胎儿及育龄妇女子宫内膜内分泌细胞的免疫组化研究

目的：探讨胎儿子宫内膜内分泌细胞的形态特征、意义及可能的起源。方法：12-40周胎儿子宫内膜组织20例，育龄妇女正常子宫内膜20例。采用嗜铬素A(Chromogmnin A，CgA)免疫组织化学染色标记内分泌细胞，并进行CgA与上皮性起源标记物——细胞角蛋白(Cytokeratin，CK)双重免疫组织化学染色。     

生长抑素在胚胎早期胰及胃肠道发育中的表达及分布

目的:探讨人胚胎早期发育中生长抑素在胰及胃肠道的表达及分布.方法:采用免疫组织化学SABC法对30例7～14周人胚胎胰及胃肠生长抑素阳性细胞进行定位.结果:胚胎7周时胰导管上皮及小肠均未见有生长抑素阳性细胞;9周时,胰导管上皮可见较少的生长抑素阳性细胞,14周时生长抑素阳性细胞增多并开始聚集参与形成胰岛;11周时小肠内才出现生长抑素阳性细胞,阳性细胞分布在小肠黏膜上皮及固有层内,14周时生长抑素阳性细胞明显增多.结论:胚胎早期发育中,分布于胰导管上皮的D细胞其生长抑素的表达早于小肠的D细胞;生长抑素不仅参与胰岛细胞的分化发育,还与胃肠道的内分泌功能形成密切相关.     

人胚胎下丘脑与腺垂体SP、SRIF、L-ENK和M-ENK阳性细胞的发育与分布的研究

本文用免疫组化方法观察了P物质(SP)、生长抑素(SRIF)、亮啡肽(L—ENK)、甲啡肽(M—ENK)在16～40周胎儿下丘脑及腺垂体内的发育与分布。结果表明在16周胎儿下丘脑已出现SP、SRIF、L—ENK、M—ENK阳性神经元。第三脑室室管膜上皮亦呈阳性染色。下丘脑的变化以16～24周最为明显,阳性细胞主要分布于室周核、室旁核、视上核及腹内侧核。腺垂体在16周只有少量L—ENK和M—ENK阳性细胞,而SP与SRIF阳性细胞则在第17周出现,17～24周变化最为明显。本文对这几种神经肽在发育中的变化及功能进行了讨论。     

人胚胎下丘脑—腺垂体系统P物质,生长抑素,亮啡肽和甲啡肽神经元的发…

用免疫组化方法观察了Ｐ物质（ＳＰ），生长抑素（ＳＲＩＦ），亮啡肽（Ｌ－ＥＮＫ），甲啡肽（Ｍ－ＥＮＫ）在１６－２４周胎儿下丘脑及腺垂体内的发育与分布。结果表明：在１６周胎儿下丘脑已出现ＳＰｅＳＲＩＦ－ＥＮＫ和Ｍ－ＥＮＫ阳性神经元，第三脑室室管膜上皮呈阳性染色。下天脑的变化以１６－２４周最为明显，，在１６周阳性细胞多为小神经元，分布疏散，２０－２４周阳性细胞为梭形和多极神经元，主要分布干室周核，室旁核     

鹅胃肠内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学定位

应用６种胃肠激素抗血清，对鹅胃肠各段的内分泌细胞分布进行了免疫组织化学定位。腺胃显示有较多促胃泌素释放肽和生长抑素细胞。肌胃有较多促胃泌素释放肽、生长抑素和胃泌素细胞，少量胰多肽细胞。幽门部有大量的生长抑素细胞，密集的胃泌素细胞，偶见胰多肽细胞。小肠内有胃泌素、胰多肽和生长抑素细胞，细胞类型和数量由前段向后段逐渐减少。未检出胃动素和抑胃肽细胞。     

人胚胎下丘脑——腺垂体系统P物质、生长抑素、亮啡肽和甲啡肽神经元的发育与分布研究

用免疫组化方法观察了P物质(SP)、 生长抑素(SRIF)、 亮啡肽(L-ENK)、 甲啡A肽(M-ENK)在16-24周胎儿下丘脑及腺垂体内的发育与分布.结果表明:在16周胎儿下丘脑已出现(?)SRIF、L-ENK和M-ENK阳性神经元,第三脑室室管膜上皮亦呈阳性染色.下丘脑的变化以16-24周最为明显,在16周阳性细胞多为小神经元,分布疏散,20-24周阳性细胞为梭形和多极神经元,主要分布于室周核、室旁核、视上核及腹内侧核.腺垂体在16周胎儿只有少量L-ENK和M-ENK阳性细胞,而SP与SRIF阳性细胞则在第17周出现,17-24周变化最为明显.对这几种神经肽在人胎发育中的分布变化、功能及与垂体激素分泌与发育的关系进行了讨论.     

