186株不动杆菌的耐药分析

目的:探讨不动杆菌的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法:对本院细菌室2000年3月至2003年3月间,从患者的痰、分泌物、脑脊液、血液、尿液等标本中分离的186株不动杆菌,按K-B法对其进行哌拉西林等15种抗生素的药敏试验.结果:186株不动杆菌对复方新诺明、氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢唑林、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、氨曲南、诺氟沙星耐药严重;对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、亚胺培南耐药较轻.结论:对不动杆菌医院感染应严格根据药敏结果用药,选择对其敏感的阿米卡星、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、亚胺培南等药物进行合理治疗.     

1994～2001年中国重症监护病房非发酵糖细菌的耐药变迁

目的 了解我国重症监护病房非发酵糖菌的耐药变迁。方法 1994-2001年,用E试验法检测全国32家医院分离的4450株非发酵糖细菌对亚胺培南等数10种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。用WHO NET-5软件分析数据。结果 7年中,主要的非发酵糖细菌为铜绿假单胞菌（46.9%)。不动杆菌属（31.0%)。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌（9.2%)。总敏感率最高的是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（78.6%)。亚胺培南（77.0%)。其次是头孢他啶（70.1%)。哌拉西林/三唑巴坦（69.5%)。阿米卡星（69.9%)。再次为头孢吡肟（63.0%)。环丙沙星（59.1%)。除嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌之外,其他非发酵糖菌对亚胺培南,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的敏感率分别为84.2%和77.4%。7年中铜绿假单胞菌对11种抗生素的敏感性都在下降,亚胺培南,头孢他啶,阿米卡星,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,头孢吡肟,哌拉西林/三唑巴敏感率为70.0%-83.0%。对亚胺培南对不动杆菌的敏感率高达95.0%。且历年不减。其次是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,对它的敏感率从1996年的88.0%降至2001年的69.0%。而对头孢他啶,头孢吡肟,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦,替卡西林/克拉维酸,庆大霉素,环丙沙星的敏感率只有45.0%-58.0%。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,头孢他啶,替卡西林/克拉维酸的敏感率最高（78.0%-85.0%)。产碱杆菌属对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦及亚胺培南敏感率高于80.0%;黄杆菌属仅对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦敏感率高于70.0%;73.0%-86.0%的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,头孢他啶,头孢吡肟,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦敏感。结论 近7年非发酵糖菌对常用的广谱抗生素的敏感性在下降。目前迫切需要制定相关政策,延缓耐药的发展。     

老年住院患者呼吸道分离鲍曼不动杆菌株的耐药性分析

目的 分析我院老年住院病人呼吸道分离鲍曼不动杆菌株对临床常用抗菌药的耐药特征,为临床用药提供参考.方法 收集我院老年住院患者下呼吸道分离菌株,药敏试验采用K-β扩散法.结果 共分离出87株鲍曼不动杆菌,其中,亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的敏感率较高,分别为93.1%、82.6%,其他依次为阿米卡星、环丙沙星、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶等;头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、亚胺培南的耐药率较低,分别为3.9%、4.4%.多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌44株,由分离菌株的50.6%.鲍曼不动杆菌的定植率达24.1%.结论 加强细菌及耐药性检测,掌握其耐药特征及流行规律,对于防治鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药及传播,控制老年患者的院内感染具有重要的现实意义.     

186株不动杆菌的耐药分析

目的 :探讨不动杆菌的耐药性 ,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法 :对本院细菌室 2 0 0 0年 3月至2 0 0 3年 3月间 ,从患者的痰、分泌物、脑脊液、血液、尿液等标本中分离的 186株不动杆菌 ,按 K- B法对其进行哌拉西林等 15种抗生素的药敏试验。结果 :186株不动杆菌对复方新诺明、氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢唑林、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、氨曲南、诺氟沙星耐药严重 ;对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮 -舒巴坦、亚胺培南耐药较轻。结论 :对不动杆菌医院感染应严格根据药敏结果用药 ,选择对其敏感的阿米卡星、头孢哌酮 -舒巴坦、亚胺培南等药物进行合理治疗。     

鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨孝感市中心医院鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染的临床分布特点及耐药现状,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对临床各科室分离出的鲍曼不动杆菌用ATB Expression半自动细菌鉴定仪进行菌种鉴定,采用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验。以中华人民共和国卫生部颁布的《医院感染的诊断标准(试行)》为医院感染诊断标准。结果鲍曼不动杆菌以呼吸道标本检出率最高,占67.8%;临床科室中以呼吸科病房及呼吸重症监护室检出率最高,占33.7%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低(2.0%);对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、米诺环素及头孢他啶有较好的抗菌活性,耐药率较低(≤40.0%);对第1、2代头孢菌素、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮及氨曲南耐药率均较高(>60.0%);对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率(20.0%)低于头孢哌酮(64.4%);对氨基糖甙类中阿米卡星的耐药率(29.3%)低于庆大霉素(73.7%)。结论鲍曼不动杆菌耐药十分严重,应引起临床高度重视。合理使用抗生素,加强医院感染管理,防止耐药菌株导致的爆发流行。     

