Early detection of the no-reflow phenomenon in reperfused acute myocardial infarction using technetium-99m tetrofosmin imaging

Evaluation of myocardial perfusion in the early stage of acute myocardial infarction (MI) is clinically important for adjunctive therapies to minimize infarct size. To determine the role of early scintigraphic detection of impaired myocardial reperfusion after primary coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in patients with acute MI, semiquantitative technetium-99m tetrofosmin single-photon emission tomographic (SPET) imaging was performed before primary PTCA (before; area at risk), 60 min after PTCA (after) and at 1 month (1 M; final infarct) in 35 patients with acute MI. The left ventricle was divided into 13 segments and the defect score was calculated as the sum of the perfusion defect of each segment, from 3 (complete defect) to 0 (normal perfusion). A significant myocardial perfusion change after PTCA was defined as a change in the defect score (before minus after PTCA) of >/=4. The echocardiographic asynergic score was defined as the number of asynergic (severe hypokinetic or akinetic) segments corresponding to the analogous segments on SPET images, and recovery of wall motion was calculated as absolute change in the asynergic score (before PTCA minus 1 M). Among the 35 patients, 15 (43%) had a change in the defect score of <4 (no reflow: group 1) while 20 had a change in the defect score of >/=4 (reflow: group 2). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to the time between admission to PTCA, revascularization time, collateral grade or Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade before PTCA. Despite the lack of a difference in area at risk between the two groups (group 1 = 12.8+/-4.3 and group 2 = 15.1+/-4.7), final infarct size in group 1 was significantly larger compared with that in group 2 (8.1+/-4.3 vs 4.9+/-3.0, P<0.001). Recovery of wall motion was significantly smaller in group 1 than in group 2 (4.3+/-1.7 to 3.5+/-1.5 vs 4. 1+/-2.1 to 1.6+/-1.6, P<0.001). In conclusion, a small change (<4) in defect score (scintigraphic no-reflow phenomenon) after primary PTCA indicates persisting impaired myocardial perfusion or irreversible cellular damage just after PTCA which is associated with poor recovery of wall motion, as compared with that observed in cases of reflow (>/=4 in defect score).     

Preservation of myocardial viability within the risk area by intravenous nicorandil before primary coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cardioprotective effect of intravenous nicorandil before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on preservation of myocardial viability, we studied 199 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: Nicorandil was given intravenously on admission (before primary PCI). Echocardiography and technetium-99m tetrofosmin perfusion imaging were performed before and 1 month after primary PCI. Echocardiographic asynergic score before primary PCI was used to define the size of risk area, whereas the sum of scintigraphic defect grade before primary PCI was used to estimate myocardial viability within the area at risk. The change (before primary PCI and 1 month after primary PCI) in asynergic score and scintigraphic salvage index were calculated. RESULTS: Patients were divided into nicorandil (n=101) and control (n=98) groups. Although asynergic score before primary PCI was not different between the two groups (nicorandil=3.5+/-2.1 and control=3.9+/-1.5), myocardial viability was preserved in nicorandil group (defect score=11.0+/-4.0) than that in control group (defect score=14.0+/-4.7, P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of antegrade flow (P=0.015) and nicorandil (P<0.0001) were independently associated with preserved myocardial viability before primary PCI. Moreover, the greater reduction in asynergic score (66+/-41 vs. 49+/-23%, P=0.0006) and larger salvage index (65+/-25 vs. 53+/-26%, P=0.0015) were observed in nicorandil group compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Intravenous administration of nicorandil before primary PCI preserved myocardial viability within the risk area, which leads to greater myocardial salvage and better functional recovery after primary PCI.     

Early detection of the no-reflow phenomenon in reperfused acute myocardial infarction using technetium-99m tetrofosmin imaging

