再次肾移植患者HLA与PRA的关系研究

目的 研究再次肾移植患者人类白细胞抗原(HLA)与群体反应性抗体(PRA)的关系.方法 选择行再次肾移植手术的患者30例检测PRA.PRA检测采用ELISA法筛选HLA-Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类混合抗原板和鉴定板.结果 根据肾移植手术时间分为3组:移植肾存活8年以上组患者3例,HLA错配2个抗原者1例,错配4个抗原者2例,无PRA生成;移植肾存活5年以上组患者10例,HLA错配4个抗原者6例和错配2个抗原者3例,肾功能正常,PRA阴性,错配3个抗原者1例,PRA阳性;移植肾存活3年以上组患者17例,HLA错配1个抗原和2个抗原者各1例,PRA阳性,HLA错配3个抗原者3例,其中1例PRA阳性,HLA错配4个抗原者7例,1例术前和术后均有抗Ⅱ类抗体,4例PRA阴性,2例PRA阳性,HLA错配5个抗原者5例,4例PRA阴性,1例PRA阳性.结论 HLA配型是维系移植肾长期存活的重要因素,而HLA抗体对移植肾长期存活和移植肾功能的影响具有重要作用.     

Effect of clopidogrel on bleeding after coronary artery bypass surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Platelet dysfunction is a common cause of bleeding after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. This study explores the effects of clopidogrel on bleeding complications after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. DESIGN: Prospective observational study of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PATIENTS: A total of 247 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS: Primary end point was need for reexploration secondary to bleeding. Secondary end points included need for transfusion of blood products and chest tube output. MAIN RESULTS: Eight (3.3%) of 247 patients required reexploration secondary to bleeding. Clopidogrel recipients had higher incidence of reexploration for bleeding (9.8 vs. 1.6, p =.01) with an odds ratio of 6.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.6-30). Clopidogrel also increased the percentage of patients receiving packed red blood cell transfusion (72.6 vs. 51.6%, p =.007), the number of packed red blood cell units (3 vs. 1.6, p =0.0004), and the number of cryoprecipitate units (2.4 vs. 1.2, p =.04) transfused after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Among clopidogrel recipients, a trend for increased transfusion of platelet units (4.3 vs. 1.7, p =.05) and fresh frozen plasma units (1.1 vs. 0.6, p =.08) also was found. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative use of clopidogrel in combination with aspirin is associated with increased need for surgical reexploration as well as risk of packed red blood cell and cryoprecipitate transfusions after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.     

Transfusion‐related Epstein‐Barr virus infection among stem cell transplant recipients: a retrospective cohort study in children

BACKGROUND: Blood safety warrants strict screening measures to minimize the risk of transmitting blood‐borne pathogens. However, transfusion‐transmitted infections for which testing is not currently performed continue to be a concern. Among these untested agents is Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) which, in the transplant setting, is associated with lymphoproliferative disease, a potentially fatal cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of posttransplant EBV infection and its association with administration of blood products in children receiving a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) graft. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study sought to review charts of pediatric recipients of HSC grafts to collect information on the presence of EBV antibodies in the recipients' pretransplant sera and in HSC donor sera, incidence of posttransplant EBV infection, and patients' transfusion history. Cumulative incidence of posttransplant EBV infection was estimated by Kaplan‐Meier methods according to pretransplant serology. The association between blood products and EBV infection was measured by Cox regression models. RESULTS: The pretransplant EBV seroprevalence was 77.9% for recipients and 61.8% for graft donors. Virtually, all recipients received blood products during the peritransplant period. Among seronegative recipients, the 30‐ and 60‐day cumulative incidences of posttransplant EBV infection were 4.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2‐17.3) and 13.4% (95% CI, 5.8%‐29.4%), respectively. The 60‐day cumulative incidence was 8.3% (95% CI, 2.2%‐29.4%) when restricting the analysis to seronegative recipients of cord blood grafts. Importantly, there was a clear positive trend associating EBV infection to transfusion volume. CONCLUSION: This study suggests an association between transfusions and posttransplant EBV infection in HSC transplant recipients.     

