietary intake and oesophageal cancer have mostly focused on nutrients and food groups instead of dietary patterns. We conducted a population-based case-control study, which included 365 oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), 426 oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (OGJAC) and 303 oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases, with frequency matched on age, sex and geographical location to 1580 controls. Data on demographic, lifestyle and dietary factors were collected using self-administered questionnaires. We used principal component analysis to derive three dietary patterns: 'meat and fat', 'pasta and pizza' and 'fruit and vegetable', and unconditional logistic regression models to estimate risks of OAC, OGJAC and OSCC associated with quartiles (Q) of dietary pattern scores. A high score on the meat-and-fat pattern was associated with increased risk of all three cancers: multivariable-adjusted OR 2·12 (95 % CI 1·30, 3·46) for OAC; 1·88 (95% CI 1·21, 2·94) for OGJAC; 2·84 (95% CI 1·67, 4·83) for OSCC (P-trend <0·01 for all three cancers). A high score on the pasta-and-pizza pattern was inversely associated with OSCC risk (OR 0·58, 95 % CI 0·36, 0·96, P for trend=0·009); and a high score on the fruit-and-vegetable pattern was associated with a borderline significant decreased risk of OGJAC (OR for Q4 v. Q1 0·66, 95% CI 0·42, 1·04, P=0·07) and significantly decreased risk of OSCC (OR 0·41, 95% CI 0·24, 0·70, P for trend=0·002). High-fat dairy foods appeared to play a dominant role in the association between the meat-and-fat pattern and risk of OAC and OGJAC. Further investigation in prospective studies is needed to confirm these findings.     

Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies

The consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with a reduced rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) in observational cohorts. The purpose of this study was to assess the strength of this association in a meta-analysis. Cohort studies were selected if they reported relative risks (RRs) and 95% CI for coronary heart disease or mortality and if they presented a quantitative assessment of fruit and vegetable intake. The pooled RRs were calculated for each additional portion of fruit and/or vegetables consumed per day, and the linearity of the associations were examined. Nine studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis that consisted of 91,379 men, 129,701 women, and 5,007 CHD events. The risk of CHD was decreased by 4% [RR (95% CI): 0.96 (0.93-0.99), P = 0.0027] for each additional portion per day of fruit and vegetable intake and by 7% [0.93 (0.89-0.96), P < 0.0001] for fruit intake. The association between vegetable intake and CHD risk was heterogeneous (P = 0.0043), more marked for cardiovascular mortality [0.74 (0.75-0.84), P < 0.0001] than for fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction [0.95 (0.92-0.99), P = 0.0058]. Visual inspection of the funnel plot suggested a publication bias, although not statistically significant. Therefore, the reported RRs are probably overestimated. This meta-analysis of cohort studies shows that fruit and vegetable consumption is inversely associated with the risk of CHD. The causal mechanism of this association, however, remains to be demonstrated.     

中年男性饮酒与血脂异常关系的病例-对照研究

目的探讨饮酒对中年男性血脂的影响。方法选取2011年6月至2012年6月于山东大学第二医院住院或体检的30～65岁男性,221例血脂异常患者作为病例组,233例血脂正常者作为对照组,对研究对象进行问卷调查和体格检查。采用单因素和非条件多因素Logistic回归分析饮酒与血脂异常的关系。结果与对照组比较,随着每日酒精摄入量的增加血脂异常患病危险增加,OR值分别为:1.52(≤25g/d)、1.83(25～50g/d)、3.11(>50g/d);TG异常危险随饮酒量的增加而升高,OR值分别是:1.98(≤25g/d)、2.79(25～50g/d)、4.37(>50g/d)。Logistic回归分析显示平均每日酒精摄入量(g/d)(OR=1.007,95%CI1.002～1.012)是血脂异常的危险因素。结论饮酒可能是中年男性血脂异常的危险因素。     