Evaluation of myocardial perfusion in the early stage of acute myocardial infarction (MI) is clinically important for adjunctive therapies to minimize infarct size. To determine the role of early scintigraphic detection of impaired myocardial reperfusion after primary coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in patients with acute MI, semiquantitative technetium-99m tetrofosmin single-photon emission tomographic (SPET) imaging was performed before primary PTCA (before; area at risk), 60 min after PTCA (after) and at 1 month (1 M; final infarct) in 35 patients with acute MI. The left ventricle was divided into 13 segments and the defect score was calculated as the sum of the perfusion defect of each segment, from 3 (complete defect) to 0 (normal perfusion). A significant myocardial perfusion change after PTCA was defined as a change in the defect score (before minus after PTCA) of ≥4. The echocardiographic asynergic score was defined as the number of asynergic (severe hypokinetic or akinetic) segments corresponding to the analogous segments on SPET images, and recovery of wall motion was calculated as absolute change in the asynergic score (before PTCA minus 1 M). Among the 35 patients, 15 (43%) had a change in the defect score of <4 (no reflow: group 1) while 20 had a change in the defect score of ≥4 (reflow: group 2). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to the time between admission to PTCA, revascularization time, collateral grade or Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade before PTCA. Despite the lack of a difference in area at risk between the two groups (group 1 = 12.8±4.3 and group 2 = 15.1±4.7), final infarct size in group 1 was significantly larger compared with that in group 2 (8.1±4.3 vs 4.9±3.0, P<0.001). Recovery of wall motion was significantly smaller in group 1 than in group 2 (4.3±1.7 to 3.5±1.5 vs 4.1±2.1 to 1.6±1.6, P<0.001). In conclusion, a small change (<4) in defect score (scintigraphic no-reflow phenomenon) after primary PTCA indicates persisting impaired myocardial perfusion or irreversible cellular damage just after PTCA which is associated with poor recovery of wall motion, as compared with that observed in cases of reflow (≥4 in defect score). Received 12 September and in revised form 11 November 1998     

维拉帕米治疗急性心肌梗死直接经皮冠状动脉介入术中无复流疗效的观察

 目的 探讨冠状动脉内给予维拉帕米治疗AMI直接PCI 术中无复流现象的疗效.方法 常规方法 进行AMI直接PCI术,对发生无复流现象的患者,冠状动脉内给予维拉帕米100～200 μg/次,总量不超过600 μg,造影评价给药前后冠状动脉血流TIMI分级和校正的心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验帧数(CTFC).对比分析术后 30 d时梗死相关血管同为前降支发生无复流组和未发生无复流组的临床及超声心动图资料. 结果 33例AMI直接PCI术中发生无复流的患者,冠状动脉内给予维拉帕米后冠状动脉血流明显改善.TIMI血流:(0.85±0.64)级vs (2.24±0.75)级(P<0.01) ;CTFC:(76.43±13.85)帧vs(37.53±9.81)帧(P<0.01).术后30 d时梗死相关血管同为前降支者,发生无复流组较未发生无复流组左心室射血分数明显减低(46.56%±5 .6%) vs (50.34%±4.76%)(P<0.05).结论 维拉帕米冠状动脉内给药治疗AMI直接PCI术中无复流现象有显著疗效.     

Quantitative estimation of myocardial salvage after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with angiographic no reflow

Angiographic Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 相似文献   

The value of the TIMI frame count method in the diagnosis of coronary no-reflow: a comparison with myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients with acute myocardial infarction

The state of no-reflow (i.e. inadequate myocardial tissue perfusion despite normal arterial flow proven in angiography after pharmacological or mechanical interventions) is considered to be a marker of a poor prognosis. Although the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade is a valuable and widely used qualitative measure in angiography trials, it is limited by its subjective and categorical nature. Recently, the TIMI frame count method (TFC) was proposed for detecting no-reflow. In our study we aimed to compare TFC values with myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) findings to investigate the additional role of the former method in the evaluation of no-reflow. Twenty patients (16 men and four women; mean age 58+/-9 years) with first acute myocardial infarction were included in the study after thrombolytic therapy. Coronary angiography (CAG) was performed 5-7 days later. The TIMI flow grade and TFC values were determined in angiography examinations. A TIMI flow of less than grade 3 and a TFC value >27 were considered to be pathologically decreased for coronary artery blood flow. Tc tetrofosmin myocardial rest SPECT was carried out 24 h after coronary angiography. SPECT images were scored on a four-point scale in 20 myocardial segments and the total defect score was calculated from the sum of defect scores in 20 segments. Wall motion was assessed using the wall motion score index in echocardiography (ECWSI). The occurrence rates of angiographic no-reflow, pathological TFC and perfusion defects in SPECT were calculated as 40% (8/20), 47% (8/17; non-measurable in three patients with TIMI grade 0), and 55% (11/20), respectively. Perfusion defects were present and the TIMI frame count value was increased in all patients with angiographic no-reflow (TIMI grade <3). The occurrence rate of perfusion defects and increased TFC was equal (42%) in all 12 patients having TIMI grade 3 flow. Increased TFC was demonstrated in four of five patients having perfusion defects and TIMI grade 3 flow (80% compatibility with SPECT). TIMI frame count and ECWSI values were significantly higher in patients having perfusion defects than in patients with normal perfusion ( <0.05). It is concluded that the TIMI frame count is a valuable method in the detection of patients with TIMI grade 3 flow, with no-reflow, and increases the specificity of coronary angiography in the evaluation of the response to thrombolytic therapy. A pathologically increased TFC value with TIMI grade 3 flow during CAG seems to be a good indication for the use of myocardial perfusion SPECT in the definitive diagnosis and/or follow-up of such patients.     