Clinically significant anti‐A1 in a presumed ABO‐identical hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient: a case report

BACKGROUND: Subgroups of the blood group A (ABO) are generally not considered ABO incompatible for hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplant. CASE REPORT: A 54‐year‐old female presented for HPC transplantation for acute leukemia. No HLA‐matched donor was identified, so she received a peripheral blood stem cell graft from an HLA‐mismatched unrelated donor. On pretransplant testing, both the donor and the recipient typed as blood group A. On Day +67 after transplant, the recipient had a transfusion reaction consisting of an increase in temperature, rigors, and shaking chills during infusion of a unit of group A red blood cells (RBCs). A transfusion reaction workup revealed an ABO discrepancy with both anti‐A (1+) and anti‐B (3+) identified in the patient's serum as well as a positive direct antiglobulin test with monoclonal anti‐IgG antisera. Anti‐A₁ were identified serologically and in an eluate. Hemolysis was clinically significant, requiring blood transfusion. No ABO typing discrepancies were found on pretransplant testing in either the recipient or the donor. DNA sequencing for blood group A subgroups performed after the transfusion reaction on blood collected before the transplant showed the donor to be type A₁ and the recipient as A₂. Unfortunately, the patient experienced graft failure requiring reconditioning and reinfusion of additional cells from the original HPC donor. On Day +94 after the second transplant, the patient died with severe acute gastrointestinal graft‐versus‐host disease. CONCLUSION: This report describes a blood group A₂ patient who developed an anti‐A₁ causing clinically significant hemolysis after HPC transplant from an A₁ donor.     

Comparison of a transfusion preparation of newly formed red cells and standard washed red cell transfusions in patients with homozygous beta- thalassemia

BACKGROUND: Previous studies of transfusions of newly formed red cells (neocytes) demonstrated modest extensions of transfusion interval in patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The clinical benefits of a new system of neocyte preparation (Neocel, Cutter Biological, Berkeley, CA), reported to combine ease of preparation with reduction in the transfusion requirements of thalassemia patients, were evaluated. Sixteen thalassemic patients who had undergone splenectomy received eight consecutive, standard, automated, washed red cell transfusions (standard transfusions), followed by eight transfusions with the neocyte preparation (neocyte transfusions). In each arm of the study, mean pretransfusion hemoglobin and mean red cell mass transfused were carefully controlled and were similar. RESULTS: A significant (p < 0.0001) extension of transfusion interval was observed in patients receiving neocyte transfusions (mean +/− SD; 38.7 +/− 34 days; range, 35.0-44.5), over that in those receiving standard transfusions (32.9 +/− 2.5 days; range, 29.6-38.5). The mean prolongation of transfusion interval by neocyte transfusion corresponded to a mean reduction of 25 mL in packed red cells transfused per kg of body weight per patient per year and a mean reduction in transfused iron of 15 percent per year per patient. During neocyte transfusions, blood preparation costs were considerably increased and donor exposure was significantly (p < 0.0005) higher than during the standard transfusion period. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that extension of the transfusion interval, and reduction in transfused iron, may be achieved in thalassemic patients by use of the Neocel system. These benefits are achieved, however, with substantial increases in donor exposure and in component preparation costs.     

Transfusion challenges in hematology oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplant – Literature review and local experience

Transfusion medicine plays a vital role in the supportive care of patients receiving therapy for hematology, oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT). With advances in therapy with more intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, patients usually develop cytopenias and need frequent transfusion support with packed red blood cells, granulocyte transfusion or platelets to support them until they recover from the effect of therapy. HSCT poses unique challenges for transfusion medicine, since transplant recipients may require substantial transfusion support due to cytopenias associated with toxic medications, decreased marrow reserve, infection or their malignancy. Transfusion support has many complications, mainly immune mediated and infectious complications. Jehovah's Witness patients deny transfusions of blood products as a therapeutic option and, consequently, management of their disease with chemotherapy and stem cell transplant after myeloablative therapy is quite challenging. This review describes the challenges of transfusion support in managing hemato-oncology and stem cell transplant patients and highlights a local experience in transplanting two Jehovah's Witness patients.     

