白头翁复方灌肠对溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠MUC2、IL-6及IL-10的影响

目的 研究白头翁复方灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎(UC)模型大鼠的疗效及机制.方法 采用三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)制备 UC模型大鼠,随机分为正常对照组(CON 组)、TNBS 造模组(TNBS 组)、中药白头翁复方治疗组(ZY组)和柳氮磺砒啶肠溶片治疗组(SASP组).观察大鼠一般情况、肠黏膜大体形态学和组织学改变,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA法)检测大鼠血清 IL-6、IL-10水平,实时荧光定量PCR法检测大鼠结肠组织 IL-6、IL-10含量,免疫组织化学法检测大鼠结肠组织 MUC2表达情况.结果 与 TNBS组相比,ZY组与 SASP 组均可减轻 UC 模型大鼠的炎症程度,DAI评分、CMDI评分和组织病理学评分明显改善,血清及组织 IL-6水平下降,IL-10水平升高,结肠黏膜 MUC2表达量明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 白头翁复方灌肠对 TNBS 复制的大鼠UC模型有治疗作用效果,可能通过降低促炎因子 IL-6的表达、升高抑炎因子 IL-10的表达和上调黏蛋白 MUC2表达量,进而增强肠道黏膜免疫屏障和抗炎能力,对 UC起到治疗作用.     

清热利湿解毒方治疗湿热蕴结型溃疡性结肠炎实验研究

目的:观察清热利湿解毒方对湿热蕴结溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative Colitis,UC)模型大鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)的影响和其对UC的治疗效果并分析其作用机制。方法:采用TNBS/乙醇+高脂高糖辛辣饮食建立湿热蕴结型UC大鼠模型。将48只大鼠随机分为对照组,模型组,中药组,西药组,每组12只,造模成功后,各治疗组给予相应药物干预治疗,通过证候学指标(DAI评分),结肠黏膜损伤指数(CMDI评分),酶联免疫法测定血清TNF-α、IL-8含量。结果:清热利湿解毒方能明显改善UC大鼠一般情况,促进结肠损伤黏膜的修复,中药组与模型组对比较,能够明显降低DAI评分,CMDI评分,血清中TNF-α、IL-8含量(P0.01)。中药组与西药组对比,DAI评分,CMDI评分,血清中TNF-α、IL-8含量均无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:清热利湿解毒方能明显改善UC大鼠结肠形态、降低黏膜损伤指数、降低血清TNF-α、IL-8含量,与美沙拉嗪具有等效性。清热利湿解毒方能够减轻或消除多种因素对结肠黏膜的损伤,从始动环节干预溃疡性结肠炎的发生发展,从而起到防治溃疡性结肠炎的作用。     

虎地肠溶胶囊对大鼠实验性结肠炎的疗效及机制的研究

目的:研究中药虎地肠溶胶囊对DSS诱导的大鼠实验性结肠炎的治疗效果,探究虎地肠溶胶囊治疗溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)的可能作用机制.方法:将30只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、UC模型组、虎地肠溶胶囊治疗组,除对照组外,其余各组大鼠每天自由饮用4％DSS水溶液连续7 d,治疗组大鼠予虎地肠溶胶囊内容物混悬液灌胃,对照组及模型组予等体积生理盐水灌胃,连续25 d.记录大鼠一般情况及疾病活动指数评分(DAI评分),免疫组化染色法检测结肠组织中水通道蛋白4(Aquaporin 4,AQP4)、热休克蛋白70(Heat shock protein 70,HSP70)、细胞质接头蛋白(zonula occludens,ZOs)、Occludin蛋白的表达及分布情况.结果:对照组大鼠一般情况良好,光镜下见结肠黏膜完整,无炎细胞浸润.模型组大鼠精神差、出现稀溏血便、DAI升高、光镜下可见结肠黏膜失去完整性,肠腺排列混乱,伴有黏膜糜烂,可见杯状细胞消失、隐窝结构消失,肠黏膜大量炎症细胞浸润.治疗组大鼠一般状况明显优于模型组,DAI评分于灌胃初期即有明显下降(P<0.05)、光镜下黏膜损伤及炎症反应程度较轻.免疫组化结果显示:模型组大鼠结肠组织中AQP4、ZO-2、Occludin、HSP70表达水平与对照组相比有显著降低(P<0.05,n=10).与模型组相比,虎地治疗组大鼠结肠组织中AQP4、ZO-2、Occludin、HSP70表达水平显著上升(P<0.05,n=10).结论:虎地肠溶胶囊对改善DSS诱导大鼠实验性结肠炎一般情况、大便隐血情况、DAI评分、组织病理学表现等方面具有一定作用,推测其作用机制与修复受损肠上皮屏障、增加肠黏膜保护性因子(如AQP4、HSP70等)的表达有关.     