替罗非班联合乌拉地尔预防急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死再灌注后无复流的研究

目的在常规抗凝、抗血小板基础上,观察急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术前联合应用国产血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂替罗非班和α1受体阻滞剂乌拉地尔预防急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)术中无复流的疗效。方法将符合STEMI入选标准的患者200例,随机分为试验组(联合应用替罗非班和乌拉地尔,n=100例)和对照组(仅用替罗非班,n=100例)。术前均常规给负荷量阿司匹林300 mg、氯吡格雷600 mg,试验组、对照组均于术前应用替罗非班[10μg/kg在3 min内推注,然后0.15μg/(kg.min)由微量泵持续泵入36～48 h],试验组在靶血管(IRA)PTCA导丝通过后,于冠脉内推注12.5～37.5 mg乌拉地尔,此后接受PCI治疗。结果两组术后即刻TIMI 3级血流无差异,但试验组TMP 3级明显增高(P<0.05),1周及1个月内两组射血分数相似,对照组有2例术后3 d及23 d发生再梗死,30 d主要不良心脏事件较试验组高。结论国产替罗非班联合乌拉地尔在STEMI急诊PCI术前应用能够进一步改善心肌的灌注,减少无复流的发生,安全性好。     

硝普钠治疗急性心肌梗死患者介入术后无复流现象的临床研究

目的观察冠状动脉内注射硝普钠对急性心肌梗死（acute myocardial infarction,AMI）患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）术中无复流的疗效。方法将同期于我院行PCI且术中出现无复流的79例AMI患者随机分为实验组40例（硝普钠组）和对照组39例（硝酸甘油组）,两组手术方法相同,出现无复流现象后分别经冠状动脉内注入硝普钠（每次用0.05-0.1mg）和硝酸甘油（每次用0.1-0.2mg）,术中出现低血压给予阿拉明0.5~1mg。观察两组注射药物后首次和末次冠脉造影图像,分析其冠脉特征（TIMI血流分级、TIMI心肌灌注分级）;观察两组冠脉内有创血压、心率变化及术后7d的射血分数;记录患者住院期间及随访80d内的主要心脏不良事件发生率（MACE）。结果两组患者的一般基线资料差异无统计学意义;冠脉内注射药物后：实验组TIMI分级达到3级以上的比例明显高于对照组（77.5%vs46.2%,P=0.004）,TMP分级达到3级以上的比例高于对照组（75.0%vs48.7%,P=0.016）;两组冠脉内有创血压及心率变化的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;实验组术后7dLVEF高于对照组（54.6%±9.2%,43.8%±5.9%）;实验组住院期间MACE发生率低于对照组（5.0%vs20.5%,P=0.038）;实验组在平均80d随访期间发生总的MACE事件比对照组相对有所减少（7.5%vs25.6%,P=0.030）。结论冠状动脉内注射硝普钠,可以改善AMI患者PCI术中发生无复流后冠状动脉血流和心肌组织灌注分级,同时改善患者心功能及预后,是治疗此类患者的一种简单有效的方法。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中血栓抽吸导管的应用

目的 探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）中出现无复流或慢复流时应用血栓抽吸导管的安全性和有效性.方法 选择行PCI时发生无复流或慢复流患者56例,随机分为抽吸组26例和对照组30例,抽吸组除常规处理外立即使用血栓抽吸导管,分析比较两组术后TIMI分级、TIMI心肌灌注（TMP）分级、心肌酶谱、ST-T改变、LVEF及随访30 d的主要心血管不良事件（main adverse cardiovascular event,MACE）发生率.结果 抽吸组TIMI及TMP分级,心肌酶谱及LVEF均优于对照组,出现缺血性ST段抬高的患者数少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;但MACE在两组间无统计学差异（P＞0.05）.结论 PCI时出现无复流或慢复流时应用血栓抽吸导管有助于改善罪犯血管远端的心肌灌注及术后心功能,减轻慢复流或无复流对心肌的损伤.     

