血管内皮生长因子C在维吾尔族妇女宫颈病变组织及血清中表达的临床研究

目的 检测血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)在新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈病变中组织表达及血清含量,评价组织及血清中VEGF-C的相关性及临床意义.方法 ①应用免疫组织化学方法检测22例慢性宫颈炎、24例宫颈上皮内瘤变( CIN)及43例宫颈鳞癌组织中VEGF-C的表达.②用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)方法检测15例慢性宫颈炎、23例CIN及40例宫颈鳞癌患者血清中VEGF-C的含量.结果 ①慢性宫颈炎、CIN及宫颈癌组织中VEGF-C阳性表达率分别为9.10％、87.50％、100％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).②慢性宫颈炎、CIN和宫颈癌患者血清中VEGF -C含量呈逐渐增高趋势,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).③慢性宫颈炎、CIN和宫颈鳞癌患者组织及血清中VEGF-C的表达及含量,两者之间有相关性,差异有统计学意义(r=0.27,F=5.327,P＜0.05),组织表达越强,血清含量越高.结论 VEGF-C在新疆维吾尔族妇女CIN及宫颈鳞癌的转变过程中起一定的作用.     

新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌中树突状细胞的检测及意义

目的探讨树突状细胞在新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)及宫颈癌中的检测及意义。方法 将HLA-DR、CD1a、S-100蛋白作为DC特异性标记物,采用免疫组织化学方法对20例慢性宫颈炎、70例CIN(CINⅠ25例、CINⅡ25例、CINⅢ20例)以及40例浸润性宫颈鳞癌组织标本中DC的分布和表达进行检测。结果 S-100、CD1a和HLA-DR阳性表达率依次为浸润性宫颈鳞癌(65.00%,55.00%,62.50%)>CIN(50.00%,44.29%,40.00%)>慢性宫颈炎(30.00%,20.00%,25.00%),差异具有统计学意义(P=0.035,P=0.037,P=0.012),S-100、CD1a和HLA-DR分布于癌组织及癌巢附近的间质中。在宫颈各组织中,CD1a与S-100蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.330,P=0.000);CD1a与HLA-DR表达也呈正相关(r=0.267,P=0.002);而S-100蛋白与HLA-DR表达没有相关性(r=0.065,P=0.461)。结论人宫颈上皮内瘤变至浸润癌变过程中树突状细胞特异性标记物S-100、HLA-DR、CD1a表达强度发生变化,提示宫颈病变局部的免疫功能发生了改变。     

新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌中FHIT、P16~(INK4a)、RARβ蛋白的表达及意义

目的探讨脆性组氨酸三联体(fragile histidine triad,FHIT)、P16INK4a与视黄酸受体β(retinoic acid receptor-beta,RARβ)蛋白在新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia,CIN)及宫颈癌中的表达及其意义。方法采用免疫组化链霉素抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶链接(SP)法检测20例慢性宫颈INK4a炎、30例CIN(CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ各10例)以及40例浸润性宫颈鳞癌组织标本中FHIT、P16INK4a及RARβ蛋白的表达。结果(1)FHIT蛋白阳性表达率依次为慢性宫颈炎(90.00%)CIN(66.67%)浸润性宫颈鳞癌INK4a(27.50%)(P=0.000);P16和RARβ蛋白阳性表达率依次为浸润性宫颈鳞癌(82.50%;90.00%)CIN(46.67%;53.33%)慢性宫颈炎(0.00%;10.00%)(P=0.000;P=0.000)。(2)在宫颈各组织中,FHIT蛋白INK4a与P16INK4a蛋白表达呈负相关(r=-0.384,P=0.000);FHIT蛋白与RARβ蛋白表达呈负相关(r=-0.291,P=0.006);P16INK4a蛋白与RARβ蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.445,P=0.000)。结论抑癌基因FHIT表达缺失与P16INK4a和RARβ过度表达与宫颈癌的发生发展密切相关,并且FHIT、P16INK4a、RARβ具有协同作用。FHIT蛋白与P16INK4a蛋白和RARβ蛋白的联合检测可作为宫颈癌早期诊断和宫颈癌进展的分子指标。     