固肠胶囊对慢性溃疡性结肠炎大鼠炎症介质及结肠黏膜的影响

[目的]观察固肠胶囊对慢性溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平及结肠病理组织的影响,探讨其可能作用机制。[方法]Wistar大鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、固肠胶囊高、中、低剂量组,采用三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)/乙醇溶液及葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)联合应用复制大鼠慢性UC模型,于造模缓解复发期灌胃给药10 d,观察各组大鼠疾病活动指数(DAI),结肠黏膜损伤指数(CMDI)及病理组织学改变,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清TNF-α、IL-10水平。[结果]与空白对照组比较,模型组DAI、CMDI评分及血清TNF-α水平显著升高(P<0.01),IL-10水平显著降低(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,固肠胶囊能明显升高血清IL-10水平(P<0.05),降低DAI、CMDI评分(P<0.01)及血清TNF-α水平(P<0.05),促进溃疡修复。[结论]固肠胶囊可通过抑制血清TNF-α表达、促进血清IL-10表达,抑制炎症进展,减轻结肠组织因过度免疫介导作用而导致的肠黏膜损伤而治疗慢性UC。     

秦皮甲素对实验性溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠黏膜细胞因子的影响

目的研究秦皮甲素对实验性溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis, UC）大鼠肠黏膜的保护作用及其机制。方法选用40只SPF级SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、柳氮磺胺吡啶组（SASP组）和秦皮甲素组（EH组）,每组10只。模型组、SASP组和EH组均采用三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS,剂量为100 mg／kg）灌肠法复制大鼠UC模型, SASP组和EH组分别灌胃给予SASP (剂量为600 mg／kg）和秦皮甲素(剂量为100 mg／kg）进行治疗。治疗结束后,采用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测各组大鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素-10（IL-10）的水平。比较各组大鼠一般状态、肠黏膜损伤情况和血清TNF-α、 IL-10水平。结果秦皮甲素能显著改善UC大鼠的一般状态,显著缓解其结肠组织炎症。模型组大鼠结肠黏膜疾病活动指数（DAI）评分和组织学损伤指数（TDI）评分较正常组显著增高(P<0.01),各给药组DAI评分和TDI评分较模型组显著降低（P<0.01）。模型组大鼠血清中TNF-α水平显著升高, IL-10水平显著降低（均P<0.01）。与模型组比较, SASP组和EH组TNF-α水平显著降低, IL-10水平显著增高（均P<0.01）。结论秦皮甲素对TNBS诱导的大鼠UC有良好的治疗作用,其作用可能是通过抑制TNF-α分泌,上调IL-10表达,改善肠道免疫平衡紊乱而实现的。     

芍药汤对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠结肠组织机械屏障及细胞因子的影响

目的 基于结肠组织机械屏障和炎症细胞因子探讨芍药汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制。〖JP〗方法 将SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、美沙拉嗪组、芍药汤组。采用TNBS/乙醇复制溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型,各组分别使用生理盐水、美沙拉嗪、芍药汤进行干预。比较各组大鼠一般情况、疾病活动指数(disease activity index, DAI)评分,观察结肠组织形态学变化和结肠组织紧密连接,采用ELISA法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4, IL-4)和内毒素(endotoxin, ET)表达水平。结果 与模型组比较,芍药汤组大鼠体质量逐渐回升,腹泻及便血减少;与模型组比较,美沙拉嗪组、芍药汤组DAI评分,组织形态学评分,IL-4、ET、TNF-α表达水平显著降低,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。透射电镜下模型组大鼠结肠上皮组织紧密连接明显破坏,美沙拉嗪组、芍药汤组大鼠结肠上皮组织紧密连接破坏情况较模型组轻。结论 芍药汤可能是通过修复肠上皮组织紧密连接,减轻炎症反应,保护肠黏膜机械屏障而发挥治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用。     