组织胚胎学

0500502 雌激素受体在大鼠血管平滑肌细胞中的表达及其调控，0500503 促性腺激素释放激素受体与凋亡相关蛋白FAS在前列腺肿瘤中的共表达及意义，0500504 胎儿子宫内膜内分泌细胞的免疫组化观察，0500505 小鼠胃肠道胃泌素细胞的个体发生，0500506 戊四氮急性癫痫模型齿状回分子层突触的可塑性变化。     

赤链蛇达氏腺内分泌细胞免疫细胞化学

目的：研究赤链蛇达氏腺内分泌细胞类型、分布特点。方法：用免疫细胞化学ABC法。结果：发现赤链蛇达氏腺内有8种物质均免疫反应阳性细胞,分别为5-羟色胺、生长抑素、P物质、胰高血糖素、胃泌素、表皮生长因子受体、上皮膜抗原及睾酮,以5-HT数量最多,GAS细胞最少,各细胞分布部位也有所不同。结论：赤链蛇达氏腺的各种内分泌细胞功能与蛇类取食习惯及其他蛇类特有生理活动相适应。     

胎儿小肠生长抑素、胃泌素及血管活性肠肽免疫反应细胞的个体发生

目的：探讨生长抑素（SS）、胃泌素（Gas）、血管活性肠肽（VIP）免疫反应（IR）细胞在胎儿小肠中的个体发生及其分布。方法：免疫组织化学方法和图像分析技术。结果：SS-IR细胞和Gas-IR细胞于11周即可见于小肠三段绒毛上皮和尚未分化完全的肠腺细胞间。随着胎龄增长,SS-IR细胞数量和细胞内SS由少至多,其中以十二指肠细胞最多,回肠最少。Gas-IR细胞和细胞内的Gas在十二指肠中随胎龄增长逐渐增多;21周后空肠中则有所减少,回肠中则消失。VIP-IR细胞数量少,整个胎期细胞数量、形态及免疫染色强度均未见明显变化。结论：SS、Gas和VIP在胎儿小肠的内分泌细胞中表达,提示内分泌激素在胎儿小肠的发育过程中起调节作用。     

胎儿及育龄期子宫内膜P63表达及其意义

目的观察P63蛋白在胎儿及育龄期子宫内膜上皮的表达。方法12～39周龄的胎儿和育龄期子宫内膜标本各20例。采用免疫组织化学SP法检测子宫内膜P63蛋白的表达情况。结果胎儿子宫内膜自12周起可检测到P63蛋白阳性细胞,主要定位于表面上皮,随孕龄增加表达逐渐减弱;育龄期子宫内膜仅在1例增生期子宫内膜检测到P63阳性细胞,主要定位于腺上皮散在的零星细胞,表达强度低于胎儿子宫内膜组织。结论P63蛋白与子宫内膜上皮细胞的成熟程度、分化潜能与增殖有关。     

子宫内膜癌组织内分泌分化及其机制的探讨

目的:探讨子宫内膜癌组织的内分泌分化及其机制。方法:采用免疫组织化学及双重免疫组织化学技术, 观察50例子宫内膜样腺癌及20例正常子宫内膜组织的嗜铬素A(CgA)及CgA/细胞角蛋白(CK)表达。结果:(1)子宫内膜样腺癌组的癌组织中CgA阳性率为44.0%, 明显高于正常子宫内膜组(15.0%, P＜0.05)。正常子宫内膜组织仅见极少量的内分泌细胞, 子宫内膜样腺癌组织中内分泌细胞的数量及染色强度均高于正常子宫内膜组。(2)子宫内膜样腺癌组织中可见同时表达CgA与CK的细胞。结论:子宫内膜样腺癌的内分泌分化是肿瘤异质性的表现。子宫内膜样腺癌组织中存在可向上皮细胞或内分泌细胞分化的"多向分化细胞", 提示子宫内膜样腺癌组织的内分泌分化是肿瘤细胞多向分化的结果。     

