接触二甲基甲酰胺女工月经状况的调查

本文对67名接触二甲基甲酰胺(简称DMF)的已婚女工及132名已婚对照女工月经状况调查的结果,发现接触组女工的月经异常发生频率(29.83%)显著高于对照组(16.67%)。按带环与否分层分析的结果,去除带环因素的影响后,接触DMF 女工的月经异常发生频率仍显著高于对照组。月经异常的发生频率有随着接触浓度的增高而增高的趋势。     

乡镇企业铅作业女工劳动卫生调查

对乡镇企业铅作业的237名女工和228名男工进行了专题调查,以同地区无铅接触的乡镇企业124名女工和58名男工作为对照。另外,还调查了1个蓄电池厂附近幼儿园以及距离较远的一年级小学生的情况。调查结果发现铅作业女工的症状高于对照组的女工和铅作业男工。月经不规则接触组为33.5％,对照组为15.3％,两者比较有显著性差别。妊娠结局两组比较无显著性差别。铅作业女工PbB59.0±31.1,FEP279.7±178.6,ZPP326.6±202.4μg/dl,与对照组相比有显著性差别(P<0.05)。铅作业女工FEP显著高于男工.家长在蓄电池厂工作的儿童PbB35.7±18.0,FEP161.2±67.5,ZPP162.7±83.4μg/dl,均显著高于附近幼儿园及小学儿童,表明铅不仅影响到女工本身且影响到其后代。     

低浓度二硫化碳对接触女工月经的影响

本文对337名接触二硫化碳浓度为1.72—14.80mg/m~3 的女工及397名非接触女工1964—1985年间月经情况进行了回顾性前瞻调查。接触组月经异常发病率为35.85％,较对照组(18.21％)显著增高。将接触浓度按低于10m g/m~3 和高于10mg/m~3 分组,发现低于10mg/m~3组女工月经异常率已明显高于对照组,发病率与浓度间呈接触水平-反应关系。分析时平衡了有关混杂因素的影响。     

职业性汞接触对女工月经及妊娠影响的调查研究

本文通过职业流行病学调查,研究了职业性汞接触对女工月经及妊娠的影响。发现职业性汞接触女工月经异常率为29.3%,显著高于对照组(10.6%),P<0.01;月经异常主要表现为痛经、血量增多和月经周期延长。职业性汞接触对女工妊娠无明显影响。     

汞对女工月经及妊娠影响的调查研究

本文通过职业流行病学调查,研究了职业性汞接触对女工月经及妊娠的影响。调查发现职业性汞接触女工月经异常率29.3%,显著高于对照组(10.6%)(P<0.01);月经异常表现为痛经、血量增多和月经周期延长,对女工妊娠无明显影响。     

铅接触女工排卵期和黄体期生殖内分泌激素血清浓度的观察

本文报道了５６名蓄电池厂铅接触女工和４０名服装厂（非铅接触对照组）女工排卵期（月经第１４天）和黄体期（月经第２１天）生殖内分泌激素的血清浓度。结果显示，铅接触女工血铅水平显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。在黄体期和排卵期，黄体生成素（ＬＨ）呈铅低负荷组（ＢＰｂ２５－４０μｇ／ｄｌ）升高，高铅负荷组（ＢＰｂ＞４０μｇ／ｄｌ）降低的现象；在黄体期，雌二醇（Ｅ２）和孕酮（Ｐ）亦有类似改变。提示铅可干扰生殖内分泌激素的调节作用，尤以黄体期为明显，可能是影响铅接触女工生殖功能的原因之一。     

丙烯腈作业对女工月经机能的影响

通过对272名接触丙烯腈作业女工及403名对照女工月经机能状况的调查分析发现:在现有生产条件下丙烯腈作业女工的月经机能明显受到了影响。月经异常的发生率接触组(52.57％),和对照组(19.11％)的差异具有高度显著性(P<0.01);痛经的发生率接触组(17.65％)也明显高于对照组(5.96％)(P<0.01)。     

噪声对纺织女工月经功能影响的调查

目的 为研究探讨噪声对纺织女工月经功能的影响。方法 对接触不同噪声强度的织布和细纱车间192名女工的月经功能进行问卷调查,并同对照组进行比较。结果 织布车间女工月经异常率显著高于细纱车间(P<0.05)和对照组相比差异有非常显著性(P<0.01),且有随着工龄增长有增高的趋势(P<0.05),提示接触高强度噪声织布车间对女工月经功能有一定的影响并与工龄有关。结论 应加强该车间噪声治理和女工卫生保健。     