曲美他嗪对急性前壁心肌梗死心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

 目的 观察急性前壁心肌梗死患者应用曲美他嗪(trimetazidine, TMZ)对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术(percutaneous coronary interventions, PCI)后心肌缺血再灌注损伤(ischemia reperfusion, I/R)的保护作用。方法 266例初发ST段抬高型急性前壁心肌梗死患者随机分为曲美他嗪组(132例)和对照组(134例)。曲美他嗪组于确诊急性心肌梗死后即刻给予负荷剂量曲美他嗪(60 mg),术后继续应用曲美他嗪(20 mg,3/d)3个月。记录两组患者PCI术中TIMI血流分级和TIMI心肌组织灌注分级(TIMI myocardial perfusiongrade, TMPG)。术后24 h分别测定两组患者血清肌钙蛋白I(cTNI)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平。在PCI术前及术后1、3个月分别超声心动图测量左室射血分数。结果 与对照组相比,曲美他嗪组PCI术中血流达到TIMI-3级和TMPG-3级例数较多,术后24 h心肌酶TNI[(17.04±1.71)ng/ml vs(14.39±1.42)ng/ml,P=0.001]、CKMB[(90.32±9.26)U/L vs (82.55±8.04)U/L,P=0.001]较显著降低。PCI术后3个月,曲美他嗪组患者左室射血分数明显优于对照组[(54.81±3.27)%比(52.26±2.55)%,P=0.001]。结论 急性前壁心肌梗死患者早期应用曲美他嗪能降低PCI术中心肌缺血再灌注损伤,长期应用曲美他嗪能够改善远期心脏功能。     

Accuracy of technetium-99m tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging in the detection of spontaneous recanalization in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction

To avoid the haemorrhagic risk of unnecessary thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (MI), early and precise diagnosis of spontaneous recanalization (SR) of the infarct-related artery is required. To clarify the accuracy of technetium-99m tetrofosmin myocardial single-photon emission tomography (SPET) in the detection of SR in patients with acute anterior MI, electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography and 99mTc-tetrofosmin SPET imaging were performed in 49 patients with acute anterior MI before emergency coronary angiography. Defect score was calculated as the sum of the perfusion defects of each segment: from 3 (complete defect) to 0 (normal perfusion). Echocardiographic asynergic score (the sum of asynergic grades) and the greatest ST elevation of the 12-lead ECG on admission were also measured. SR was defined as Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 3 flow on emergency coronary angiography. Defect score in 11 patients with SR (9.2 +/- 3.7) was significantly lower than that in 38 patients without SR (18.5 +/- 5.0) (P < 0.001), whereas there were no significant differences in asynergic score and ST elevation between the two groups. From the receiver operating characteristic curves, the optimal cut-off points of defect score, asynergic score and ST elevation for the detection of SR were calculated to be 12, 13 and 3.5, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the scintigraphic defect score (91% and 89%) were significantly higher than those of the asynergic score (64% and 68%) and ST elevation (73% and 71%). Thus, 99mTc-tetrofosmin SPET imaging on admission is a very accurate method for the detection of SR in patients with acute anterior MI.     

