带血管的骨膜瓣和筋膜瓣联合移植治疗难治性骨不连

目的 探讨应用带血管的骨膜瓣和筋膜瓣联合包绕治疗骨不连的疗效。方法 用带血管的骨膜瓣包绕骨折端，骨膜瓣的外周再用带血管的筋膜瓣包起，临床应用63例。结果 术后3个月有大量骨痂生长。骨折线模糊；3.5-4.5个月骨折线消失，难治性骨折获得愈合。结论 应用带血管的骨膜瓣和筋膜瓣联合治疗难治性骨不连是一种有效的手术方法。     

带筋膜血管蒂桡骨骨膜骨瓣移植治疗陈旧性舟骨骨折

目的探讨带筋膜桡动脉茎突返支蒂桡骨骨膜骨瓣移植治疗陈旧性腕舟状骨骨折的临床疗效。方法切开复位，采取桡骨茎突切除加用带筋膜血管蒂骨膜骨瓣移植治疗陈旧性腕舟骨骨折15例，术后进行5～16个月随访。结果临床用骨瓣治疗舟骨骨折15例，骨瓣血供丰富，术后10～12周愈合，腕关节功能恢复正常。结论带筋膜血管蒂桡骨骨膜骨瓣是移植治疗陈旧性腕舟骨骨折及骨不连的一种可靠的方法。     

骨膜瓣移位防治骨不连

目的为预防和治疗骨不连提供一种实用方法。方法骨不连端去除硬化骨，打通髓腔，两端骨皮质表面凿成约2cm长粗糙面，骨不连间隙小于3mm者不需植骨．大于3mm者则行开槽嵌入式植骨。于骨折线的远端或近端设计一合适大小的骨膜瓣，以有较好血运的筋膜部位为蒂，其长宽比例和移位方法均参照筋膜蒂皮瓣移位术。用移位骨膜瓣将骨折线周径的2／3～3／4良好覆盖后，再将其两端与周围残存骨膜或筋膜缝合固定，对无条件形成合适骨膜瓣者，可将其骨膜行套袖状推进或于骨折线远近端各形成一短瓣交错移位。对有细小碎骨片缺失或易发骨不连部位，如胫骨下1／3、股骨髁上、肱骨干横断骨折等则不需处理髓腔，骨膜瓣移位方法相同。结果骨不连69例，易发延迟愈合及骨不连的骨折155例。经术后6个月～20年随访(平均3年)，骨不连患者全部愈合，骨折病例均未发生骨不连。结论用带筋膜蒂骨膜瓣移位覆盖骨折线方法简便实用，可有效的促进骨折愈合预防和治疗骨不连。     

带筋膜血管蒂骨膜瓣移位治疗胫骨骨不连

胫骨骨折在临床上较多见,由于滋养动脉的损伤,胫骨中下段骨折易发生骨不连.以往采取骨折端清理固定后,周围植入足量的松质骨.已有报道应用吻合血管的髂骨骨膜皮质骨瓣移植修复胫骨骨不连,取得良好的近期效果,亦有应用带胫前血管的骨膜瓣移位修复骨不连[1]、应用筋膜骨膜瓣移位及节段血供胫骨骨膜支骨膜瓣移位修复 [2].作者自 1997年 4月以来应用小腿前外侧带筋膜血管蒂骨膜瓣治疗胫骨中下段骨不连11例,现报道如下.     

带筋膜血管蒂的桡骨骨膜瓣及自体红骨髓移植治疗陈旧性腕舟骨骨折

目的探讨应用带筋膜血管蒂的桡骨骨膜瓣及自体红骨髓移植治疗腕舟骨陈旧性骨折骨不连的治疗方法。方法1998年5月～2004年12月对19例腕舟骨陈旧性骨折骨不连患者采用切开复位带桡动脉茎突返支骨膜骨瓣及自体红骨髓移植治疗，随访其疗效。结果术后19例均获随访。时间3～36个月，平均15个月；骨折愈合率为100％，愈合时间为3～4个月，腕关节功能完全恢复正常。结论用带筋膜血管蒂的桡骨骨膜瓣并自体红骨髓移植治疗陈旧性腕舟骨骨折，操作简单、成骨作用强，并有加速骨折愈合的作用。     

带血管的骨膜瓣和比目鱼肌瓣联合移植治疗骨折并骨外露软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用带血管的骨膜瓣和比目鱼肌瓣联合移植，覆盖骨折并骨外露软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 用带血管的腓骨膜瓣包绕骨折端，骨膜瓣的外周再用比目鱼肌内侧半肌瓣覆盖，修复软组织缺损。临床应用19例。结果 术后2个月有明显的骨痂生长，骨折线模糊，4～6个月骨折线消失，骨折愈合，肌瓣全部成活，仅有其中4例远端边缘小部分坏死，经换药处理，创面愈合。结论 应用带血管的骨膜瓣和比目鱼肌瓣联合移植治疗难治性骨折并骨外露软组织缺损，是一种较为有效的手术方法。     