白头翁提取液对溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-10的影响

目的 研究白头翁提取液对溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠血清细胞因子TNF-a、IL-10的影响.方法 将Wistar大鼠48只随机分为6组:正常对照组、模型组、中药高、中、低剂量组、SASP组,采用TNBS法制备溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型,中药高、中、低各剂量组分别按相应剂量给予白头翁水提取液灌胃;SASP组给予SASP水溶液灌胃;正常对照组和模型组给予等量生理盐水灌胃,各组均连续给药15 d后观察大鼠结肠黏膜损伤指数(CM-DI)及检测血清中TNF-α、IL-10含量.结果 与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠CMDI评分均增加;与模型组比较,白头翁各剂量组与SASP组CMDI评分均降低;与SASP组比较,白头翁中剂量组显著降低.与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠血清中TNF-α含量显著上升,IL-10含量显著下降;与模型组相比,白头翁各剂量组与SASP组大鼠血清中TNF-α含量均显著下降,IL-10含量显著上升.结论 白头翁水提取液在溃疡性结肠炎的治疗中可能通过降低血浆中TNF-α水平和升高IL-10水平,起到促进溃疡性结肠炎肠黏膜修复与溃疡愈合的作用.     

愈肠栓对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠PPARγ/NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的:探讨愈肠栓对实验性溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的治疗作用及PPARγ/NF-κB信号通路的影响。方法:采用2.4.6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)/乙醇法复制UC大鼠模型,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、愈肠栓高剂量组、愈肠栓中剂量组、愈肠栓低剂量组和柳氮磺吡啶栓组,每组8只。治疗14 d后,观察大鼠一般状况并进行疾病活动指数评分,ELISA法检测大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量变化;取结肠标本观察结肠黏膜损伤指数(CMDI)评分及结肠病理组织学变化;RT-PCR、Western blot法检测结肠组织中PPARγ、NF-κB基因及蛋白表达。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠DAI、CMDI评分以及血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量、结肠组织NF-κB p65 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著增加(P<0.01),PPAR-γmRNA和蛋白表达水平显著减少(P<0.01)。而SASP栓组及愈肠栓各剂量组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量及结肠组织NF-κB p65 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平均低于模型组,PPARγmRNA和蛋白的表达水平高于模型组(P<0.01～0.05)。在对大鼠结肠黏膜组织NF-κB p65、PPAR-γ基因和蛋白表达的改善方面,愈肠栓高剂量组和中剂量组明显优于低剂量组(P<0.01～0.05)。结论:愈肠栓对UC模型大鼠症状及病理组织学有明显的改善作用,其机制可能是通过激活PPARγ,阻断NF-κB信号通路活化,下调TNF-α、IL-1β等炎症因子的表达,使炎症反应减轻或消除,从而达到治疗UC作用。     