有机磷农药对作业女工生殖机能影响的调查

为探讨有机磷农药对作业女工生殖机能的影响,采用职业流行病学方法对２６４例有机磷农药作业女工及１１６例非有机磷农药作业女工进行了生殖机能（月经异常、不良妊娠结局）调查。结果显示,接触组女工月经先兆症状如乳房胀痛、嗜睡、失眠、乏力、烦躁不安的发生率显著高于对照组,接触组女工月经异常率显著高于对照组,其中以月经量少最为显著,但与工龄无线性相关,并且接触组的不良妊娠结局显著高于对照组。提示有机磷农药对作业     

某橡胶厂作业女工B超和妇科检查结果分析

目的探讨橡胶作业对作业女工妇科疾病影响。方法以广州市某橡胶厂348名女工为接触组,该市不接触化学毒物的体检女工332名为对照组,进行妇科及B超检查。结果作业组女工中子宫肌瘤患病率10.0%、附件炎患病率8.16%、月经异常患病率2.8%,明显高于对照组,有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论橡胶作业女工月经异常以月经延长及月经量多为主,附件炎、子宫肌瘤患病率明显高于正常人。     

铅作业工人尿铅、血红蛋白和红细胞检测分析

目的了解铅对作业工人的健康影响,分析尿铅与血红蛋白和红细胞的关系。方法对202名铅作业工人和213名对照人群进行尿铅、血红蛋白和红细胞检测。结果铅作业组的尿铅≥0.34μmol/L的占70.8%,明显高于对照组(P<0.01);铅作业组血红蛋白明显低于同性别对照组(男性P<0.01,女性P<0.05);铅作业组红细胞与同性别对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.01)。多元回归分析表明,血红蛋白与尿铅水平呈负相关。结论长期职业接触铅可引起尿铅含量增高和血红蛋白降低含量,血红蛋白含量与尿铅水平呈负相关。     

Respiratory function of textile workers employed in dyeing cotton and wool fibers

A group of 135 textile dyeing workers (97 male and 38 female) was studied for the prevalence of acute and chronic respiratory symptoms and lung function changes. Respiratory symptoms were elicited by a standardized questionnaire, and lung function testing was performed before and after the morning shift by recording maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves. In addition, 103 nonexposed control workers were studied. The prevalence of all chronic respiratory symptoms was significantly higher in the exposed than in the control workers; in particular, the prevalence of occupational asthma was 6%. The exposed nonsmoking workers had more complaints than the controls who were nonsmokers. As expected, most of the symptoms were more prevalent in smokers than in nonsmokers. Nonsmokers with both long- and short-term work exposure had higher prevalences of dyspnea and rhinitis than control workers. Smokers exposed for 10 years or less had significantly higher prevalences of chronic phlegm than nonsmokers with the same duration of exposure (p < 0.05). In workers exposed for >10 years, there were significantly higher prevalences of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, and chronic bronchitis in smokers than in nonsmokers (p < 0.01). A high prevalence of shift-related symptoms was found in exposed workers. Significant across-shift reductions of ventilatory capacity tests were documented in this cohort and varied from an average of 4.0% for FVC to 14.2% for FEF₂₅. Preshift values of ventilatory capacity were significantly lower in this exposed population compared to predicted values suggesting a chronic effect. Our data suggest that textile dyeing workers develop acute and chronic respiratory impairment as a result of their exposures. These findings are exacerbated by cigarette smoking. Am. J. Ind. Med. 31:344–352, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

职业接触铅工人血细胞参数变化的调查

目的　对 5 98名工人的血铅及血细胞参数进行测定 ,以了解职业铅接触对工人造血系统的影响以及血细胞参数的变化。方法　据血铅测定水平将 5 98名职业接触铅工人分为 2组 :铅接触组 (血铅小于 2 .4 1μmol/ /L) 32 5名和铅吸收组 (血铅大于或等于 2 .4 1μmol/L) 2 73名。血铅测定采用石墨炉原子吸收法 ;血细胞参数的测定采用全自动血细胞分析仪进行测定。结果　铅吸收组的血红蛋白 (Hb) [男 :(12 9.3± 12 .3)g/L ,女 :(112 .2± 9.4 )g/L]、红细胞压积 (HCT) [男 :(0 .338± 0 .0 30 )L/L ,女 :(0 .30 2± 0 .0 2 8)L/L]明显低于正常组和铅接触组 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;并且随血铅水平增高 ,Hb和HCT水平降低 ,血铅与Hb和HCT有弱的负相关关系。铅吸收组的红细胞平均分布宽度 (RDW) (男 :16 .6 8%± 0 .80 % ,女 :16 .98%± 0 .98% )明显高于正常组和铅接触组 ,铅接触组的RDW(男 :14 .77%± 0 .83% ,女 :14 .92 %± 1.13% )也明显高于正常组 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;血铅与RDW有弱的正相关关系。结论　用Hb、HCT和RDW 3个指标可以反映铅作业工人是否贫血和贫血程度。     

