冠心病合并外周动脉硬化病变的联合介入治疗

目的探讨冠心病合并外周动脉粥样硬化病变的患者行冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)和外周动脉介入治疗(percutaneous peripheral intervention,PPI)联合应用的策略、近期疗效和安全性。方法2000年1月～2007年1月接受联合介入治疗的冠心病合并外周动脉粥样硬化病变的住院患者141例,根据患者临床和病变严重程度及耐受程度同次或分次完成PCI和PPI。术前、术后常规用抗血小板药、控制糖尿病药、抗高血压药并常规长期服用他汀类药。结果141例患者中多支冠状动脉病变90例(占63.8%);共对225支靶冠状动脉的264处靶病变行PCI,冠状动脉靶病变狭窄88%±11%,共植入冠状动脉支架289枚,每例1～4枚。PCI即刻成功率100%,术后心绞痛完全缓解率98.6%(139/141,仅2例术后有轻微心绞痛)。合并2～3处外周动脉粥样硬化靶病变45例(占31.9%),外周动脉靶病变狭窄85%±10%。PPI共治疗靶血管189支,共植入189枚外周动脉支架,每例1～2枚。54例与PCI同台完成PPI(占38.3%),PPI即刻成功率为100%,外周动脉病变患者术前存在的相关缺血临床表现完全缓解。介入手术相关并发症发生率为2.8%(4/141,PCI术中冠状动脉螺旋撕裂1例、股动脉穿刺局部较大血肿1例、假性动脉瘤1例、肾周围血肿1例,均处理成功);术后一过性肾功能改变3例,经治疗恢复正常。无死亡、急性心肌梗死、肾功能不全等发生。结论冠心病合并外周动脉粥样硬化病变患者其病变以多支、多处居多,提示其全身性动脉粥样硬化病变的严重性和不良的预后,单行PCI或PPI不能明显改善其生活质量;联合行PCI和PPI安全可行,近期疗效好,并发症发生率低;PCI和PPI可同次或分次完成,但首次介入治疗应完成主要罪犯冠状动脉的PCI,以保证患者安全并提高对PPI治疗的耐受性。     

冠心病合并外周动脉粥样硬化病变联合介入治疗的疗效评价

目的探讨冠心病合并外周动脉粥样硬化病变的患者行冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）和外周动脉介入治疗（PPI）联合介入治疗的疗效和安全性。方法 2000年1月—2009年12月共284例接受联合介入治疗的冠心病合并外周动脉粥样硬化病变的住院患者,根据患者临床和病变严重程度及耐受程度同次或分次完成PCI和PPI。观察介入治疗手术相关并发症,住院期及随访期死亡及其死因、主要不良心脏事件率、血管造影复查再狭窄率等。结果 284例患者中≥2支冠状动脉病变180例（占63.4%）,靶病变平均狭窄（85.0±10.9）%,共对459支靶冠状动脉的484处靶病变行PCI,共置入585枚冠状动脉支架,平均（2.06±0.83）枚/人。PCI即刻成功率100%,术后心绞痛完全缓解率99.3%（282/284）。合并2～3处外周动脉粥样硬化靶病变78例（占27.5%）。PPI靶病变平均狭窄（85.0±10.5）%,共治疗靶病变372处,共置入449枚外周动脉支架,平均（1.58±0.52）枚/人。204例与PCI同台完成PPI（占71.8%）,PPI即刻成功率为99.7%,成功患者外周动脉病变患者术前存在的相关缺血临床表现完全缓解。介入手术相关并发症发生率为2.1%（6/284）,1例PCI术中冠脉螺旋撕裂、股动脉穿刺局部较大血肿1例、假性动脉瘤1例、肾周围血肿1例,对比剂肾病2例,均经治疗恢复正常）。住院期间无死亡、急性心肌梗死、支架内血栓形成、严重肾功不全等发生。平均随访（58±46）个月,随访率98.6%（280/284）,血管造影复查率63.9%（179/280）,冠状动脉造影复查再狭窄率1.1%（2/179）,外周动脉造影复查再狭窄率9.5%（17/179）,全因死亡率为3.6%（10/280）,心源性死亡率为1.4%（4/280）,主要不良心脏事件率为2.5%（7/280）。无支架内血栓形成、严重肾功不全、截肢及行外科血管旁路移植术患者。结论冠心病合并外周动脉粥样硬化病变患者,单行PCI或PPI不能明显改善其生活质量。联合行PCI和PPI安全可行,近、远期疗效好,并发症发生率低。PCI和PPI可同次或分次完成,但首次介入治疗应完成主要罪犯冠状动脉的PCI,以保证患者安全并提高对PPI治疗的耐受性。     