五味苦参肠溶胶囊对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的疗效及作用机制研究

目的探讨五味苦参肠溶胶囊对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）大鼠的疗效及作用机制。方法采用3%葡聚糖硫酸钠建立UC大鼠模型,造模成功后采用随机数字表法将大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、美沙拉嗪组及五味苦参肠溶胶囊组,每组10只,每日给予0.9%氯化钠溶液或相应药物灌胃,连续2周,观察并比较各组大鼠疾病活动指数（DAI）评分、结肠黏膜损伤指数（CMDI）评分,采用ELISA法测定血清IL-6、IL-10水平,qRT-PCR法检测结肠组织IL-6、IL-10mRNA表达情况,免疫组化法检测结肠组织内黏液蛋白2（MUC2）表达水平,采用髓过氧化物酶比色法检测结肠组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性。结果与空白组相比,模型组大鼠DAI评分、CMDI评分、血清IL-6水平及结肠组织IL-6mRNA表达水平、MPO活性均升高（均P＜0.05）,血清IL-10水平及结肠组织IL-10mRNA、MUC2表达水平均下降（均P＜0.05）。与模型组相比,美沙拉嗪组和五味苦参肠溶胶囊组大鼠DAI评分、CMDI评分、血清IL-6水平及结肠组织IL-6mRNA表达水平、MPO活性均下降（均P＜0.05）,血清IL-10水平及结肠组织IL-10mRNA、MUC2表达水平均升高（均P＜0.05）。结论五味苦参肠溶胶囊可能通过降低促炎因子IL-6水平和升高抗炎因子IL-10水平、上调MUC2表达量、降低MPO活性来减轻UC大鼠炎症反应,促进肠黏膜修复。     

益气解毒化瘀方对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠血清IL-23和IL-10的影响

目的观察益气解毒化瘀方对溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)大鼠血清白细胞介素-23(interleukin-23,IL-23)和白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)水平的影响,探讨益气解毒化瘀方治疗UC的机制。方法将50只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、柳氮磺吡啶(salicylazosulfapyridine,SASP)组、益气解毒化瘀方低剂量组和益气解毒化瘀方高剂量组,每组10只大鼠。采用三硝基苯磺酸联合无水乙醇灌肠法复制UC模型。药物干预4周后,肉眼下观察各组大鼠结肠大体病理损伤指数(chief morphology damage index,CMDI),光镜下观察各组大鼠结肠组织损伤指数(tissue damage index,TDI),采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测大鼠血清IL-23和IL-10水平。结果各治疗组大鼠结肠CMDI和TDI评分及血清IL-23水平较模型组显著降低(P0.01),血清IL-10水平较模型组显著升高(P0.01);益气解毒化瘀方高剂量组在改善上述指标方面显著优于益气化瘀解毒方低剂量组和SASP组(P0.05,或P0.01)。结论益气解毒化瘀方通过调节促炎性细胞因子和抑炎性细胞因子平衡,达到治疗UC目的。     

肱骨远端全骺分离

肱骨远端全骺分离在5岁以下儿童中是较常见的肘部损伤,且极易误诊为肱骨髁上骨折或肘关节脱位。本组25例肱骨远端全骺分离均为向内侧移位,年龄11个月至14岁,平均5.6岁,属Salter-HarrisⅠ型或Ⅱ型。对本症骨骺损伤的解剖学和组织学,诸骨(和骨化中心)之间的对应关系以及骨骺损伤的诊治进行了简短的讨论。     

食指背侧皮瓣的临床应用

通过对右手虎口挛缩以及左拇指皮肤剥脱损伤各一例应用直指背侧皮瓣修复的成功经验,提出该手术的适应症和优点,并重点介绍其应用解剖学和手术方法。     

Investigation of hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark in diabetic rats

Objective

To investigate the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark (AETPB) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Methods

Acute toxicity was studied in rats after the oral administration of AETPB to determine the dose to assess hypoglycemic activity. In rats, diabetes was induced by injection of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and diabetes was confirmed 72 h after induction, and then allowed for 14 days to stabilize blood glucose level. In diabetic rats, AETPB was orally given for 28 days and its effect on blood glucose and body weight was determined on a weekly basis. At the end of the experimental day, fasting blood sample was collected to estimate the haemoglobin (Hb), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), serum creatinine, urea, serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and insulin levels. The liver and kidney were collected to determine antioxidants levels in diabetic rats.

Results

Oral administration of AETPB did not exhibit toxicity and death at a dose of 2 000 mg/kg. AETPB treated diabetic rats significantly (P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.05) reduced elevated blood glucose, HbA1c, creatinine, urea, SGPT and SGOT levels when compared with diabetic control rats. The body weight, Hb, insulin and total protein levels were significantly (P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.05) increased in diabetic rats treated with AETPB compared to diabetic control rats. In diabetic rats, AETPB treatment significantly reversed abnormal status of antioxidants and lipid profile levels towards near normal levels compared to diabetic control rats.

