腰椎椎管内感染的分析

目的探讨腰椎椎管内感染的临床症状及相关性分析和治疗效果：方法同顾性分析本院1985年2月-2004年4月,15例腰椎椎管内感染的临床症状、体征、实验室检验和治疗效果。腰间盘突出症术后感染9例,椎弓根螺钉内固定术后1例,椎管减压术后2例,腰椎压缩性骨折后2例(保守治疗)。硬膜外药物注射治疗1例一不明细菌感染12例,结核菌感染2例(抗结核治疗有效),霉菌感染1例(病理检查证实)：分别给予广谱抗生素治疗、抗结核治疗和抗霉菌治疗：结果本组随访5个月～14年,按腰椎术后日本N．Nakano和T．Nakano功能评定标准;优9例,良4例,可2例。结论涉及椎管的治疗和创伤后,出现腰腿痉挛性、阵发性抽痛是腰椎椎管内感染的最早体征,可作为早期诊断的主要依据,结合血沉明显增高及磁共振的表现,可明确诊断,广谱的、有效、足量的、抗菌素应用效果理想。     

腰椎间盘术后椎间隙感染的诊断和治疗

目的探讨腰椎间盘术后椎间隙感染的诊断和治疗。方法分析手术后腰椎间隙感染14例的临床资料及特点，非手术治疗10例，手术治疗4例。结果随访6～36个月，13例恢复正常生活，1例遗有腰痛和腰椎活动受限。结论依靠临床体征结合ESR，CRP以及MRI检查可建立早期诊断。多数患经保守治疗可以治愈，保守治疗2～3周无效，炎症扩散出现相应临床症状，应行病灶清除术。     

不明原因性腰椎间隙感染6例诊治分析

目的：探讨不明原因性腰椎间隙感染诊治经验?方法：本组6例就诊前无1例得到正确诊断：6例中1例行保守治疗，5例行经腹膜后入路切开、病灶清除术。经10个月～3年随诊，术前症状消失疗效满意，无1例复发，4例腰椎后凸畸形较术前进展。结论：不明原因性腰椎间隙化脓性感染与结核鉴别困难，病灶清除术可获满意疗效，Ⅰ期后路内固定植骨可避免术后后凸畸形加重。     

腰椎椎管内原发性肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨应用显微手术治疗腰椎椎管内原发性肿瘤的临床效果。方法 在精确的定位下，采用单侧椎板开窗、中央开窗和全椎板切除等手术方式，在显微镜下操作切除肿瘤23例。结果 肿瘤完全切除21例，大部分切除2例。术后17例腰部及下肢疼痛症状消失，6例疼痛症状减轻。所有病例术后3d可坐起，7d后带腰围下地活动。术后随访6个月-4年3个月，平均2．6年。21例病例无复发，可正常生活和工作；2例仍存在轻度的神经功能障碍，生活基本自理。结论 早期诊断和治疗是恢复脊髓功能的最有效方法。采用显微手术治疗能最大限度减少或避免脊髓损伤的发生。     

老年人慢性腰腿痛病因分析及临床治疗

目的探讨老年慢性腰腿痛的常见病因及其治疗。方法选择1997年1月至2000年12月间162例老年慢性腰腿痛患者，椎间盘突出92例（其中合并腰椎管狭窄者63例），单纯腰椎管狭窄10例，腰椎峡部裂或滑脱者37例，骨质疏松者23例。结果47例患者经保守治疗后出院，但其中18例症状复发。115例患者行手术治疗，其中椎板间扩大开窗或半椎板切除髓核摘除75例，全椎板切除髓核摘除9例，单纯峡部植骨术8例，脊柱内固定者23例。97例手术患者获得随访，平均18个月，症状消失或明显缓解者65例，残留部分症状者29例，无改善者3例。结论脊柱退行性变是导致老年人慢性腰腿痛的主要原因，以腰椎间盘突出和椎管狭窄为主，治疗上先予保守治疗，效果差时可积极手术治疗。     

退变性腰椎不稳症的诊断和治疗体会

目的：探讨退变性腰椎不稳症的诊断要点和治疗方法。方法：对明确诊断为退变性腰椎不稳症的44例患者，其中8例退变性腰椎滑脱采用后路椎管减压、椎体间植骨和RF内固定术，36例伴有腰椎间盘突出、椎管狭窄不稳采用后路全椎板切除椎管减压、椎体间植骨术。结果：术后随访6～24个月，原有的临床症状大部分消失，40例达到骨性融合标准，2例植骨块部分吸收，2例融合欠佳，但临床症状明显改善。结论：退变性腰椎不稳症的诊断需结合临床症状、体征及X线、CT、MRI等综合分析加以确定，彻底充分地减压及长期的骨性融合是治疗的关键。     