Lung transplantation complicated by graft-versus-host disease and confounded by incidental transfusion-associated macrochimerism

BACKGROUND: Passenger lymphocyte–mediated graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) in solid organ transplantation (SOT‐GVHD) is considered a rare complication, particularly among recipients of lung allografts. The risk of transfusion‐associated GVHD (TA‐GVHD) in solid organ transplants is also considered rare. The suspicion of either may be heralded by signs and symptoms of GVHD in the company of a population of passenger lymphocytes in excess of 1 percent (microchimerism). This case report illustrates the challenge of a patient who presented with macrochimerism both from the lung transplant allograft and from transfusions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Chimerism assessments of the pre‐ and posttransplant donor lung, and the recipient's aplastic marrow, were made using DNA‐based polymerase chain reaction testing. RESULTS: Macrochimerism was observed in both the posttransplant aplastic host marrow and the engrafted donor lung, with the former predominantly consisting of lung donor lymphocytes and the latter a mixture of lung and presumably transfusion source donor lymphocytes. The pretransplant donor lung exhibited no GVHD‐like pathology. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates SOT‐GVHD, with the unusual feature of concomitant macrochimerism from transfusions. SOT‐GVHD likely predisposed this patient to the observed transfusion‐associated macrochimerism. However, the dissociation between transfusion‐attributable macrochimerism and attributable pathology is intriguing. Furthermore, the risk spectrum of transfusion‐associated macrochimerism and TA‐GVHD in solid organ transplant recipients with and without the complication of SOT‐GVHD is unknown and warrants further study.     

Factors associated with the avoidance of red blood cell transfusion after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is required frequently for most patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). RBC transfusion, however, can be associated with adverse events including transfusion reactions, acquiring transmissible disease, and delayed recovery. Factors associated with avoidance of transfusion are not well documented. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data concerning RBC transfusions between Day 0 and Day +30 were analyzed for patients undergoing HSCT at a single Canadian transplant center between January 2002 and December 2007. RESULTS: Of 555 patients undergoing HSCT with complete RBC transfusion data, 59 patients (10.6%) did not require RBC transfusion in the first 30 days after HSCT. Univariate analysis showed no significant difference in age, graft source, donor type, or conditioning regimen between transfused and nontransfused patients. Factors that were significantly associated with avoidance of transfusion included male sex (p = 0.0013), diagnosis, specifically plasma cell dyscrasias (p < 0.0001), early‐stage disease (p = 0.006), and higher baseline hemoglobin (Hb) at time of transplant (p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, higher pretransplant Hb, male sex, and early‐stage disease remained significantly associated with avoidance of RBC transfusion. Pretransplant Hb correlated inversely with the number of RBC transfusions (r = ?0.89). CONCLUSION: Increased pretransplant Hb, male sex, and early‐stage disease are associated with avoidance of RBC transfusion after HSCT. Interventions aimed at improving pretransplant Hb levels require further study.     

Prolonged renal graft survival after repeated blood transfusions (author's transl)]

In order to investigate the influence of pretransplant blood transfusions on renal graft survival, the results in 43 recipients with 10 or more transfusion (group A) were compared with those in 48 recipients with less than 10 or no transfusions (group B). In both groups cadaveric kidneys with mainly 3 or more mismatched histocompatibility antigens were transplanted. The incidence of preformed cytotoxic antibodies was similar in both groups (25.6% and 22.9%, respectively). The cumulative renal graft survival rate was significantly higher in the poly-transfused group: 85.6% +/- 6.1% and 73.4 +/- 7.9% after 1 and 2 years, respectively, in group A in comparison with 73.9 +/- 6.6% and 63.3 +/- 8.1% after 1 and 2 years respectively, in group B (Wilcoxon rank sum test: p less than 0.05). Severe renal rejection with a serum creatinine above 3 mg/100 ml was more frequently observed in group B than in group A. Enhancement due to blocking antibodies must be assumed as a possible explanation for the favourable effect of repeated pretransplant transfusions on graft survival rates.     