Conclusions

Present study results confirm that AETPB possesses significant hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities in diabetic condition.     

Association of smoking,alcohol and NSAIDs use with expression of cag A and cag T genes of Helicobacter pylori in salivary samples of asymptomatic subjects

Objective

To determine the association of smoking, alcohol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use with presence and virulence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in a representative sample of a random adult population of asymptomatic subjects.

Methods

Non virulent 16S rRNA and virulent cag A and T genes from salivary samples of 854 asymptomatic subjects were determined using polymerase chain reaction. The presence and absence of virulent and non virulent infection was statistically compared with consumption of smoking, alcohol and NSAIDs.

Results

The prevalence of infection in male and female subjects was found to be 69.25% and 66.90%, respectively. The prevalence of infection in the population of asymptomatic subjects with respect to consumption of alcohol was as follows: current (31.22%), former (52.20%) and never (43.58%). The prevalence of infection in the population of asymptomatic subjects with respect to smoking of cigarettes was as follows: current (88.80%), former (57.14%) and never (33.33%). The prevalence of infection in the subject population consuming NSAIDs and not consuming NSAIDs frequently was found to be 82.75% and 21.16%, respectively. Virulence in male and female subjects was found to be 60.00% and 50.00%, respectively. The presence of virulent infection in the population of asymptomatic subjects with respect to consumption of alcohol was as follows: current (28.57%), former (40.15%) and never (50.00%). The prevalence of virulent infection in the population of asymptomatic subjects with respect to smoking of cigarettes was as follows: current (79.32%), former (75.00%) and never (50.00%). The prevalence of virulent infection in the subject population consuming NSAIDs and not consuming NSAIDs frequently was found to be 88.23% and 66.66%, respectively.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that smoking and NSAIDs consumption are aggravating factors for virulence of H. pylori and alcohol can inhibit H. pylori infection in asymptomatic subjects.     

大肠多发原发性癌:危险因素、诊治和预防(附8例报告)

综述分析1954～84年国内外文献,探讨了大肠多发原发性癌的诊断标准、发病情况、临床表现、发病危险因素、外科处理以及预防和诊断检测技术等问题,强调了大肠腺瘤,遗传基础、免疫缺陷、慢性溃疡性结肠炎等在发病上的作用,及高危险组患者应按方案进行常规检测监护之重要性。述介了大肠多发原发性癌系一种原发性大肠癌多中心发生的形式,在诊治上前者与后者有一致性,亦各有其独特性。报告宁夏医学院附属医院肿瘤科1977～84年收治的8例住院大肠多发原发性癌病例的临床资料,对诊治经过进行了初步总结。     

具有抗细菌黏附和杀菌双重功能的(HA/CHI-Van)5涂层的制备

目的：研究开发一种涂覆(HA/CHI-Van)5多层膜结构的骨科内植入物以用于预防骨内植入物感染。方法：将透明质酸（HA）和壳聚糖-万古霉素（CHI-Van）溶液进行层层自组装,制备得到(HA/CHI-Van)5多层膜结构;通过zeta电位检测组装过程,通过活细菌染色实验评价多层膜的抗细菌黏附效果,通过越狱实验和FE-SEM实验检测体外抗菌效果。SD大鼠随机分为空白组、(HA/CHI-Van)5组和假手术组,并以X线、Micro-CT、骨组织切片等方法检测该材料的体内动物实验效果。结果：每次组装不同的单层,zeta电位交替变化,证明多层膜组装成功。活细菌染色实验显示多层膜结构中的CHI具有一定的抗细菌黏附作用。越狱实验和FE-SEM实验证明(HA/CHI-Van)5多层膜结构在体外具有良好的抗菌作用。在体外实验中,(HA/CHI-Van)5组的X线评分为0.7,而空白组的评分为12.3,(HA/CHI-Van)5组在骨密度、骨小梁数量、骨体积分数、骨组织切片方面均优于空白组（均P＜0.05）,且非常接近假手术组（均P＞0.05）。结论：通过在骨科内植入物表面涂覆(HA/CHI-Van)5多层膜结构能够获得一定的抗细菌黏附功能和良好的抗菌作用,可以预防骨内植入物感染。     

