p53,EGFR和Ki—67抗原在子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤 …

目的：研究子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤ｐ５３、ＥＧＦＲ和Ｋｉ－６７抗原的表达及与肿瘤临床分期、组织学分级和预后的关系。方法：用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法对２１例子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤的存档资料作染色观察。结果：ｐ５３、ＥＧＦＲ和Ｋｉ－６７抗原的阳性表达率分别为６１．９％、６１．９％和７１．４％。临床分期Ⅱ￣Ⅳ期肿瘤（１０／１２）的ｐ５３阳性表达率明显高于Ｉ期肿瘤（３／９）（Ｐ〈０．０５）、肿瘤癌性成分Ⅱ级的ｐ５３阳性     

大肠癌表皮生长因子受体和p53蛋白表达与临床病理特征和预后的关系

为了研究大肠癌表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）和ｐ５３蛋白表达与病理特征和预后的关系，应用免疫组化检测ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３在６１例大肠癌中的表达。结果提示：正常大肠粘膜未发现ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３阳性表达，而两者在大肠癌均有较高表达（７７．０４％和５５．７５％）。ＥＧＦＲ表达与大肠癌Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期有关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ｐ５３表达与大肠癌分化程度及Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期有关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。大肠癌生存率随ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３表达增高而降低，其中两者４年生存率＞６５％表达组均明显低于＜２５％组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＥＧＦＲ－ＬＩ和ｐ５３－ＬＩ与生存期均有明显负相关。结果表明：ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３表达与大肠癌的进展程度有关，该两项指标对大肠癌临床诊治和预后的评估有重要价值。     

大肠癌表皮生长因子受体和p53蛋白表达与临床病理特？…

为了研究大肠癌表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）和ｐ５３蛋白表达与病理特征和预后的关系，应用免疫组化检测ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３在６１例大肠癌中的表达，结果提示：正常大肠粘膜未发现ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３阳性表达，而两者在大肠癌均有较高表达（７７．０４％和５５．７５％）。ＥＧＦＲ表达与大肠癌Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期有关（Ｐ〈０．０５）。ｐ５３表达与大肠癌分化程度及Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期有关（Ｐ〈０．０５）。大肠癌生存率随ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３     

ER阳性和ER阴性人乳腺癌细胞株p53、mdm-2及p21~(WAF1)蛋白表达的研究

目的研究ＥＲ阳性和ＥＲ阴性人乳腺癌细胞株ｐ５３、ｍｄｍ－２和ｐ２１ＷＡＦ１蛋白的表达及其与细胞生物学特性的关系。方法应用细胞培养、基因转染和免疫组化染色ＬＳＡＢ法等技术，检测ＥＲ阳性、表达野生型ｐ５３（ｗｔｐ５３）蛋白的ＭＣＦ－７细胞和ＥＲ阴性、表达突变型ｐ５３（ｍｔｐ５３）的ＭＤＡ－ＭＢ－２３１细胞以及ＥＲ转染阳性ＭＤＡ－ＭＢ－２３１细胞中ｐ５３、ｍｄｍ－２和ｐ２１ＷＡＦ１蛋白的表达水平，比较其与细胞生物学特性的关系。结果（１）ＭＣＦ－７细胞和ＭＤＡ－ＭＢ－２３１细胞ｐ５３蛋白的性质和分布明显不同，前者ｐ２１ＷＡＦ１和ｍｄｍ－２蛋白的表达水平明显高于后者（Ｐ＜０．０５），且前者的生物学特性较后者为好。（２）ＥＲ质粒转染ＭＤＡ－ＭＢ－２３１细胞后，其ｐ５３蛋白的表达水平降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），而ｍｄｍ－２蛋白的表达水平增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），生物学特性得以改善。结论乳腺癌细胞ＥＲ状态与ｐ５３和ｍｄｍ－２蛋白的表达水平以及生物学特性有关。     

p53、c-erbB-2、PCNA和EGFR在膀胱癌中过表达及其意义

目的：研究癌基因和抑癌基因蛋白产物在膀胱移行细胞癌中异常表达与病理分级、临床分期、复发和预后的关系。方法：应用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法检查１１７例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ的表达水平。结果：１１７例膀胱移行细胞癌中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ阳性表达率分别为４７．０％、２９．９％、５３．８％和４８．７％。ｐ５３和ＰＣＮＡ阳性表达产物定位于肿瘤细胞核内，ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２阳性表达产物定位于细胞膜上，ＥＧＦＲ阳性表达产物定位于细胞膜或细胞浆内。结果表明ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ异常表达与膀胱癌的分级、分期、复发及术后生存率等之间有统计学意义。结论：ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ异常表达有助于评估膀胱癌预后，多基因异常表达作为预后评价指标更有意义。     