Use of <Superscript>99m</Superscript>Tc-sestamibi gated SPECT to assess the influence of anterograde flow before primary coronary angioplasty on tissue salvage and functional recovery in acute myocardial infarction

Purpose Preserved thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute myocardial infarction is related to improved outcome. Gated single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allows the simultaneous assessment of left ventricular perfusion and function. We evaluated the initial risk area and subsequent evolution of perfusion and function according to TIMI flow before successful primary PCI.Methods In 36 patients, treated with abciximab, primary PCI and stenting, ^99mTc-sestamibi was injected before PCI and gated SPECT acquired thereafter. Gated SPECT was repeated 7 and 30 days later. Perfusion defect, wall motion score index, left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes were examined.Results Before PCI, 14 patients (group A) showed TIMI flow 2–3 and 22 (group B) TIMI flow 0–1, but no differences in clinical variables, initial risk area, wall motion score, ejection fraction or volumes. Perfusion defect was smaller in group A at 7 (9%±11% vs 19%±14%, p<0.02) and 30 days (7%±7% vs 16%±12%, p<0.02) and the salvage index was higher at 30 days (77%±22% vs 55%±28%, p<0.02). Wall motion score was lower in group A at 30 days (p<0.05). Ejection fraction significantly improved in both groups at 7 and 30 days. End-diastolic volume showed a trend towards a reduction in group A, whilst it was significantly increased in group B. Conversely, end-systolic volume was significantly decreased in group A but remained unchanged in group B.Conclusion In the setting of optimal myocardial reperfusion for myocardial infarction, preserved TIMI flow before PCI does not limit the initial risk area but it does improve myocardial salvage and functional recovery.     

Accuracy of technetium-99m tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging in the detection of spontaneous recanalization in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction

To avoid the haemorrhagic risk of unnecessary thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (MI), early and precise diagnosis of spontaneous recanalization (SR) of the infarct-related artery is required. To clarify the accuracy of technetium-99m tetrofosmin myocardial single-photon emission tomography (SPET) in the detection of SR in patients with acute anterior MI, electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography and ^99mTc-tetrofosmin SPET imaging were performed in 49 patients with acute anterior MI before emergency coronary angiography. Defect score was calculated as the sum of the perfusion defects of each segment: from 3 (complete defect) to 0 (normal perfusion). Echocardiographic asynergic score (the sum of asynergic grades) and the greatest ST elevation of the 12-lead ECG on admission were also measured. SR was defined as Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 3 flow on emergency coronary angiography. Defect score in 11 patients with SR (9.2Dž.7) was significantly lower than that in 38 patients without SR (18.5LJ.0) (P<0.001), whereas there were no significant differences in asynergic score and ST elevation between the two groups. From the receiver operating characteristic curves, the optimal cut-off points of defect score, asynergic score and ST elevation for the detection of SR were calculated to be 12, 13 and 3.5, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the scintigraphic defect score (91% and 89%) were significantly higher than those of the asynergic score (64% and 68%) and ST elevation (73% and 71%). Thus, ^99mTc-tetrofosmin SPET imaging on admission is a very accurate method for the detection of SR in patients with acute anterior MI.     

Factors associated with myocardial salvage immediately after emergent percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction

Objective  The amount of myocardial salvage after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is reported to be a major determinant of functional recovery in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (MI). However, factors related to the amount of myocardial salvage remain unknown. The goal of this study was to investigate the factors related to the amount of myocardial salvage after emergent PCI in patients with ST-elevation acute MI by incorporating pre- and post-treatment indices and adjunctive treatments. Methods  Technetium-99m myocardial imaging was performed before, immediately after, and one month after emergent PCI in 161 patients with ST-elevation acute MI, and the defect score was serially evaluated. A good myocardial salvage was defined as ≥4 change (before minus immediately after PCI) of the defect score. Results  Good myocardial salvage was observed in 89 patients. Based on nine clinical variables, logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the important variables related to myocardial salvage. Multivariate analysis revealed that earlier time from onset to PCI (χ ² = 6.55, P = 0.01, odds ratio = 2.78), larger defect score before PCI (χ ² = 7.29, P = 0.01, odds ratio = 1.13) and administration of nicorandil before PCI (χ ² = 9.88, P = 0.008, odds ratio = 4.42) were independently associated with good myocardial salvage. Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade <2 before PCI (χ ² = 4.91, P = 0.03, odds ratio = 0.36) and TIMI flow grade ≤2 after PCI (χ ² = 4.82, P = 0.03, odds ratio = 0.31) were independently associated with poor myocardial salvage. In contrast, the number of asynergic segments before PCI, infarct-related artery, adequate collaterals before PCI and stent implantation were not determinants of myocardial salvage. Conclusions  This study demonstrated that patients with a greater improvement of ^99mTc tetrofosmin myocardial uptake immediately after PCI had better recovery of left ventricular function and smaller final infarct size. Reperfusion time and TIMI flow grade ≤2 after PCI were important determinants of myocardial salvage, and nicorandil was a major determinant of myocardial salvage.     