交锁髓内钉联合骨瓣、骨膜瓣治疗四肢骨不连及骨缺损

目的 探讨应用交锁髓内钉联合带血管的骨瓣、骨膜瓣治疗四肢骨不连、骨缺损的临床效果。方法 应用交锁髓内钉联合带血管的骨瓣、骨膜瓣移植治疗四肢骨不连、骨缺损24例。全部患者得到随访，平均随访时间1．6年。其中采用带血管腓骨移植15例；带血管蒂腓骨转移2例；带血管髂骨瓣3例；带血管股骨内髁骨瓣移植1例；带血管腓骨骨膜移植4例；带血管胫骨骨膜瓣转移1例。结果 24例患者全部临床愈合，未出现感染、髓内主钉及锁钉断裂等并发症，关节功能良好。结论 应用交锁髓内钉联合带血管的骨瓣、骨膜瓣移植治疗四肢骨不连、骨缺损是一种确实有效的方法。     

带监测皮岛的胫前动脉穿支骨膜瓣在骨不连治疗中的应用

目的 探讨带监测皮岛的胫前动脉穿支骨膜瓣联合自体骨植骨治疗骨不连的临床效果. 方法 设计带监测皮岛的胫前动脉穿支血管骨膜瓣以带蒂转位和游离移植两种手术方式联合自体骨植骨治疗骨不连,其中带蒂转位治疗胫骨骨不连4例,游离移植治疗胫骨骨不连7例、治疗肱骨骨不连5例.切取骨膜瓣面积最大10.0cm×6.0cm,最小5.0cm×2.5 cm. 结果 临床共治疗骨不连患者16例,术后随访4～8个月,复查X线照片显示骨髓腔再通,骨折骨性愈合；监测皮岛一期成活14例,表层小部分坏死换药后治愈2例. 结论 带监测皮岛的胫前动脉穿支骨膜瓣联合自体骨植骨治疗骨不连临床效果良好.     

交锁髓内钉联合骨瓣、骨膜瓣治疗四肢骨不连及骨缺损

目的　探讨应用交锁髓内钉联合带血管的骨瓣、骨膜瓣治疗四肢骨不连、骨缺损的临床效果。方法　应用交锁髓内钉联合带血管的骨瓣、骨膜瓣移植治疗四肢骨不连、骨缺损 2 4例。全部患者得到随访 ,平均随访时间 1 6年。其中采用带血管腓骨移植 1 5例 ;带血管蒂腓骨转移 2例 ;带血管髂骨瓣 3例 ;带血管股骨内髁骨瓣移植 1例 ;带血管腓骨骨膜移植 4例 ;带血管胫骨骨膜瓣转移 1例。结果　 2 4例患者全部临床愈合 ,未出现感染、髓内主钉及锁钉断裂等并发症 ,关节功能良好。结论　应用交锁髓内钉联合带血管的骨瓣、骨膜瓣移植治疗四肢骨不连、骨缺损是一种确实有效的方法。     

比较带蒂筋膜瓣包裹接种自体红骨髓的组织工程骨修复骨缺损时促血管化成骨与膜诱导成骨作用

目的比较带蒂筋膜瓣包裹组织工程骨在修复骨缺损时促血管化成骨与膜诱导成骨的作用,为临床修复骨缺损提供参考依据。方法采用兔自体红骨髓(autologous red bone marrow,ARBM)及含重组人BMP-2的骨诱导活性材料构建组织工程骨。将4～5月龄新西兰大白兔60只(体重2.0～2.5 kg),随机分为A、B、C 3组,A组16只,B、C组各22只。制备长1.5 cm的右尺骨长段骨-骨膜完全缺损模型,A组于骨缺损处植入组织工程骨;B、C组在骨缺损邻近处制备一筋膜瓣包裹组织工程骨后植入骨缺损,B组将筋膜瓣蒂部切断形成游离筋膜瓣,C组为带蒂筋膜瓣。术后4、8、12、16周,每组随机取4只实验动物,取骨缺损区组织进行大体观察、组织学及免疫组织化学染色观察;8、12、16周B、C组各另取2只实验动物行腋动脉墨汁灌注观察。结果大体观察示,术后4、8周A组有纤维结缔组织形成,B、C组筋膜瓣形成类似骨膜样纤维组织,其中B组有软骨样组织形成,C组有新生骨形成;12、16周A组骨痂形成少,B组新生骨较多,C组骨干形成。组织学观察示,术后4、8周A、B组新生血管和骨小梁极少,C组血管丰富且成熟骨小梁及软骨组织形成;12、16周A组新生血管及骨小梁仍较少,B组血管数量较多且成熟骨小梁显著增加,髓腔结构形成但闭阻;C组血管数量减少,成熟骨结构形成,骨髓腔再通。免疫组织化学染色示,C组各时间点CD105、CD34、Ⅷ因子表达均高于A、B组。骨形态计量分析显示,术后各时间点C组新生骨小梁体积明显大于A、B组(P<0.05);A、B组间除4周差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)外,其余时间点差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血管图像分析显示术后各时间点C组骨修复区内血管再生面积比值明显大于A、B组(P<0.05)。墨汁灌注检查示,各时间点B组成骨区为稀疏的墨染区;C组成骨区墨染数量多且较密集,8周达高峰,之后逐渐减少。结论 带蒂筋膜瓣包裹复合自体ARBM的组织工程骨,早期以促血管化成骨作用占主导地位,后期血管化成骨作用逐渐消失,以膜诱导成骨作用为主。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。