血管内皮生长因子及其受体在卵巢癌中表达的免疫组化检测

目的： 检测血管内皮生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ） 及其受体（ＫＤＲ） 在卵巢癌中的表达, 并探讨其与卵巢癌发生的关系。方法： 采用ＳＡＢＣ免疫组化染色法, 对６６ 例卵巢肿瘤中, ＶＥＧＦ 和ＫＤＲ 的表达进行检测。结果： 恶性、交界性及良性卵巢肿瘤中, ＶＥＧＦ 和ＫＤＲ 的表达率分别为７２－９％ 、７５－００ ％ 、３８－４６ ％ 及５４－０５％ 、４３－７５％ 、７－６９ ％ ; 恶性肿瘤及交界性肿瘤ＶＥＧＦ和ＫＤＲ的表达, 明显高于良性肿瘤（Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。ＫＤＲ 不仅表达于肿瘤血管内皮细胞, 在肿瘤细胞内也有强表达。有淋巴结转移的卵巢癌ＶＥＧＦ 的表达与无淋巴结转移者相比较, 有显著差异（Ｐ＜ ０－０５）; ＫＤＲ 的表达与卵巢癌淋巴结转移无关（Ｐ＞ ０－０５）; 卵巢癌的不同临床分期、病理类型及病理分级间ＶＥＧＦ和ＫＤＲ的表达, 无显著性差异（ Ｐ＞ ０－０５） 。结论： ＶＥＧＦ和ＫＤＲ 的表达可能与卵巢癌的发生有关。     

人甲状腺髓样癌内凋亡细胞检测和bcl-2、p53及Ki-67的免疫组化研究

目的：检测甲状腺髓样癌内凋亡细胞、ｂｃｌ－２、ｐ５３和Ｋｉ－６７，探讨其与患者的预后关系。方法：在２１例甲状腺髓样癌内，用ＤＮＡ末端标记方法检测凋亡细胞和用免疫组织化学技术检测ｂｃｌ－２、ｐ５３及Ｋｉ－６７的表达。结果：在２１例甲状腺髓样癌标本中，凋亡细胞ｂｃｌ－２、ｐ５３和Ｋｉ－６７的检出率分别为８１％，１００％，６２％和７１％。ｂｃｌ－２阳性物质位于肿瘤细胞的胞浆内，少数病例则位于膜上。ｐ５３蛋白阳性主要位于胞核内，少数病例也同时见于胞浆内。Ｋｉ－６７抗原主要位于肿瘤细胞核内。本研究结果表明，ｂｃｌ－２和肿瘤细胞凋亡之间有密切关系（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ｂｃｌ－２阳性细胞检出率较高的病例，凋亡细胞检出率则较低；反之，凋亡细胞检出率则较高。ｐ５３和Ｋｉ－６７阳性细胞检出率和细胞凋亡无相关性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：ｂｃｌ－２具有抑制细胞凋亡的作用。上述各因素检测结果与患者存活率无统计学意义。ｂｃｌ－２肿瘤蛋白在甲状腺髓样癌中高表达，可作为该肿瘤的一个新的标记物，对预后的判断可能也有一定的意义     

EGFR及p21蛋白在肺癌中的表达

目的：探讨表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）和ｐ２１蛋白表达与肺癌发生发展的关系及其两者的对应关系。方法：应用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法对６３例肺癌及其癌旁组织进行了同位ＥＧＦＲ及ｐ２１蛋白的检测。结果：肺癌ＥＧＦＲ阳性率７７．７８％，其阳性率与病理类型及临床分期无关（Ｐ〉０．０５）。癌旁组织ＥＧＦＲ阳性率６７．９２％，其中增生组阳性率（７９．０６％）显著高于无增生组（３７．５０％）（Ｐ〈０．０１）。肺癌中ｐ２１     

p53,c—erbB—2,PCNA和EGFR在膀胱癌中过表达及 …

目的：研究癌基因和抑癌基因蛋白产物在膀胱移行细胞癌中异常表达与病理分级、临床分期、复发和预后的关系。方法：应用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法检查１１７例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ的表达水平。结果：１１７例膀胱移行细胞癌中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ阳性表达率分别为４７．０％、２９．９％、５３．８％和４８．７％。ｐ５３和ＰＣＮＡ阳性表达产物定位于肿瘤细胞核内，     

微波处理石蜡包埋胃癌切片中p53蛋白表达及其与预后关系的研究

应用枸橼酸－ＬＳＡＢ－微波免疫组化技术检测１１８例原发性胃场组织标本ｐ５３蛋白的异常表达。结果阳性表达率为６１％（７２／１１８），其与组织学类型、肿瘤分化程度和浸润深度无关（Ｐ＞０．０５）．与淋巴结转移的关系密切（Ｐ＜０．０１）。对生存期的研究显示ｐ５３蛋白阳性的胃癌患者预后差，术后生存期短（Ｐ＜０．０１），表明原位检测ｐ５３蛋白有助于判断胃癌患者的预后。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.