A case-control study of childhood pedestrian injuries in Perth, Western Australia.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To identify the determinants of childhood pedestrian injuries, taking the child's exposure to the road environment into account. DESIGN: This was a case-control study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study was conducted in Perth, Western Australia between 1991 and 1993. Altogether 100 injured and 400 uninjured child pedestrians aged 1 to 14 years were studied. Aspects of the child's social and physical environments, measures of his or her behaviour, cognitive skills, and "habitual" exposure to the road environment, as well as his or her knowledge of road safety, were recorded. MAIN RESULTS: The likelihood of injury increased by 12% with each 10,000 vehicles per day increase in the volume of traffic (odds ratio (OR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05, 1.19) on roads most frequently crossed. In addition, the presence of visual obstacles on the verge of the child's street of residence increased the likelihood of injury by more than 2.6 times (OR 2.68, 95% CI = 1.42, 5.02). In contrast, the absence of footpaths was associated with a 52% reduction in the likelihood of injury compared with the presence of footpaths on the child's street of residence (OR 0.48, 95% CI = 0.27, 0.87). CONCLUSION: The amount of exposure to the road environment and the nature of the road environment to which the child pedestrian was exposed partly influenced the likelihood of injury in children from low socioeconomic areas, male children, and children aged 13 to 14 years. Until now, the excess incidence of childhood pedestrian injuries in these subgroups of the population had not been explained because the child's exposure per se had not been examined.     

Meat consumption and risk of stomach cancer in Uruguay: a case-control study

We previously reported an association between meat intake and stomach cancer in Uruguay: in that analysis, we did not control for total energy intake. To better study the relationship between intake of meat and meat constituents and gastric cancer, we conducted a further case-control study including 123 cases and 282 controls who were enrolled between September 1997 and August 1999. Total meat intake (highest tertile) was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.3-9.0]. After adjustment for total energy intake and intake of proteins and total fat by the residuals method, the OR was 1.7 (95% CI = 0.7-4.0). The energy-adjusted OR for high intake of processed meat was 1.9 (95% CI = 1.1-3.5). Intake of fried, barbecued, and salted meat and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine was not associated with risk of gastric cancer. The energy-adjusted OR of high intake of nitrosodimethylamine was 1.5 (95% CI = 0.9-2.8). These results suggest that, in a country with elevated meat consumption, total energy intake and intake of proteins and fat are powerful confounders in the relationship between meat intake and gastric cancer risk. However, a modest independent effect of meat, in particular of processed meat, is suggested.     

Soy product consumption and the risk of colon cancer: a prospective study in Takayama, Japan

The relationship of the intake of soy products and the incidence of colon cancer was prospectively evaluated in a population-based cohort study in Japan. The total intake of soy products and isoflavones in a daily diet was estimated from a validated questionnaire administered at the baseline. The participation rate of the questionnaire was 92.0%. The participants were followed from 1992 to 2000, and colon cancer diagnoses were identified at the main hospitals in the study area. In the analysis, 13,894 men and 16,327 women were included. The medians for energy-adjusted soy product intake were 85.52 g/day for men and 79.60 g/day for women. During follow-up, 111 men and 102 women were diagnosed with colon cancer. A Cox-proportional hazard model was applied to assess the risk of colon cancer incidence. Among women, the risk was reduced with an increased soy product consumption; the hazard ratio in the highest tertile was 0.56 (95% CI 0.34-0.92) compared as the lowest tertile (trend: P=0.04), after adjusting for multiple potential confounders. Among men, no significant association was observed. Our results exhibited the weak benefit of soy foods only among women. Further research to confirm our results may be beneficial.     

Death certificate case-control study of cancers of the prostate and colon and employment in the textile industry

A case-control study was conducted to investigate possible relationships between employment in the textile industry and cancers of the prostate and colon. Death certificate information on occupation and industry was obtained for 1037 male prostatic cancer cases, 820 male and female colon cases, and matched controls who died during 1970-1978 in South Carolina. Black males were the only race-sex group to show an excess risk of prostate or colon cancer among employees of the textile industry. Nonstatistically significant excesses of prostate cancer were seen in dyeing and finishing businesses and broad woven fabric mills. Overall, there was no strong evidence indicating a relationship between the textile industry and either prostate or colon cancer. It is unlikely that limitations of the data masked real risks since previously reported associations with nontextile industries were confirmed.     