2型糖尿病周围血管病变与冠心病的危险因素及相互关系初探

将116例T2DM患者分为无血管病变组、单纯外周血管病变组、外周血管合并冠心病组,以空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白、病程、性别、年龄、血压、血脂、凝血全套、D-二聚体、24小时微量白蛋白、24小时尿蛋白定量、血沉、C反应蛋白等为观察指标,探索各组间的关系。结果病程、LDL-C和收缩压与糖尿病周围血管病变的发生有关,收缩压是糖尿病周围血管病变患者并发冠心病的独立危险因素。结论糖尿病大血管并发症应早期干预,尤其是LDL-C和收缩压的控制。     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者临床表现与冠状动脉造影结果分析

目的探讨冠心病（CHD）合并2型糖尿病（NIDDM）患者的临床表现和冠状动脉病变特点。方法对80例冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者及与之配对的非糖尿病冠心病患者进行临床表现和血管造影资料对照分析。结果冠心病合并2型糖尿病组与配对组比较,有高血压病史者分别占71.5%和45.3%（P〈0.05）,有高血脂者分别占68.7%和42.2%（P〈0.05）,冠心病合并2型糖尿病组与配对组的3支病变比例分别为35.0%和12.5%（P〈0.05）,病变血管比例分别为68.3%和55.8%（P〈0.05）,弥漫性病变血管比例分别为15.0%和5.8%（P〈0.05）。两组的冠状动脉狭窄程度差异不明显（P〉0.05）。结论冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者的高血压、高血脂比例较高,其冠状动脉血管的病变特点有别于无糖尿病的冠心病患者,3支病变比例和弥漫性病变血管比例高,血管受累支数多,在对冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者的诊疗过程中要充分考虑其病变特点。     

糖尿病合并冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉腔内血管成形术术后即时疗效观察

目的　对糖尿病 (DM )合并冠心病和非DM冠心病患者的冠状动脉造影及冠状动脉腔内血管成形术 (PTCA)作对比研究。方法　从 2 0 0 0年 5月至 2 0 0 2年 1月对 2 4 3例冠心病患者进行经皮冠状动脉腔内血管成形术 (PTCA) ,其中DM患者 30例 ,非DM患者 2 13例 ,PTCA术后即刻行冠状动脉造影观察疗效。结果　DM组冠状动脉狭窄程度重 ,复杂病变多 ,多支病变比率高 (43.3% )、非DM组多支病变比率为 16 .9% ,两组有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;PTCA术后 :DM组术前平均狭窄 (91.3± 12 .6 ) % ,显著高于非DM组 (86 .7± 5 .7) % (P <0 .0 1) ,术后残余狭窄DM组为 (15 .7± 9.7) % ,非DM组为 (7.3± 3.1) % ,临床成功率无显著性差异 ,分别为 92 .3%与94 .2 %。结论　PTCA是合并DM的冠心病患者冠状动脉即时再通有效、安全的方法。     

在处理外周血管疾病中血管成形术、搭桥术及截肢术的应用

经皮腔内血管成形术已被广泛用于治疗下肢外周血管疾病。然而,此方法对外周血管疾病患者的最终疗效尚不明确。特别是,血管成形术是否能取代其他治疗外周血管疾病的方法,尚无人知。为了评价血管成形术的应用范围及下肢外周血管病外科疗法的并发改变,作者分析了马里兰州各医院自1979—1989年间所有经血管成形术、外周血管搭桥术或下肢截肢术住院病人的资料。从1979—1989年间,马里兰州的居民中,每年因下肢外周血管疾病接受经皮腔内血管成形术的比率,经年龄及性别校正后,从1/100000增至 24/100000     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者的冠状动脉造影特点