HuR蛋白在宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈鳞癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨人抗原R(human antigen R,HuR,HuR)在宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈鳞癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法利用免疫组织化学(SP法)检测HuR蛋白在91例慢性宫颈炎组织,31例CINⅠ,14例CINⅡ,7例CINⅢ,31例宫颈鳞癌组织中的表达情况。结果免疫组织化学显示HuR蛋白在慢性宫颈炎组,宫颈病变组,宫颈鳞癌组均有表达,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。HuR蛋白与宫颈鳞状细胞癌的临床分期及淋巴结的转移有关(P0.05),与鳞癌组织学分级无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈鳞癌的发展与胞浆中HuR蛋白的过表达密切相关。     

血管内皮生长因子C在维吾尔族妇女宫颈病变组织及血清中表达的临床研究

目的检测血管内皮生长因子C（VEGF．C）在新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈病变中组织表达及血清含量,评价组织及血清中VEGF—C的相关性及临床意义。方法①应用免疫组织化学方法检测22例慢性宫颈炎、24例宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）及43例宫颈鳞癌组织中VEGF—C的表达。②用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）方法检测15例慢性宫颈炎、23例CIN及40例宫颈鳞癌患者血清中VEGF—C的含量。结果①慢性宫颈炎、CIN及宫颈癌组织中VEGF—C阳性表达率分别为9．10％、87．50％、100％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。②慢性宫颈炎、CIN和宫颈癌患者血清中VEGF—C含量呈逐渐增高趋势,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。③慢性宫颈炎、CIN和宫颈鳞癌患者组织及血清中VEGF—C的表达及含量,两者之间有相关性,差异有统计学意义（r=0．27,F=5．327,P〈0．05）,组织表达越强,血清含量越高。结论VEGF．C在新疆维吾尔族妇女CIN及宫颈鳞癌的转变过程中起一定的作用。     

TLR4、TLR7蛋白在宫颈鳞癌中的表达及其意义

目的探讨Toll样受体4、7(TLR4、TLR7)蛋白在宫颈鳞癌(CSCC)组织中的表达变化及与患者的临床病理特征的关系。方法选取本院67例确诊CSCC患者的癌组织标本(CSCC组)、30例宫颈上皮瘤变患者的宫颈组织标本(CIN组)及30例正常宫颈组织标本(正常组),采用免疫组化染色法检测3组标本中的TLR4、TLR7蛋白表达水平差异,并分析CSCC组织标本中TLR4、TLR7蛋白表达与患者的临床病理特征的关系。结果 CSCC组的TLR4、TLR7蛋白表达阳性率分别为80.60%、76.12%,均显著高于CIN组的46.67%、40.00%和正常组的13.33%、10.00%,且差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);CIN组的TLR4、TLR7蛋白阳性表达率显著高于正常组(P0.05)。TLR4蛋白阳性表达与CSCC患者的FIGO分期、病理分级、浸润深度有显著的关系(P0.05);TLR7蛋白阳性表达与CSCC患者的病理分级、浸润深度有显著的关系(P0.05)。结论 TLR4、TLR7蛋白在CSCC患者宫颈组织中表达阳性率显著升高,并且与患者的临床分期、病理分级等因素有一定的关系。     

Tim-3 及其配体Galectin-9 在宫颈癌患者中的表达及意义

目的:通过检测宫颈癌、CIN与正常宫颈组织中Tim-3及其配体Galectin-9的表达水平,探讨Tim-3和Galectin-9与宫颈癌的关系。方法:用实时定量荧光PCR(qRT-PCR)和免疫组织化学法检测52例宫颈癌、30例宫颈上皮内瘤变患者和25例正常宫颈组织中Tim-3和Galectin-9的表达,并结合临床病理学资料对实验数据进行统计学分析。结果:①qPT-PCR检测Tim-3和Galectin-9的表达显示,其mRNA水平宫颈癌组高于CIN组和正常组(P0.05),CIN组高于正常组(P0.05)。②Tim-3和Galectin-9 mRNA水平与FIGO分期(P0.05)、分化程度(P0.05)和有无淋巴结转移(P0.05)均明显相关。③免疫组化结果显示宫颈癌组织中Tim-3和Galectin-9在癌巢中呈阳性表达,其MOD值明显高于CIN组织及正常宫颈组织,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。④宫颈癌组织中Tim-3和Galectin-9的MOD值与FIGO分期(P0.05)、病理分型(P0.05)、分化程度(P0.05)和有无淋巴结转移(P0.05)均明显相关。结论:Tim-3和Galectin-9的mRNA水平和MOD值在宫颈癌中升高,并与宫颈癌的FIGO分期、分化程度和有无淋巴结转移密切相关。     