Endocrine cells in the anal canal

Summary Endocrine cells are normal inhabitants of the anal canal. While numerous endocrine cells are distributed throughout anal ducts and crypts, few are dispersed in the anal transitional zone. All these cells were characterized as serotonin-storing cells, and this endocrine profile is quite distinctive from that of adjacent mucosae. Rectal epithelium contains serotonin, somatostatin, enteroglucagon, BPP and HPP immunoreactive cells; endocrine cells are lacking in the pectinal folds and perianal skin. It is suggested that this distinctive hormonal profile may be regarded as a specific marker of this anal territory. The same pattern is found in the fetal transitional lining of anal canal.Evidence of serotonin-storing cells in the transitional epithelium of anal glands and crypts and in the ATZ epithelium, reinforces the homology between these linings and urothelium. The presence of a similar fetal epithelium implies that ATZ epithelium in adults is not necessarily metaplastic. All derivatives of the cloaca may therefore share the same endocrine profile.     

胎儿胃肠道胃泌素细胞与生长抑素细胞的免疫组织化学研究

本文用PAP免疫组织比学法和间接免疫荧光组织化学法,对60例8～38周胎儿胃肠粘膜中胃泌素细胞(G细胞)和生长抑素细胞(D细胞)的发生进行了研究。这两种细胞最早出现于8～9周胎儿十二指肠上皮中,但在固有膜及肌层未观察到。12周后,D细胞出现在胎儿胃肠全长粘膜,G细胞则只见于胃窦及小肠粘膜。本文还对各时期胎儿胃肠粘膜中D细胞和G细胞的分布、数量,以及二者比例变化等进行了观察。胃窦中G细胞与D细胞一样,基底部伸出突起,可能具有旁分泌功能。除胃底腺外,其余部位的D细胞和G细胞多为开放型细胞。本文对这两种细胞在胎儿胃肠发育中的可能功能进行了讨论,并与成人胃窦和十二指肠上部粘膜中G、D细胞的比例进行了对比观察。     

Histochemical studies of metaplastic lesions in the human gallbladder

We studied goblet cell metaplasia and pseudopyloric gland metaplasia in 25 surgically removed, paraffin-embedded gallbladder specimens using mucin histochemistry, silver methods for endocrine cells, and the indirect immunoperoxidase method for 12 peptide hormones, secretory component, and lysozyme. Goblet cell metaplasia was closely related to the occurrence of endocrine cells that showed argentaffinity, argyrophilia, or immunoreactive gastrin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, or motilin. Mucosal areas without goblet cell metaplasia were devoid of such endocrine cells. Metaplastic pseudopyloric glands showing lysozyme immunoreactivity were positive for class III mucin with paradoxical concanavalin A staining. Specimens with florid metaplastic lesions revealed a low tendency to form Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses whose cells never showed a metaplastic nature. We compared the pathophysiological significance of metaplastic lesions in the gallbladder with intestinal metaplasia of the stomach.     

Heterotopic pancreas of the stomach. Histogenesis and immunohistochemistry.

Ordinary histological investigation has suggested that heterotopic pancreas of the stomach may have two types of histogenesis; one is development from immigrated fetal pancreas tissue, and the other is development from primitive gastric mucosal epithelium following penetration into the submucosa with subsequent erroneous differentiation into pancreas tissue. It is suspected that type-I lesions include the majority of cases caused by immigration from fetal pancreas, and that some type-II cases arise through erroneous differentiation of primitive gastric mucosal epithelium. With regard to immunohistochemical findings, cells positive for pancreatic polypeptide and amylase were much more numerous in the acini of type-I cases compared with type-II cases. Positive cells were found not infrequently in the acini of type-II cases after staining for pancreatic polypeptide, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, serotonin, and gastrin. On the other hand, a small number of cells in islets were not infrequently positive for alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and amylase. It is considered that in the heterotopic pancreas, ductal cells have the potential to differentiate into acinar cells and islet cells, as is the cases in the orthotopic pancreas.     