NGR修饰唑来膦酸长循环脂质体制备及其表征研究

目的:制备具有肿瘤血管靶向的NGR修饰唑来膦酸长循环脂质体,并对其进行表征研究。方法：采用薄膜分散法制备NGR修饰唑来膦酸长循环脂质体,,并对其进行表征研究,并测定包封率。结果：制备得到的NGR-PEG-ZOL-LPs平均粒径为(271.43±9.23)nm,Zeta电位为-(36.20±0.20)mv,多分散系数(PDI)为(0.15±0.03),理化性质相对稳定;NGR-PEG-ZOL-LPs包封率为8.41%;电镜下显示NGR-PEG-ZOL-LPs呈类圆形,大小分布均匀,无明显聚集。结论：采用薄膜分散法制备的NGR修饰唑来膦酸长循环脂质体具有较高的稳定性,从而为体内药效学研究奠定基础。     

Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosomiasis mansoni in schoolchildren in Shesha Kekele Elementary School,Wondo Genet,Southern Ethiopia

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of praziquantel (PZQ) in the treatment of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, stool specimens were collected from randomly selected 299 school children in Shesha Kekele Elementary School, Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia, in April 2010. Stool specimens were examined using a single Kato-Katz thick smear for Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) ova. Children who were found positive for S. mansoni were treated with a single oral dose of PZQ at 40 mg/kg bw and interviewed for treatment-related symptoms 24 hours after drug administration. Four weeks post-treatment, stool specimens were collected from the same children and examined following the same procedure as in the pre-treatment. Drug efficacy was determined based on cure and egg reduction rates.

Results

Pre-treatment prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 74.9% with geometric mean egg count of 268. The evaluated generic PZQ produced an overall cure rate of 73.6% (P<0.000 1, OR: 8.33, CI: 5.3–13.1) and egg reduction rate of 68.2% (P=0.03, F=0.64). The cure rate showed significant association with age (χ²=11, P=0.004), the highest rate being observed in the 15–22 age group. 83% of S. mansoni infected children showed various treatment-related symptoms, the most frequent being headache, nausea, and abdominal pain. These symptoms were associated with age (P<0.001) and pre-treatment intensity of infection (P<0.05).

Conclusions

The present observations revealed relatively lower cure and egg reduction rates of the PZQ evaluated as compared to previous reports for other PZQ brands in Ethiopia. Hence, in depth studies are recommended to clarify whether the present relatively lower cure rate is the actual cure rate of the praziquantel evaluated, treatment failure, or reduced susceptibility of the parasite. Treatment-related side effects observed were transient and tolerable.     

Phytochemical and anti-bacterial activity of epidermal glands extract of Christella parasitica (L.) H. Lev.

Objective

To study the morphology, biochemistry and bioactivity of the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica (C. parasitica) (L.) H. Lev.

Methods

Morphological studies on epidermal glands were carried out by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope. To prepare the extract, the shade-dried fronds of glandular morphotype were soaked in acetone. For antibacterial studies paper disc method was followed by using various pathogenic bacteria.

Results

Detailed micromorphological, phytochemical and bioactivity studies on a medicinal fern C. parasitica (L.) H. Lev. showed its intraspecific variation in antibacterial activity. The presence or absence of the epidermal glands was the key factor for antibacterial activity in the morphovariants of this species. The epidermal glands were orange-coloured, stalked and elongated ones of about 84.2 µm × 45 µm, and distributed on the undersurface of costa, costules and veins in croziers, young and mature leaves. Frequency of glands varied from 15/cm on costa in mature leaves to 140/cm on costules in croziers. The acetone extract of the glands showed antibacterial activities and also toxic effect against mosquito larvae and tadpoles of frog. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPLC studies of the gland extract showed the presence of various kinds of terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids in it.

Conclusions

The present study shows that epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of C. parasitica (L.) H. Lev. have several bioactive compounds and such rare morphovariant should be conserved in nature. The next step is to isolate the pure compounds and to screen the bioactivity of individual compounds of the epidermal glands.