目的　探讨冠心病合并 2型糖尿病 (T2 DM)患者的冠状动脉造影特点。方法　对 10 7例冠心病合并 T2 DM及6 77例非糖尿病冠心病患者冠状动脉造影资料进行统计分析。结果　冠心病合并 T2 DM患者的冠状动脉造影结果显示 ,多枝病变多于单枝、受累血管数目较多、左主干受累、弥漫性病变病例多见 ,均显著高于非糖尿病冠心病患者(P<0 .0 5 )。闭塞血管数目在糖尿病患者也高于非糖尿病患者 ,但未达到显著统计学差异。结论　冠心病合并T2 DM患者的冠状动脉血管受累明显较非糖尿病冠心病患者严重且病变更为弥漫     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者临床及冠状动脉造影对比分析

目的:探讨冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者临床表现和冠状动脉造影的特点。方法:回顾性分析126例冠心病患者,其中合并糖尿病者65例,不合并糖尿病者61例。对其临床表现和血管造影资料进行对比分析。结果:冠心病合并2型糖尿病组高血压、高血脂、无痛性心肌缺血及心肌梗死的发生率明显升高,冠状动脉病变严重,呈多支、严重弥散性病变。结论:冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者的高血压、高血脂发生率高,冠状动脉病变程度重。在临床上治疗冠心病的同时,应充分考虑其特点,对冠心病的发展及预后有重大意义。     

糖尿病合并冠心病患者的冠脉造影分析

目的 旨在观察２型糖尿病合并冠心病患者的冠脉病变情况。方法 应用ＪＵＤＫＩＮＳ方法对６６例２型糖尿病合并冠心病患者进行冠脉造影检查,并与６６例年龄,性别配对的非糖尿病冠心病患者比较。结果 ２型糖尿病患者的冠脉病变多数是三支血管病变,其病变弥漫,且数目多;并且糖尿病的病程越长,越易发生多支血管病变,造成治疗上的困难。结论２型糖尿病的及早预防,合理有效的治疗对冠心病的防治甚为重要。     

2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点的临床研究分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点。方法回顾性分析2009年2月—2012年1月在该院接受治疗的2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者229例,随机选择同期冠状动脉造影无2型糖尿病的冠心病患者793例,分析患者的临床资料及造影结果。结果经比较,DM组患者的心血管高危因素明显多于对照组,其中危险因素包括女性吸烟率、血清三酰甘油异常等,且无症状心肌缺血者比例较大。DM组和对照组的冠状动脉血管病变支数构成、病变类型构成差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者冠状动脉病变血管构成差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论糖尿病合并冠心病患者的冠状动脉病变的发生率比较高,这与单纯的糖尿病患者具有较大差异,患者由于病变在小血管中分布比较广,使得患者的病变非常的复杂。     

Experience of the Management of Ventricular Tachycardia by Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

Three patients with ischemic heart disease in whom ventricular arrhythmia was thought to be the consequence of acute myocardial ischemia underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. This approach was not consistently successful. The mechanisms of ventricular tachyarrhythmia in ischemic heart disease and the rationale for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmia by revascularization remain unclear. The role of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty needs to be defined in this context.     

Invasive treatment for coronary artery disease in the elderly

The widespread availability of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty presents important treatment options for the older patient. The findings from a number of surgical series of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty are summarized. Certain trends are evident. Perioperative mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, and other complications, while declining, remain somewhat higher in elderly patients. However, the impact of age alone is slight. In both coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, complications are more closely correlated with the presence of serious concomitant disease. Long-term survival and pain relief after coronary artery bypass grafting are excellent in older patients, and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty may be the treatment of choice in some elderly patients with coronary artery disease. As in younger patients, prolongation of survival should not be the exclusive goal. Rather, a focus on quality of life and freedom from dependency should be seriously considered.     