小剂量尿激酶联合合贝爽冠状动脉内注射对PCI无再流现象疗效的临床评价

目的:探讨冠状动脉内注射小剂量尿激酶+合贝爽对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中梗死相关动脉(IRA)无再流现象的临床疗效。方法:对460例急性冠脉综合征患者实施PCI,其中急性心肌梗死150例,PCI术中38例出现IRA的无再流;不稳定型心绞痛310例,7例出现无再流。45例病人随机分为2组,小剂量尿激酶+合贝爽组24例,交替给予尿激酶及合贝爽冠脉内注射,尿激酶总量20万U,合贝爽总量2 mg;合贝爽组21例,给予合贝爽冠脉内注射,总量2 mg。结果:小剂量尿激酶+合贝爽组24例心肌梗死溶栓治疗(Thrombolysis inMyocardial Infarction,即TIMI)血流明显改善,P<0.005;合贝爽组21例TIMI血流亦明显改善,P<0.005。对4例TIMI血流Ⅰ级者继续给予尿激酶10-20万U推注后,TIMI血流Ⅲ级者3例,TIMI血流Ⅱ级者1例,术后24h死亡2例,静点多巴胺1周维持血压1例。两组相比,术后TIMI血流改善以小剂量尿激酶+合贝爽组更为显著,P<0.005。结论:无再流现象与IRA远端的冠脉微血栓形成及痉挛均有关,PCI中给予冠脉内小剂量尿激酶+合贝爽安全有效。     

Relationship between residual blood flow in the infarct-related artery and scintigraphic infarct size, myocardial salvage, and functional recovery in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

In patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) before primary coronary stenting with adjunct glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade, whether residual blood flow in the infarct-related artery (IRA) affects infarct size or myocardial salvage is not known. METHODS: This study included 118 patients with ST-segment elevation AMI who received coronary stenting plus abciximab. SPECT studies were performed before and 7-14 d after stenting. RESULTS: Patients were divided into a group with initial Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade < or = 1 (77 patients) and a group with initial TIMI flow grade > 1 (41 patients). The initial median perfusion defect and (in brackets) the 25th and 75th percentiles were 29.1% [21.0%; 52.0%] of the left ventricle in patients with TIMI flow grade < or = 1, versus 16.5% [8.0%; 33.1%] of the left ventricle in patients with TIMI flow grade > 1 (P < 0.001). Baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (54.0% [45.0; 63.0] vs. 57.0% [40.0; 62.0], P = 0.623) or extension of hypokinetic region (28.0 [14.0; 41.0] hypokinetic chords vs. 24.0 [13.0; 39.0] hypokinetic chords, P = 0.643) did not differ significantly between the group with TIMI flow grade < or = 1 and the group with TIMI flow grade > 1. Final infarct size was 11.0% [6.1%; 23.5%] of the left ventricle in the group with TIMI flow grade < = 1, versus 6.0% [2.0%; 12.8%] of the left ventricle in the group with TIMI flow > 1 (P = 0.008). Salvage index was 0.58 [0.38; 0.76] in the group with TIMI flow grade < or = 1, versus 0.61 [0.36; 0.74] in the group with TIMI flow grade > 1 (P = 0.952). At the day 14 angiography, patients with TIMI flow grade > 1 had better left ventricular ejection fraction (61.0% [54.0%; 68.0%] vs. 56.5% [42.9%; 65.0%]; P = 0.03) and a smaller hypokinetic region (7 chords [0; 22.0] vs. 16 chords [2.5; 30.0]; P = 0.024) than did patients with TIMI flow grade < or = 1. CONCLUSION: Preserved blood flow in the IRA in patients with AMI is associated with a smaller area at risk, a smaller infarct, and better recovery of regional and global left ventricular function. The proportion of initial area at risk salvaged by coronary stenting does not seem to depend on residual blood flow in the IRA.     