对胎儿胃粘膜三种内分泌细胞的观察

目的探讨胎儿胃粘膜三种内分泌细胞的发生过程。为胚胎学发展提供资料。方法收集2-10个月胎儿53例,新生儿3例,利用免疫组织化学方法,检测胃窦粘膜中胃泌素细胞（G）,生长抑素细胞（SS）和5-羟色胺细胞（5-HT）,计数进行组间比较。结果胎龄5-9个月胎儿胃窦粘膜中G、SS、5-HT细胞迅速增多,以G细胞数目最多,足月胎儿及新生儿G细胞减少。结论胃粘膜三种内分泌细胞随胎龄增多,在胎儿生长发育旺盛期6-8月数目最多。     

Distribution of somatostatin in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remodels the normal pattern of the protein during foetal pancreatic development: an immunohistochemical analysis

AIM: To determine the immunoreactivity of somatostatin during the development of the human fetal pancreas and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, given that, somatostatin-positive cells were demonstrated either into its embryonic anlage or into pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Tissue sections from 15 pancreatic fetal specimens, and an equal number of ductal adenocarcinoma specimens were assessed. RESULTS: The density of positive cells in the primitive exocrine ductal epithelium and endocrine epithelium was significantly different from the relevant density in the neoplastic pancreatic tissue of mixed (ductal-endocrine) and pure ductal type (P1=0.021 P2=0.001, P3<0.0001, P4=0.003 respectively). The above values were estimated from the 8th to 10th week. There was no significant difference in the density of positive cells in the mantle zone of the islets from the 13th to the 24th week, and the neoplastic tissue of mixed (P5=0.16) and pure ductal type (P6=0.65). CONCLUSION: The immunostaining for somatostatin identifies a subgroup of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with a neuroendocrine component, (initially considered as pure ductal tumors), and mixed ductal and neuroendocrine tumors. This pattern of expression in neoplasms recapitulates the normal pattern during the embryonal development of the organ, raising the question of therapeutic efficacy of somatostatin and analogues as monotherapy in pancreatic cancer management.     

Immunostaining of gastric cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation: Reg IV‐positive neuroendocrine cells are associated with gastrin,serotonin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin

We previously reported that Reg IV is associated with neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in gastric cancers. The aim was to examine which NE hormone products are related to Reg IV‐positive NE cells and their roles in gastric cancers. In the present study, we performed immunohistochemical analysis in a tissue microarray (TMA) of a consecutive series of 630 cases with ten different antibodies, including chromogranin A, synaptophysin and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) as NE differentiation markers, and gastrin, serotonin, calcitonin, gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin and glucagon as NE hormones. In 630 cases, we identified 205 (33%) with NE differentiation and 147 (23%) positive for Reg IV. Reg IV‐positive cases showed NE differentiation more frequently than Reg IV‐negative cases (P < 0.0001). In 205 cases with NE differentiation, Reg IV‐positive cases expressed serotonin (P= 0.0032) and somatostatin (P= 0.036) more frequently than Reg IV‐negative cases. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed co‐expression of Reg IV with gastrin, serotonin and PP. These results indicate that Reg IV might be a mediating factor of several NE hormones.     

Heterotopic Pancreas of the Stomach

Ordinary histological investigation has suggested that heterotopic pancreas of the stomach may have two types of histogenesis; one is development from immigrated fetal pancreas tissue, and the other is development from primitive gastric mucosal epithelium following penetration into the submucosa with subsequent erroneous differentiation into pancreas tissue. It is suspected that type I lesions include the majority of cases caused by immigration from fetal pancreas, and that some type II cases arise through erroneous differentiation of primitive gastric mucosal epithelium. With regard to immunohistochemical findings, cells positive for pancreatic polypeptide and amylase were much more numerous in the acini of type I cases compared with type II cases. Positive cells were found not infrequently in the acini of type II cases after staining for pancreatic polypeptide, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, serotonin, and gastrin. On the other hand, a small number of cells in islets were not infrequently positive for α ₁–antitrypsin, α ₁,-antichimotrypsin, and amylase. It is considered that in the heterotopic pancreas, ductal cells have the potential to differentiate into acinar cells and islet cells, as is the cases in the orthotopic pancreas. Acta Pathol Jpn 42 : 249 254, 1992.