87株不动杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

对近三年的各种临床标本进行细菌培养、分离鉴定 ,并用WHONET系统对不动杆菌的药敏结果进行数据分析。结果分离出不动杆菌 87株 ,以鲍曼不动杆菌为主 ( 6 0株 ) ,占不动杆菌的 6 9.0 %。各种临床标本中不动杆菌的检出率以呼吸道的痰和咽拭子为最高 ,共分离出 6 1株 ,占 70 .1%。对 18种抗生素的药物敏感试验发现 ,不动杆菌对亚胺培南、氨苄西林 /舒巴坦、阿米卡星的耐药率分别为 2 .3%、9.2 %、10 .3% ,对头孢他啶、妥布霉素、环丙沙星的耐药率分别为 11.5 %、13.8%、18.4% ,对其他抗生素的耐药率均较高 ,部分在 80 %以上。认为对不动杆菌感染的治疗可选取亚胺培南、氨苄西林 /舒巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢他啶、妥布霉素和环丙沙星 ,但最终应根据细菌培养和药敏试验合理应用抗生素     

重庆地区老年人洛菲不动杆菌下呼吸道感染的耐药性变迁

目的 了解老年人下呼吸道院内感染洛菲不动杆菌的耐药性变迁特点.方法 收集2003～2007年本院老年患者院内下呼吸道感染洛菲不动杆菌,进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验,按NCCLS标准判断.结果 洛菲不动杆菌分离率超过鲍曼不动杆菌.2003~2007年洛菲不动杆菌对13种抗菌药物的耐药率呈逐年上升趋势.该菌对亚胺培南最敏感,耐药率仅为0.0%~4.4%;其次对阿米卡星和氨苄西林/舒巴坦,耐药率为0.0%~8.9%;对环丙沙星的耐药率为3.1%~17.4%;对哌拉西林、氨曲南、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟和复方新诺明具有较高的耐药率,为43.5%～65.2%.结论 老年人下呼吸道院内感染洛菲不动杆菌分离率高,耐药性呈增加趋势,部分菌株呈高度多重耐药.     

ICU有创机械通气患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌及耐药性分析

目的:了解我院综合ICU有创机械通气患者并发下呼吸道感染的病原菌及其耐药性.方法:采用回顾性调查方式,对2003年1月至2006年6月155例ICU有创机械通气合并下呼吸道感染患者的病原菌构成及药敏结果进行分析.结果:共检出248株致病菌,其中革兰阴性菌(G-菌)占67.7%(168株)、革兰阳性菌(G 菌)占9.3%(23株)、真菌占23.0%(57株).G-菌中前三位分别是鲍曼不动杆菌22.6%(56株)、铜绿假单胞菌16.1%(40株)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌10.9%(27株).亚胺培南为鲍曼不动杆菌敏感性最好的抗生素,第三、四代头孢菌素耐药率均超过80.0%,阿米卡星耐药率接近80.0%,环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星的耐药率则为100.0%;铜绿假单胞菌对ICU常用药物耐药性逐年增加,其中以亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢吡肟增加最为显著;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌敏感的抗生素包括左氧氟沙星(85.2%)、环丙沙星(70.4%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(64.0%).结论:G-菌为ICU有创机械通气下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌;鲍曼不动杆菌敏感的抗生素主要为碳氢霉烯类,铜绿假单胞菌对ICU常用药物耐药性逐年增加.     

产AmpC酶多重耐药不动杆菌的耐药性研究

目的 了解AmpC酶在多重耐药不动杆菌中的分布,分析其对β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药情况.方法 采用K-B扩散法、三维试验、PCR法检测126株不动杆菌的耐药情况以及所产的AmpC酶.结果 126株不动杆菌中,经三维试验和PCR扩增AmpC基因确证产AmpC酶的有38株.产AmpC酶不动杆菌对亚胺培南的敏感率最高达40.1%,,对头孢吡肟的敏感率为30.9%,对羧苄西林、替卡西林、氨曲南、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟的耐药率均在90%左右,对氨苄西林均不敏感.结论 临床分离的不动杆菌以鲍曼不动杆菌为主,产AmpC酶的不动杆菌对三代头孢类抗生素、亚胺培南的耐药率较高.     

215株不动杆菌医院感染及耐药性分析

目的了解我院不动杆菌感染特点及对抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床用药提供依据。方法对从临床各种标本分离的215株不动杆菌药敏试验结果进行分析。结果分离出的215株不动杆菌中,乙酸钙不动杆菌91株,鲍曼不动杆菌58株,洛菲不动杆菌49株,溶血不动杆菌17株。药敏试验结果显示乙酸不动杆菌对13种抗菌药物敏感性较高,对复方新诺明的敏感率仅为48.27%。洛菲不动杆菌、溶血不动杆菌对多种抗生素耐药率低于36%;鲍曼不动杆菌对美洛培南、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率高,其耐药率依次为3.44%、3.44%、5.17%,对其他多种抗生素耐药率高,对复方新诺明、庆大霉素、哌拉西林、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、头孢呋肟、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、氨曲南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率依次为100.00%、89.66%、86.21%、77.58%、77.58%、82.21%、79.31%、81.03%、86.21%、63.79%、65.52%。结论不动杆菌是医院呼吸道感染的重要致病菌,特别是鲍曼不动杆菌,其耐药率高,部分菌株呈多重耐药,治疗时应参考药敏试验结果选择用药,减少耐药菌产生。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.