经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术对冠心病患者血和尿内皮素的影响

为调查冠心病和内皮素之间存在的联系，并评价经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术过程中各种刺激因素对内皮素水平的影响，观察了15名采取经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术成功的患者股动脉血及尿液的内皮素水平，并与10名健康人作对照。结果发现冠心病患者血、尿基础内皮素值高于正常（P＜0．01）。经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术后股动脉血中内皮素水平无显著增加，尿中内皮素水平却增加3～6倍（P＜0．01），且持续24h以上。收缩期主动脉压力与尿中基础内皮素水平呈正相关（r=0．87，P＜0．01，n=15）。结果表明冠状动脉粥样硬化时内皮素水平高于正常。经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术过程中的血管损伤引起水后内皮素释放，尿内皮素值能较敏感地反映出经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术后内皮素的增加。     

Induction of myocardial neoangiogenesis by human growth factors. A new therapeutic approach in coronary heart disease

Currently available approaches for treating human coronary heart disease aim to relieve symptoms and the risk of myocardial infarction either by reducing myocardial oxygen demand, preventing further disease progression, restoring coronary blood flow pharmacologically or mechanically, or bypassing the stenotic lesions and obstructed coronary artery segments. Gene therapy, especially using angiogenic growth factors, has emerged recently as a potential new treatment for cardiovascular disease. Following extensive experimental research on angiogenic growth factors, the first clinical studies on patients with coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular lesions have been performed. The polypeptides fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appear to be particularly effective in initiating neovascularization (neoangiogenesis) in hypoxic or ischemic tissues. The first clinical study on patients with coronary heart disease treated by local intramyocardial injection of FGF-1 showed a 3-fold increase of capillary density mediated by the growth factor. Also, angiogenic growth factor injection intramyocardially as sole therapy for end-stage coronary disease showed an improvement of myocardial perfusion in the target areas as well as a reduction of symptoms and an increase in working capacity. Angiogenic therapy of the human myocardium introduces a new modality of treatment for coronary heart disease in terms of regulation of blood vessel growth. Beyond drug therapy, angioplasty and bypass surgery, this new approach may evolve into a fourth principle of treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.     

Radiation-induced coronary artery disease

Radiation-induced heart disease must be considered in any patient with cardiac symptomatology who had prior mediastinal irradiation. Radiation can affect all the structures in the heart, including the pericardium, the myocardium, the valves and the conduction system. In addition to these pathologies, coronary artery disease following mediastinal radiotherapy is the most actual cardiac pathology as it may cause cardiac emergencies requiring interventional cardiological or surgical interventions. Case A 36-year-old man was admitted to the clinic with unstable angina pectoris of one month duration. The patient had no coronary artery disease risk factor. The history of the patient revealed that he had mediastinal radiotherapy due to Hodgkin's disease at 10-year of age. Coronary arteriography showed total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery and 70% stenosis of the proximal right coronary artery. Both arteries are dilated with placement of two stents. Control coronary arteriography at the end of the first year showed patency of both stents and the patient is free of symptoms. Previous radiotherapy to the mediastinum should be considered as a risk factor for the development of premature coronary artery disease. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with stent placement or surgical revascularization are the preferred methods of treatment. Preoperative assessment of internal thoracic arteries should be considered prior to surgery. As the radiation therapy is currently the standard treatment for a number of mediastinal malignancies, routine screening of these patients and optimal cardiac prevention during radiotherapy are the only ways to minimize the incidence of radiation-induced heart disease.     

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Its potential impact on surgery for coronary artery disease

The potential impact of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty on surgery for angina pectoris was evaluated in 500 consecutive patients referred because of intractable symptoms. A positive lesion, that is, one appropriate for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, was defined as proximal, discrete, segmental, subtotal, noncalcific and stenotic. Significant disease was observed in 1,079 major coronary arteries, of which 9.4 percent were not appropriate for bypass surgery. Positive lesions were observed in 115 arteries (10.7 percent); these were in the left anterior descending artery in 60; in the right coronary artery in 37 and in the left circumflex artery in 18 cases. Main left coronary artery disease was present in 31 patients with six lesions appropriate for coronary angioplasty. Of these six patients none had isolated left main coronary artery disease. Operable coronary lesions were noted in 474 patients of whom 105 (22 percent) had positive lesions appropriate for angioplasty. The age of patients with such lesions was not significantly different from that of the remaining patients. However, the duration of clinical heart disease was significantly (p <0.01) shorter in those with positive lesions, with the frequency of such lesions inversely related to duration of disease, and myocardial infarction was less frequent in those with angioplastic lesions (28.6 versus 43.5 percent, p <0.01). An ideal patient for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was defined as one with a positive lesion in all operable coronary arteries. Thus, 40 patients were considered ideal for this procedure and represented 8.4 percent of operable candidates. Thirty patients had single vessel disease (of the left anterior descending artery in 19, the right coronary artery in 8 and the circumflex artery in 3) and 10 had disease of two vessels. No patient with triple or left main coronary artery disease was ideally suited for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The only factor that distinguished the patient ideally suited for angioplasty from the remaining patients was a shorter duration (2.0 versus 4.1 years) of clinical disease (p <0.01) and a lesser frequency (15 versus 43 percent) of myocardial infarction (p <0.01). Seven additional patients were noted as being less ideal for coronary angioplasty, but still potential candidates. It is concluded that percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty may play a role in only 8 to 10 percent of patients with angina pectoris.     