腰椎间盘突出症手术失败的诊断及治疗探讨

腰椎间盘突出症系下腰椎最常见的疾患，经手术髓核摘除、马尾或神经很减压后，症状体征可得到缓解或消失，但临床上有不少病人手术后，症状和体征暂时缓解后又复发或加重、或残存、或产生新的症状和体征，一些作者将此称为下腰椎手术失败综合症（FBSS．FailedBackSurgerySyndrome）［1，2］自1974年3月以来我院共手术治疗326例腰椎间盘突出症患者，发生FBSS24例，将其报告如下，并对其诊断及治疗进行探讨。1临床资料本组共24例．男15例，女9例，年龄25～82岁，平均37．5岁．马尾损伤2例，神经很损伤2例．椎间盘突出遗漏4例．合并有椎管…     

椎管内肿瘤术后复发的原因及治疗

目的：探讨椎管内肿瘤术后复发的原因及其再手术治疗特点。方法：对31例复发椎管内肿瘤的复发因素进行分析。并对所有患者再次行手术治疗。结果：恶性肿瘤及生长部位特殊的良性肿瘤容易复发。再次手术后21例经2个月-9年随访,症状体征继续改善者17例,无变化3例,死亡1例。结论：肿瘤的病理性质及肿瘤生长部位是导致肿瘤术后残留以致复发的重要因素;提高手术技能,对复发肿瘤再手术,其疗效仍然是令人满意的。     

腰椎椎管狭窄症的外科治疗

目的探讨腰椎椎管狭窄症外科治疗的临床疗效。方法回顾性研究手术治疗退变性腰椎椎管狭窄患者共172例,其中10例有脊柱侧凸改变,22例Ⅰ～Ⅱ度滑脱。单节段狭窄者90例,双节段狭窄者51例,3个节段狭窄者31例。采用单纯开窗减压者5例,后路融合固定者100例,后路椎间融合固定62例,Dynesys弹性内固定5例。临床疗效评定采用疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分,功能评分采用北美脊柱外科学会改良腰椎功能障碍指数（modified Oswestry low back pain disability questionaire index,MODI）,从腰腿痛、生活自理、行走和举重物等10个方面评估患者腰椎的ODI分数。结果所有病例随访6～72个月,平均50个月。术前腰腿痛平均评分为7.5分,术后3个月为3.2分,末次随访时为3.6分。术后3个月随访,MODI改善的优良率为94.3%;末次随访时优良率为87.6%。结论对退行性腰椎椎管狭窄根据术前临床及影像学检查,有针对性地进行椎管减压或联合椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗均可取得较好疗效。     

原发性腰椎间隙感染的诊断和治疗

目的:探讨原发性腰椎间隙感染的诊断及治疗.方法:2004年8月～2008年12月收治10例原发性腰椎间隙感染患者,男6例,女4例,年龄26～79岁,平均52岁.轻度腰痛3例,腰痛伴下肢放射痛2例,仅有腰部剧痛5例,体温37.8℃～41.0℃,平均38.3℃.有糖尿病史4例,发病前前列腺有创检查2例、尿路感染2例.血白细胞计数正常6例,增高4例;均有血沉(ESR)和C-反应蛋白(CRP)增高;术前血液和尿液细菌培养阳性各1例,分别为金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希杆菌.病变节段L2/3和L3/4 1例,LA/5 5例,L5/S1 4例.CT检查发现相邻椎体边缘不规则骨质破坏9例(其中1例L5椎弓根破坏),MRI T1像示病变椎间盘呈不均匀低信号影、MRI T2像为均匀的高信号影9例,椎间盘信号异常伴椎管内占位1例.5例诊断为原发性腰椎间隙感染,予绝对卧床和抗生素治疗,其中3例年轻患者保守治疗有效而未行手术,2例保守治疗无效而行手术治疗;3例诊为结核,2例诊为肿瘤,均行手术;7例手术患者术后均行病理检查及抗生素治疗.结果:7例术后病理检查均提示感染.随访8～24个月,平均18个月.3例保守治疗1周后腰痛缓解,6周后ESR和CRP恢复正常,治愈后12个月随访时腰椎X线片检查提示病变节段无脊柱不稳.7例手术治疗患者术后2～5d腰痛减轻,2周左右消失,2～3周后体温、ESR和CRP恢复正常;植骨均骨性融合,平均融合时间为3-4个月(3～5个月),无内固定松动和断裂.1例术后6个月邻近椎间隙出现感染,其余均在术后5个月恢复正常生活和工作.结论:原发性腰椎间隙感染临床症状缺乏特异性,早期易误诊.对年轻患者,可行保守治疗.对保守治疗效果不佳或症状较重者,手术治疗是安全有效的治疗方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.