前列地尔对冠状动脉介入术后无复流患者左心室功能和心血管事件的影响

目的：观察前列地尔脂微球载体制剂（Lipo-PGE1）对急性广泛前壁心肌梗死并完全性右束支传导阻滞（RBBB）经冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）后无复流患者左心室功能和心血管事件的影响。方法：102例确诊急性广泛前壁心肌梗死并完全性RBBB的患者,且所有患者均从发病至到达我院行直接PCI时间〈12h,术后血流只达到TIMI2级,且完全性RBBB仍存在,予随机分为治疗组及对照组。治疗组予生理盐水20mL加Lipo-PGE120μg静脉缓慢推注2次/d,共3d;对照组予硝酸甘油用5%葡萄糖稀释（糖尿病患者用生理盐水）50～100μg/min持续静脉缓慢滴注3d。两组患者均予心电监护、心电图检查及彩色多普勒二维结果：治疗组与对照组在术后住院期间LVDd、LVEF均无显著性差异。随访1年,治疗组患者的LVDd明显降低,LVEF明显提高,与对照组相比差异均有显著性,P〈0.05;术后1周内治疗组中完全性RBBB消失的例数多于对照组,室性心动过速的病例数少于对照组,差异有显著性,P〈0.05。结论：对于急性心肌梗死患者经PCI术后存在无复流现象,经应用Lipo-PGE1可改善心肌微循环,挽救更多濒死心肌,减少心律失常发生,从而达改善心泵功能,提患者生活质量。     

盐酸替罗非班在老年急性心肌梗死冠脉介入中的临床应用效果

目的：探究盐酸替罗非班在老年急性心肌梗死冠脉介入中的临床应用效果,为临床合理用药提供数据参考。方法选取2014年01月～2016年02月接受冠脉介入术治疗的老年急性心肌梗死患者120例作为研究对象,随机将患者分成观察组和对照组,每组各60例;所有患者均在术前及术后口服阿司匹林和波立维等药物,在此基础上,对照组患者只在手术中给予肝素治疗,观察组使用盐酸替罗非班治疗,观察两组老年急性心肌梗死患者手术后即刻TIMI血流分级情况,治疗前后血小板活度的变化情况以及出血并发症的发生情况。结果观察组老年急性心肌梗死患者TIMI分级明显优于对照组,血小板的活化度低于对照组,两组患者的上述指标对比差异明显,P＜0．05。观察组患者出血并发症的总发生率为8．33％（5／60）,对照组患者中出血并发症的总发生率为10．00％（6／60）,两组患者出血并发症的发生率对比差别不大,P＞0．05。结论盐酸替罗非班在老年急性心肌梗死冠脉介入中的临床应用效果较好。     

冠状动脉内注射替罗非班治疗冠状动脉介入中无复流的疗效观察

目的观察冠状动脉内注射替罗非班对冠状动脉介入(PCI)术中无复流的疗效。方法 21例PCI中出现无复流患者,冠脉内注入替罗非班注射液12μg/kg负荷量,0.15μg/(kg·min)静脉维持36h,比较给药前与冠脉内给药后10min冠状动脉造影的校正后的计帧数(CTFC)、TIMI血流分级。结果给药前与给药后校正后的计帧数(CTFC)由(62.42±11.60)帧降至(28.62±8.60)帧,前后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);给药前后TIMI血流变化比较,显效13例(61.9%),有效7例(33.3%),总有效率达95.2%。结论冠状动脉内注射替罗非班治疗PCI术中无复流现象有效。     

术前负荷剂量rhBNP对急性前壁心肌梗死行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入时冠脉无复流的干预作用

 目的 探讨术前负荷剂量重组人脑利钠肽(recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide,rhBNP)对行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的急性前壁心肌梗死患者冠脉无复流的干预作用。方法 序贯入选80例在武警天津总队医院行急诊PCI治疗的急性前壁心肌梗死患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组PCI术前在常规药物治疗的基础上以1.5 μg/kg负荷剂量静推rhBNP;对照组单纯给予常规药物治疗;比较两组患者PCI术中冠脉无复流的发生情况。结果 治疗组在给药后冠脉无复流(2.5% vs 15.0%)及再灌注心律失常的比例明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。rhBNP相关的严重不良反应比较,两组住院期间主要心血管事件发生率无明显差异。结论 急性前壁心肌梗死患者急诊PCI术前应用负荷剂量rhBNP可显著改善冠脉血流,减少再灌注心律失常的发生。