Transfusion-related leukocytosis in critically ill patients

OBJECTIVE: We observed that many critically ill patients developed leukocytosis following blood transfusions. To validate this observation and to explore a possible mechanism, a prospective study was designed. DESIGN: Prospective, non-interventional study. SETTING: Surgical/medical intensive care unit in a university-affiliated community hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients who required packed red blood cells transfusion. INTERVENTIONS: White blood cell count (mean +/- SD) x 10(9)/L before and 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hrs following transfusion of non-filtered packed red cells was measured in 96 patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Twenty patients were septic at the time of transfusion, whereas 76 were not. The incidence of post-transfusion leukocytosis in septic vs. nonseptic patients was 15% vs. 76%, respectively (p <.001). The white blood cell count in nonseptic patients increased from 14.3 +/- 4.8 before transfusion to 19.5 +/- 7.0 2 hrs following transfusion (p <.001) and returned to baseline in 24 hrs. In the septic group, no significant post-transfusion leukocytosis occurred. In 11 nonseptic patients requiring more than one unit of packed red cells, a significant increase in mean white blood cell count occurred 2 hrs after transfusion with non-filtered packed red cells, whereas transfusion with pre-storage-filtered packed red cells did not result in such an increase. Interleukin-8 concentrations (pg/mL) in stored non-filtered packed red cells were significantly higher after 4 wks of storage (745.5 +/- 710, p =.02) than at weeks 1 (61.2 +/- 21.6) and 2 (59.3 +/- 29). In the last 16 nonseptic patients, the units of non-filtered packed red cells were assayed for interleukin-8 immediately before transfusion. Interleukin-8 concentrations were higher in units that caused leukocytosis in the recipients compared with those that did not (408.4 +/- 202 vs. 65.1 +/- 49, p =.02). CONCLUSIONS: Transfusion of non-filtered packed red cells, but not of pre-storage-filtered packed red cells, may frequently cause an acute and transient leukocytosis in critically ill nonseptic patients. Interleukin-8 accumulating in stored non-filtered packed red cells may play a role in this phenomenon. Recognition of post packed red cell transfusion leukocytosis may avoid unnecessary investigations and therapies in false suspicion of sepsis.     

Packed red blood cell transfusion in the intensive care unit: limitations and consequences.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on the limitations and consequences of packed red blood cell transfusions, with particular attention to critically ill patients. METHODS: The PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine was searched to find published articles on the indications, clinical utility, limitations, and consequences of red blood cell transfusion, especially in critically ill patients. RESULTS: Several dozen papers were reviewed, including case series, meta-analyses, and retrospective and prospective studies evaluating the physiological effects, clinical efficacy, and consequences and complications of transfusion of packed red blood cells. Most available data indicate that packed red blood cells have a very limited ability to augment oxygen delivery to tissues. In addition, the overwhelming preponderance of data accumulated in the past decade indicate that patients receiving such transfusions have significantly poorer outcomes than do patients not receiving such transfusions, as measured by a variety of parameters including, but not limited to, death and infection. CONCLUSIONS: According to the available data, transfusion of packed red blood cells should be reserved only for situations in which clear physiological indicators for transfusion are present.     

Transfusion-related acute lung injury caused by two donors with anti-human leucocyte antigen class II antibodies: a look-back investigation

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is considered as one of the most important complications of blood transfusion. Previous look-back investigations have revealed unrecognized cases. We report two cases of TRALI in brief and the outcomes of transfusion in the recipients of previous components from the implicated donors. This look-back investigation was a retrospective case-note study assessing whether there were any untoward events associated with the previous transfusions. 18 patients were identified as having received a blood component transfusion from one of the two donors with anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies to antigens occurring frequently in the local population. One of the five patients receiving a unit of fresh frozen plasma had an evidence of TRALI, which was not diagnosed at the time. A second patient, who had been HLA typed and who carried a full match of antigens for the antibody specificities of the plasma received, had no evidence of a reaction. There were no documented reactions in 13 recipients of red cells in optimal additive (OA) solution. Cases of TRALI may go unrecognized. Not all patients with antibody/antigen concordance will develop clinical signs. Red cells in OA solution from donors with anti-HLA antibodies appear to have a low risk of causing clinically evident lung damage.     

Effect of HLA-DR matching between living kidney donors and recipients and of pretransplant blood transfusions on graft survival

The effect of HLA-DR matching between living kidney donors and related recipients on 1-year graft survival was examined in 35 transplant recipients excluding 2-haplotype identical siblings. All 11 DR-compatible grafts survived 1 year; 7 of 24 DR-incompatible grafts ceased to function within 1 year (p less than 0.05). Among 24 DR-incompatible recipients, 6 of 11 who had preoperatively been transfused with less than 1000 ml blood lost their graft function. On the other hand, 12 of 13 who had received at least 1200 ml blood maintained their graft function beyond 1 year (p less than 0.05). All DR-compatible recipients received pretransplant blood transfusions and all produced anti-DR antibodies against random panel B cells after transplantation, but not against the graft donor's B lymphocytes. The anti-DR antibodies disappeared within 3 months. In recipients whose sera broadly reacted to random panel B cells at 1 years after transplantation, only 4 of 10 grafts survived. In recipients whose sera had lost their anti-DR reactivity within 1 year, all 20 grafts survived (p less than 0.05).     