Trends in coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality and acute coronary care and case fatality from 1985-1989 in southern Germany and south-western France: Results from the MONICA Projects in Augsburg and Toulouse

BACKGROUND: Although it has been shown that coronary heart disease mortalityrates are decreasing in industrialized countries, little isknown about time trends in coronary heart disease incidence.Further, although a number of randomized clinical trials haveshown that percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty andthrombolysis improve survival of acute myocardial infarctionpatients, it is not known if widespread use of these therapeuticprocedures has contributed to a decrease in in-hospital casefatality on a population basis. METHODS: The change over time of coronary heart disease attack, incidenceand mortality rates was assessed in men and women (35 to 64years) using data collected between 1985 and 1989 by the Augsburg(Germany) and Toulouse (France) MONICA Centres. Acute coronarycare and 28-day case fatality for hospitalized 24-h survivorswere also assessed. RESULTS: Men and women from Augsburg had higher age-standarized attack,incidence and mortality rates than their Toulouse counterparts.In both centres, attack, incidence and mortality rates declinedin men, but increased in women. Patients in Toulouse receivedmore percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and thrombolysisand had lower 28-day case fatality than patients in Augsburg.The therapeutic procedures, percutaneous transluminal coronaryangioplasty and thrombolysis increased in both centres; however,only in Toulouse was this increase associated with a decrease(non significant) in 28-day hospital case fatality. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in morbidity and mortality rates of coronary heartdisease in women stresses the need for preventive measures inthis group. The absence of a favourable effect of acute coronarycare on 28-day fatality for hospitalized 24-h survivors in theAugsburg centre will be further investigated.     

The use of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was implemented in 11 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 1 patient with unstable angina. All patients had severe multivessel coronary artery disease. In 9 patients counterpulsation was used in conjunction with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, in 3 - with thrombolytic therapy. During hospitalization 2 patients died of progressing heart failure, while significant improvement of hemodynamic parameters occurred in other patients. Thus intraaortic balloon counterpulsation used in combination with angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy is an easily accessible highly effective method of treatment of cardiogenic shock in patients with acute myocardial infarction     

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in left main stem coronary stenosis: a five-year appraisal

Left main stem coronary stenosis is now uniformly treated with coronary artery bypass grafting. The advent of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty has permitted a non-operative improvement in myocardial blood flow in many cases of single- and multi-vessel coronary atherosclerosis. The use of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in left main stem coronary stenosis has been sporadic and controversial. Twenty percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties were attempted in 19 patients as the treatment of choice for left main stem coronary stenosis in the past 66 months. The primary success rate was 95% (19/20 patients). The emergency surgery was performed only once (5%), and no death occurred secondary to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty itself. In the follow-up (mean 41 months) period, 12 patients (63%) remained in satisfactory condition with no further need for surgical intervention. Seven patients (37%) ultimately required coronary artery bypass grafting. Although coronary artery bypass grafting will remain the fundamental treatment for left main stem coronary stenosis, this series delineates those anatomic and clinical exceptions wherein percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty may be utilized as the primary therapy for left main stem coronary stenosis.     

Complex angioplasty: single versus multiple dilatations in multivessel coronary disease patients

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has become an accepted therapy in the management of selected patients with obstructive coronary disease, including selected patients with multivessel disease. This article reports the authors' experience with PTCA in patients who underwent single or multiple dilatation angioplasty, their outcome, and follow-up. It also provides an additional perspective to the multivessel coronary disease patient.