Fruit and vegetable consumption among high school students--United States, 2010

A diet high in fruits and vegetables is associated with a decreased risk for many chronic diseases and some cancers, and can aid in weight management. Current daily fruit and vegetable recommendations for adolescents who participate in <30 minutes of physical activity daily are 1.5 cups of fruit and 2.5 cups of vegetables for females and 2 cups of fruit and 3 cups of vegetables for males (1 cup is approximately equal to one medium apple, eight strawberries, 12 baby carrots, or one large tomato). However, recently published data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 revealed that consumption was considerably below these levels. To assess fruit and vegetable consumption among high school students, CDC analyzed data from the 2010 National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study (NYPANS). This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that, in 2010, the median number of times per day that high school students consumed fruits and vegetables was 1.2 for both. For vegetables, the median number of times per day was lower for non-Hispanic black students (1.0) and Hispanic students (1.1) than non-Hispanic white students (1.4). Overall, 28.5% of high school students consumed fruit <1 time daily, and 33.2% of high school students consumed vegetables <1 time daily. The infrequent fruit and vegetable consumption by high school students highlights the need for effective strategies to increase consumption. Policy and environmental approaches to provide greater access to and availability of fruits and vegetables are among the strategies that schools and communities might choose to achieve this goal.     

饮茶与肺癌发病风险的病例-对照研究

目的探讨饮茶与肺癌的关联。方法采用病例对照研究设计,收集确诊的肺癌新发病例1225例和按频数匹配的健康对照1234例。采用统一编制的调查表,面访收集研究对象的一般人口学特征、居住环境、饮食史、吸烟史、饮酒史、饮茶史、疾病及家族史等资料。非条件logistic回归模型估算饮茶与肺癌发病风险的调整比值比(OR)及其95%可信区间(95%CI),并分析饮茶与吸烟的交互作用。结果饮茶可显著降低非吸烟者肺癌的发病风险,调整OR值为0.465(95%CI 0.345～0.625);随着饮茶年数的增加,肺癌发生的危险性降低;红茶、绿茶、乌龙茶、其他类型茶的调整OR值分别为0.333(95%CI 0.154～0.720)、0.522(95%CI 0.356～0.767)、0.735(95%CI 0.424～1.274)和0.267(95%CI 0.143～0.497)。每周饮茶<3次和饮淡茶者与吸烟者肺癌有显著关联(P<0.05),调整OR值分别为0.453(95%CI 0.286～0.717)和0.518(95%CI 0.346～0.778)。结论饮茶是肺癌的保护因素,尤其可明显降低非吸烟肺癌的危险性。     

2011年中国恶性肿瘤发病与死亡分析

  目的  了解腌制食品摄入联合吸烟、饮酒与食管癌发病的关系,为食管癌防治策略的制定提供理论依据。  方法  采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法,对2010 年1月 — 2015年12月在福建医科大学附属漳州市医院经病理组织确诊的645例原发性食管癌新发病例作为病例组及按病例组同性别、年龄（± 5 岁）匹配的同期在该院就诊的646例非肿瘤患者作为对照组进行问卷调查。  结果  在调整了性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、人均月收入等混杂因素后,多因素条件logistic回归分析结果显示,腌制食品是食管癌发病的危险因素,腌制食品摄入频率与食管癌发病风险存在剂量–反应关系（χ²_趋势 = 21.030,P < 0.001）;腌制食品摄入5～7次/周且吸烟者食管癌发病风险为腌制食品摄入< 1次/周且不吸烟者的2.517倍（OR = 2.517,95 % CI = 1.412～4.485）;腌制食品摄入5～7次/周且饮酒者食管癌发病风险为腌制食品摄入< 1次/周且不饮酒者的3.683倍（OR = 3.683,95 % CI = 2.101～6.456）;腌制食品摄入3～7次/周且吸烟和饮酒者食管癌发病风险为腌制食品摄入 ≤ 2次/周且不吸烟和不饮酒者的4.455倍（OR = 4.455,95 % CI = 2.502～7.931）。  结论  腌制食品的摄入是食管癌发病的危险因素,腌制食品摄入联合吸烟和饮酒会明显增加食管癌发病的风险。