维吾尔族妇女宫颈病变组织中HLA-Ⅰ类抗原、CD3和CD8的表达

目的通过检测维吾尔族妇女子宫颈病变组织中人类白细胞抗原Ⅰ(human leukocyte antigen classⅠ,HLA-Ⅰ)、CD3和CD8分子的表达,探讨子宫颈病变中HLA-Ⅰ类抗原与CD3和CD8分子表达的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测HLA-Ⅰ蛋白、CD3和CD8分子在慢性子宫颈炎、子宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)和子宫颈鳞癌(cervical squamous cell carcinoma,CSCC)患者石蜡包埋组织中的表达水平。结果 HLA-Ⅰ蛋白在子宫颈炎、CIN和子宫颈癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为96%、70.3%和50.6%,并且随着子宫颈癌病理分级和临床分期的增加其阳性表达率减少(P0.05)。CD3和CD8分子在子宫颈炎、CIN和子宫颈癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为96%、78.1%、66.7%和96%、84.4%、55.6%;CD8分子在子宫颈病变中的表达趋势与HLA-Ⅰ蛋白表达相似,并且与FIGO分期进展和肿瘤分化程度以及淋巴结转移密切相关(P0.05);HLA-Ⅰ类抗原与CD3在CIN和子宫颈癌中表达呈正相关(r=0.422,P0.001;r=0.421,P0.001),HLA-Ⅰ类抗原与CD8分子在子宫颈病变中的表达呈正相关(r=0.422,P0.001;r=0.410,P0.001)。结论 HLA-Ⅰ类抗原、CD3和CD8分子在子宫颈病变中的表达减少可能与子宫颈癌的发生、发展有关。     

宫颈癌中α-enolase表达及其与HPV感染的关系

目的探讨烯醇化酶-α(α-enolase)蛋白在宫颈鳞癌中的表达及其与HPV感染的关系。方法应用免疫组化PV-9000两步法检测30例慢性宫颈炎、61例宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)和70例宫颈鳞癌组织中α-enolase蛋白的表达,同时应用基因芯片技术检测70例宫颈鳞癌中HPV感染情况。结果 (1)α-enolase蛋白表达于细胞质和(或)胞核中。在慢性宫颈炎、CIN和宫颈癌中,α-enolase蛋白在胞质表达的阳性率分别为4.17%(1/24)、18.5%(10/54)和54.3%(38/70),表达依次增强(P=0.000)。(2)宫颈癌中HPV总感染率为97.1%(68/70),共检出8种HPV基因型,分别为HPV16、18、58、31、52、59、66、68,构成比为80.0%、14.3%、4.3%、4.3%、2.9%、2.9%、1.43%、1.43%。双重感染10例,占14.3%。HPV16、18为主要致病基因型。(3)宫颈癌中α-enolase蛋白表达的定位与HPV16/18感染呈正相关(r=0.340,P=0.012)。结论宫颈鳞癌中α-enolase蛋白表达与HPV16/18感染密切相关,二者在宫颈鳞癌的发生过程中可能起着协同作用。     

Relationship between the expression of α-enolase in cervical carcinoma and HPV infection

目的 探讨烯醇化酶-α(α-enolase)蛋白在宫颈鳞癌中的表达及其与HPV感染的关系.方法 应用免疫组化PV-9000两步法检测30例慢性宫颈炎、61例宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)和70例宫颈鳞癌组织中α-enolase蛋白的表达,同时应用基因芯片技术检测70例宫颈鳞癌中HPV感染情况.结果 (1)α-enolase蛋白表达于细胞质和(或)胞核中.在慢性宫颈炎、CIN和宫颈癌中,α-enolase蛋白在胞质表达的阳性率分别为4.17%(1/24)、18.5%(10/54)和54.3%(38/70),表达依次增强(P=0.000).(2)宫颈癌中HPV总感染率为97.1%(68/70),共检出8种HPV基因型,分别为HPV16、18、58、31、52、59、66、68,构成比为80.0%、14.3%、4.3%、4.3%、2.9%、2.9%、1.43%、1.43%.双重感染10例,占14.3%.HPV16、18为主要致病基因型.(3)宫颈癌中α-enolase蛋白表达的定位与HPV16/18感染呈正相关(r=0.340,P=0.012).结论 宫颈鳞癌中α-enolase蛋白表达与HPV16/18感染密切相关,二者在宫颈鳞癌的发生过程中可能起着协同作用.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.