Case management of the anemic patient. Epoetin alfa: focus on renal transplantation

Candidates for kidney transplant are susceptible to a variety of problems related to blood transfusions, including sensitization and infection. Because of delayed graft function or rejection, these problems often persist after transplantation. Epoetin alfa therapy offers a method of maintaining the red cell count while avoiding the risks of transfusion.     

人类白细胞抗原配型及其抗体监测在亲属活体供肾移植中的应用

背景:人类白细胞抗原(HLA)配型是影响肾移植效果的重要因素,其抗体检测有助于筛查术前致敏者.目的:探讨人类白细胞抗原配型联合抗人类白细胞抗原抗体监测在亲属活体供肾移植中的应用价值.设计、时间及地点:单一样本观察,病例回顾性分析,于2004-02/2007-09在中山大学附属第一医院完成.对象:选择同期中山大学附属第一医院行亲属活体供肾者、首次肾移植者66例,供者男27例,女39例,年龄19～66岁;受者男50例,女16例.方法:采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应法测定拟行亲属活体肾移植的供、受者人类白细胞抗原A,B,DR抗原分型,采用补体依赖微量细胞毒性试验于术前行交叉配型.采用甲泼尼龙联合抗CD25单克隆抗体或抗胸腺细胞球蛋白于术中和术后早期作免疫诱导治疗,采用以环孢素A或他克莫司为主联合吗替麦考酚酯和泼尼松的三联方案作维持性免疫抑制治疗.主要观察指标:采用酶联免疫吸附法筛查和监测受体的群体反应性抗体;检测肾移植效果及不同免疫抑制方案患者急性排斥情况.结果:66例亲属活体供肾移植中,供受者人类白细胞抗原A,B,DR配型错配数分别为0～3个60例,4～6个6例.在0～3错配数受体中,术后3例(5%)发生移植肾功能延迟恢复,4例(7%)发生急性排斥.在4～6错配数受体中,术后1例(17%)移植肾功能延迟恢复、2例(33%)急性排斥.人类白细胞抗原0～3错配数和4～6错配数两组比较,其移植肾功能延迟恢复和急性排斥发生率差异均有显著性意义(P＜0.05).不同免疫抑制治疗方案对移植肾功能延迟恢复和急性排斥发生率无显著影响(P＞0.05).所有急性排斥患者经甲泼尼龙和/或抗胸腺细胞球蛋白等治疗后逆转.对3例术前预致敏受者术后定期监测群体反应性抗体变化:1例群体反应性抗体水平无明显变化,移植肾功能顺利恢复;2例术前经血浆置换后转阴或自然转阴,术后发生急性排斥,经甲泼尼龙、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白等治疗后逆转.结论:亲属活体供肾组织配型中,人类白细胞抗原配型与肾移植术后急性排斥、移植肾功能延迟恢复等相关.术前组织配型及抗人类白细胞抗原抗体动态监测对于亲属活体供肾移植特别是预致敏受者很重要.     

White blood cell inactivation after treatment with riboflavin and ultraviolet light

Functional white blood cells (WBCs) in blood components may be responsible for a number of adverse transfusion effects, including transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease (TA‐GVHD), alloimmunization, and alloimmune platelet (PLT) refractoriness. TA‐GVHD occurs when functional lymphocytes are transfused into a patient who is unable to mount an immune response to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) due to HLA compatibility or immunosuppression. Alloantibodies against HLA antigens on donor WBCs and PLTs are the major cause of refractoriness to PLT transfusions in patients receiving repeated blood transfusions. Attempts to reduce these undesirable effects have included leukoreduction filters and gamma irradiation. Studies have shown that exposure of PLT concentrates to riboflavin and light (Mirasol pathogen reduction technology [PRT], CaridianBCT Biotechnologies) causes irreparable modifications of nucleic acids that result in inactivation of a wide range of pathogens as well as inhibition of the immunologic responses mediated by WBCs present in PLT concentrates. This article summarizes these studies and also reports on additional findings from the Trial to Reduce Alloimmunization to Platelets (TRAP) and Mirasol Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE) trials. Data from in vitro studies and this clinical trial suggest that PRT treatment may be as effective as gamma irradiation in preventing TA‐GVHD and more effective than leukoreduction in preventing alloimmunization.     