Adverse reproductive effects in female workers of lead battery plants

Fifty seven female workers at mean age 32 years (range, 23-45 years), employed in a storage battery plant and a capacitor factory were investigated. The lead exposure period was 7.4 years (range, 1-17 years). The retrospective method was used to analyse reproductive functions of women: menses, libido, abortion and delivery. The results were compared with the control group (62 female workers, mean age 32 years; range, 24-45 years). The incidence of polymenorrhea, prolonged and abnormal menstruations, hypermenorrhea was significantly higher in the lead exposed group than in controls. The incidence of spontaneous abortions was reported by 6 exposed female workers whereas it was not observed in the control group (p = 0.01). The authors conclude that occupational lead exposure of female workers could lead to the impairment of the functions of reproductive system, however poor working conditions and workload may prove to be additional factors responsible for functional disorders in the subjects under study.     

Respiratory findings in spice factory workers

The respiratory consequences of working in the spice industry were studied in 92 female spice factory workers (mean age, 36 yr; mean exposure, 12 yr). A control group of 104 female workers employed in a nondusty industry was also studied. The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms was significantly higher in the exposed than in the control group. In particular, the prevalence of dyspnea (57.6%), chronic cough (22.8%), chronic phlegm and chronic bronchitis (19.6%), nasal catarrh (37.0%), and sinusitis (22.2%) was high when compared to controls (p less than .01). Among spice factory workers, a high prevalence of acute symptoms during the workshift was recorded. Acute reductions in lung function were statistically significant over the workshift for forced vital capacity (FVC), -2.0%; forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0), -3.0%; and for maximum expiratory flow rates at 50% (FEF50), -8.3% and at 25% (FEF25), -15.2% measured on maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves. No difference was found in across-shift ventilatory function in workers with or without chronic respiratory symptoms, except for FEF25 (with symptoms, 16.7%; without symptoms, 9.6%). Preshift administration of 40 mg of disodium cromoglycate (DSC) inhaled 15 min before the workshift significantly diminished acute reductions in FEF50 and FEF25 in exposed workers. Monday preshift FEF50 and FEF25 in exposed workers were significantly lower than in control workers (p less than .01), which suggests an early irreversible component to this illness.     

塑料作业女工的生殖健康危害调查

目的　探讨塑料行业中接触内分泌干扰物对作业女工生殖功能的影响。方法　以塑料厂作业女工 5 0 0人为观察组 ,非塑料作业女工 5 0 3人为对照组 ,用统一的生殖功能调查表进行流行病学调查。结果　在车间毒物浓度低于卫生标准的情况下 ,观察组女工的月经异常率高于对照组 ,差异具有显著性(P <0 0 5 ) ,其中以月经周期异常最为显著。经Logistic回归分析 ,作业接触内分泌干扰物为月经异常的影响因素 ,被引入方程。观察组先兆流产和早产发生率明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。观察组子代低出生体重、出生缺陷和新生儿死亡发生率高于对照组 ,但差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　塑料作业中接触内分泌干扰物可能对女工的月经功能有影响 ,有必要进一步深入探讨。     

Occupational exposure to hairdressing chemicals and immunoglobulin E synthesis

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effect of exposure to hairdressing chemicals on total and allergen-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) in hairdressers. METHODS: The study was based on a questionnaire sent to 100 hairdressers (91% responding) and a reference group of 95 office workers (84% responding). The questionnaire sought information on allergy, respiratory symptoms during the past year, work conditions (exposure), and smoking habits. The hairdressers were divided into two groups, one of high exposure and another of low exposure. Total serum IgE and allergen-specific IgE towards the most prevalent airborne allergens were analyzed. RESULTS: The serum levels of total IgE were significantly higher among the highly exposed hairdressers than among the office workers. The prevalence of asthma-like respiratory symptoms during the past year was significantly higher among the highly exposed hairdressers than among the office workers. The total serum IgE level was significantly higher among the hairdressers than among the office workers (101 versus 51 IU/ml blood), but this difference disappeared after adjustment for age, atopy, and smoking. A total of 5.5% of the hairdressers versus none of the office workers had specific serum IgE antibodies towards latex. There were no differences in general allergy (Phadiatop) among the hairdressers and office workers. CONCLUSIONS: Serum levels of total IgE were significantly higher among highly exposed hairdressers than among office workers. The relationship could not be completely explained by such covariables as age, smoking, or sensitization to latex allergens.     

Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function among wood dust-exposed joss stick workers

Health hazards associated with wood dust exposure have been investigated in various industries. This study surveyed wood dust exposure levels and pulmonary effects among joss stick workers. Greater dust concentrations, as measured by six-stage cascade impactors, were observed in work areas where joss sticks were produced and incense was mixed than in other work areas. Total dust concentrations for these two high dust activities ranged from 9.9 to 42.7 mg/m³, and respirable proportions were between 2.0% and 54.6%. Higher dust levels were observed for dry joss stick production methods than for wet production methods. Dust levels for all other performance areas were lower than the permissible exposure level of 10 mg/m³. Although symptoms of cough and phlegm were higher in smoking workers than in nonsmoking workers, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms for exposed workers was not significantly higher than for the controls. The prevalence of pulmonary function deficits and the values of FEF_25% and FEF_75% in the exposed workers were significantly worse than those in the controls. But no difference was found between the male controls and the male exposed workers, the high-exposure group. Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function also did not show a dose-response trend with the exposure levels estimated by correlation with worker job titles and duration of employment. No suspected case of pneumoconiosis was found from the chest radiographs. These results suggest that wood dust exposure in the joss stick industries might not lead to significant pulmonary damage.     

A longitudinal follow-up of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to manganese

The purpose of the investigation was to study the effects on the respiratory system in mine workers with long-term exposure to manganese (Mn) in the workplace. The study included a follow-up of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms among 145 workers employed in a large Mn mine and 65 matched controls, and the assessment of Mn concentrations in environment and biological samples. Lung function was measured by recording spirometric parameters. The Mn-exposed workers reported more respiratory symptoms and a significantly higher prevalence of all grades of pulmonary function impairment. All predicted symptoms except for asthma increased significantly in the current smoking group compared with the non-smoking group. There was a significant decrease in FEV1, FVC, and FEV1% values in exposed workers compared with controls at stages 2 and 3, with an additive effect of the smoking habit. The Mn concentrations in blood, urine, and hair were significantly higher in the exposed workers than in the controls. The level of cumulative exposure index of workplace Mn was notable and did not change significantly over this study. The respiratory effects found in Mn-exposed workers were probably caused by the Mn in the workplace and the synergistic effect of smoking. These effects indicate a need for respiratory protection and improvements in the work environment.     

Adverse effects in workers exposed to inorganic lead

This paper describes a retrospective cohort study comparing 60 workers occupationally exposed to inorganic lead and 60 matched controls. All subjects were assessed using data obtained from a specially designed Questionnaire for lead exposure and toxic effects assessment, physical examination, spirometry, ECG, and laboratory tests including blood lead level (BLL) and biomarkers of lead toxic effects. Muscle pain, droopiness, and work-related nasal symptoms were significantly more frequent in lead workers. The prevalence of lung symptoms was higher in lead workers than in controls, but not significantly (20 % vs. 6.6 %, respectively). Mean values of BLL and delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were significantly higher in lead workers. The activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in lead workers was significantly lower than in controls. Abnormal of BLL, ALAD, and ALA were more frequent in lead workers, with statistical difference for BLL and ALAD. Inverse correlation was found between BLL and ALAD, and positive correlation between BLL and age, years of employment, and years of exposure. Inverse correlation was found between ALAD and age, years of employment, years of exposure, blood pressure, alcohol consumption, and years of alcohol consumption. Changes in spirometry correlated inversely with BLL. A positive correlation was found between BLL and erythrocyte count and haemoglobin concentration, whereas it was inverse for ALAD and haemoglobin concentration. A significant difference was found for BLL and ALAD, with a very high odds ratio (14.64 and 7.23, respectively) and high relative risk (4.18 and 3.08, respectively). Our data have confirmed the association between occupational lead exposure and deviation in specific biological markers of lead effect and between the role of occupational exposure in the development of adverse effects.