The natural history of alloimmunization to platelets

Sixty-three patients have provided evidence that platelets are highly immunogenic even in recipients of potentially immunosuppressive therapy for malignant diseases. Approximately 70 per cent of patients who receive repeated transfusions of platelets from random donors over a prolonged period can be expected to develop lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Antibodies became detectable in one patient ten days after his first exposure to HLA antigens in the form of platelet concentrates, and as early as four days in two patients with prior exposure to HLA antigens. In the most heavily immunized patients, the presence of antibody correlated with poor increments of platelets after transfusion. Patients with prior exposure to HLA antigens are more likely to have antibodies resulting in poor platelet survival. On the other hand, 30 per cent of recipients of repeated platelet transfusions show no tendency to form cytotoxic antibodies.     

Prevention of adverse reactions to blood transfusion by the administration of saline-washed red blood cells

We prospectively compared the incidence of complications following saline-washed versus packed red blood cell transfusions, to determine whether routine use of washed red blood cells could reduce significantly the incidence of transfusion reactions. Clinical reports of reactions were evaluated carefully to confirm whether the reaction was caused by transfusion. In 3,799 washed red blood cell transfusions, there were eight confirmed reactions (0.21%). Of 6,359 packed red blood cell transfusions, 31 reactions occurred (0.49%). The difference in incidence of confirmed complications was statistically significant (p less than 0.03). Administration of washed red blood cells to all patients requiring transfusions can thus be seen to reduce significantly the incidence of adverse reactions. This is likely the result of the removal of leukocytes and plasma achieved by the washing process. The increased safety of washed red blood cells must be weighed against their extra expense to determine their cost-effectiveness in transfusion therapy.     

Hemotherapy in patients undergoing blood group incompatible bone marrow transplantation

The management of hemotherapy in 31 cases of ABO- or Rh-incompatible bone marrow transplantation is described. Our experience confirms that ABO or Rh incompatibility does not adversely affect engraftment, patient survival, or incidence of graft-versus-host disease. Eighteen recipients with ABO antibodies against the donors' red cells (major incompatibility) were managed by different combinations of plasma exchange, transfusion of incompatible donor type red cells, and removal of donor-type red cells from the bone marrow before transplant. The only serious complication was delayed hemolysis in seven of nine patients who received incompatible red cell transfusions before transplant. Thirteen patients received bone marrow containing ABO antibodies against their red cells (minor incompatibility). Five were managed by centrifuging the bone marrow to remove plasma and reduce the amount of antibody. This did not cause substantial loss of stem cell activity (60-100% of original marrow), and no patients had complications related to the marrow transfusion. In contrast, two of seven patients who received uncentrifuged bone experienced hemolysis. Two of four Rh positive recipients who received marrow from an Rh negative donor developed anti-D, possibly due to Rh positive blood components transfused after transplantation. None of eight Rh negative patients who received an Rh positive transplant has developed anti-D. Blood components should be selected to avoid transfusion of incompatible red cells and to avoid transfusion of a large amount of incompatible plasma. This may necessitate use of plasma components of a different ABO type than the red cell components.     

群体反应性抗体检测对肾移植患者的临床意义

目的:了解肾移植受者的HLA体液致敏状态,筛选合适供者及通过PRA变化早期诊断急性排斥。方法:通过微量补体依赖淋巴细胞毒试验检测269例患者的群体反应性抗体(PRA)。结果:肾移植受者中PRA阳性受者移植后排斥反应发生率明显高于非致敏受者(P<0.001),移植后PRA水平升高组的排斥发生率显著高于PRA无变化组(P<0.001)。结论:PRA是预测受者致敏状态的一个敏感指标,对临床筛选合适供者,减少排斥反应,提高移植物存活率及早期诊断排斥具有重要意义。