脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者生活质量现况及影响因素研究

目的探讨脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者生活质量的现况及其直接、间接影响因素,以期为临床症状管理提供参考。方法于2016年1—12月,采取方便抽样法选取上海市2所医院的脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者205例,采用一般资料调查表、脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛症状评估表、简易疲乏量表、医院焦虑抑郁量表、上肢功能评定量表和脑卒中生活质量专用量表进行调查,并进行现况描述及影响因素分析。结果脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者的生活质量总均分为(144.48±27.69)分,整体处于中等水平。经单因素及多元线性回归分析得出,脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者生活质量的影响因素为肩痛困扰、肩痛频度、肩外旋、疲乏程度和抑郁,可以解释总变异的63.3%。路径分析结果显示,疲乏程度、肩痛频度和肩痛困扰可直接影响患者的生活质量(β疲乏程度-生活质量=-0.252,P0.001;β肩痛频度-生活质量=-0.147,P0.001;β肩痛困扰-生活质量=-0.317,P0.001);疲乏程度和肩痛频度亦可通过肩痛困扰来间接影响患者的生活质量(β疲乏程度-肩痛困扰-生活质量=-0.066,P0.001;β肩痛频度-肩痛困扰-生活质量=-0.064,P0.001)。结论脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者的生活质量不高,临床医护人员应关注脑卒中后患者的疲乏和偏瘫肩痛症状,知晓抑郁和疲乏对症状体验的协同作用,提高脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者的症状管理效率,从而改善脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者的生活质量。     

脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者生活质量的影响因素研究

目的 探讨脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者生活质量的直接和间接影响因素，以期为临床症状管理提供参考信息。 方法 采用一般资料调查表、脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛症状评估表、简易疲乏量表、医院焦虑抑郁量表、Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评分量表和脑卒中生活质量专用量表对205例脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者进行调查。结果 偏瘫肩痛患者的生活质量总分为（144.48±27.69），整体处于中等水平。生活质量的主要影响因素是肩痛困扰、肩痛频度、肩外旋、疲乏程度和抑郁，可以解释总变异的63.3%。路径分析结果显示，疲乏程度、肩痛频度和肩痛困扰可直接影响患者的生活质量（β_(疲乏程度-生活质量)=-0.252，P<0.001；β_(肩痛频度-生活质量)=-0.147，P<0.001；β_(肩痛困扰-生活质量)=-0.317，P<0.001）；疲乏程度和肩痛频度亦可通过肩痛困扰来间接影响患者的生活质量（ β_(疲乏程度-肩痛困扰-生活质量)=-0.066，P<0.001；β_(肩痛频度-肩痛困扰-生活质量)=-0.064，P<0.001）。结论 临床上应同时关注脑卒中患者疲乏和偏瘫肩痛症状，关注抑郁和疲乏对症状体验的协同作用，提高医护人员症状管理的效率，从而提高脑卒中偏瘫肩痛患者的生活质量。     

超声波治疗偏瘫肩痛

偏瘫肩痛是脑卒中患者常见的并发症 ,为了探讨更好的治疗方法 ,改善患侧肩痛症状 ,促进患肢功能恢复 ,我们对收治的脑卒中合并有偏瘫肩痛的患者进行超声波治疗 ,取得较好效果。1　资料与方法1.1　一般资料　脑卒中偏瘫肩痛患者 4 2例 ,均符合第四届脑血管病学术会议的诊断标准[1] ,并经头颅ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ证实。其中不包括有典型丘脑综合征 ,重度失语和认知功能障碍 ,偏瘫肢体以前出现肩痛并进行过治疗等因素。 4 2例随机分为 2组。①超声波组 2 1例 :男 15例 ,女 6例 ;年龄 5 5～ 74岁 (6 1.8± 7.5岁 ) ;脑卒中发作至肩痛发生时间最短 0 .5…     

早期偏瘫患者肩痛的康复护理观察

目的观察康复护理对偏瘫患者肩痛的影响。方法对87例脑卒中偏瘫患者采用康复护理措施,79例未予以康复护理脑卒中偏瘫患者为对照组,观察两组患者肩痛的发生率。结果观察组患者肩痛的发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论早期康复护理有利于降低偏瘫患者肩痛的发生。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者生活质量及相关因素的调查

目的：了解脑卒中偏瘫患者生活质量及相关因素。方法：采用生活质量指数评分表和自制调查表对112例脑卒中偏瘫患者进行回顾性地调查并用成组Logistic回归统计方法对各相关因素进行分析。结果：脑卒中偏瘫患者生活质量降低。对患者生活质量影响最大的相关因素是：坚持鼓励并给予机会让患者参与活动（他人支持），其次是性别、受教育程度、偏瘫手Brunnstrom评分、偏瘫肩痛、脑卒中类型、深感觉障碍。结论：预测和分析影响脑卒中偏瘫患者生活质量的主要因素，为提高其生活质量提供参考依据。     

无缝隙姿势控制对脑卒中偏瘫患者肩痛的影响

目的观察无缝隙姿势控制对脑卒中偏瘫患者肩痛的影响。方法将238例脑卒中偏瘫患者按住院时间先后分为对照组125例、观察组113例,对照组实施常规护理,观察组在对照组基础上增加无缝隙姿势控制。比较两组患者肩痛发生率、肩痛程度和依从性。结果观察组的肩痛发生率为14.2%、肩痛程度(5.94±0.93)分,均低于对照组,依从性高于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义,同时进行患者依从性与肩痛程度相关性分析,r=-0.748,P0.01。结论脑卒中偏瘫患者实施无缝隙姿势控制能提升患者依从性,降低肩痛发生率及肩痛程度,促进康复。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者肩痛的早期干预

目的探讨对脑卒中偏瘫患者进行早期干预预防、减轻肩痛的有效方法。方法采用床边运动疗法对早期脑卒中偏瘫患者的肩部进行康复,用简氏疼痛问卷和上肢功能评分在治疗前和治疗后40d进行评定。结果治疗组疼痛评分明显低于对照组(P<0·01),治疗组上肢功能评分明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论对脑卒中偏瘫患者肩痛进行早期干预明显减轻了肩痛并有效提高了上肢的运动功能。     

综合康复治疗脑卒中后肩痛的疗效观察

肩痛是脑卒中患者最常见的并发症,发病率约为5%～80%[1],且多发病于3个月内,也可发生在后期.肩痛的出现或存在阻碍了肢体运动功能的恢复,严重阻碍了患者的康复进程,影响其生活质量.以往人们多采用体位摆放、按摩、针灸等方法,症状虽有一定的好转,但效果不稳定且易复发.为更有效缓解偏瘫患者的肩痛,本次研究对84例脑卒中病后肩痛患者进行康复训练,效果满意.现报道如下.     

脑卒中偏瘫肩痛的康复

肩痛是脑卒中偏瘫患者较常见的并发症，脑卒中偏瘫侧肩痛会导致患者病情复杂，使偏瘫侧肢体康复治疗时间延长．导致患者住院时间延长，同时也妨碍患者日常生活活动（ADL）、行走和上肢功能康复治疗进展。由于肩痛的存在，使得脑卒中患者患侧上肢肌肉主动活动减少，妨碍了坐位和站立位的平衡维持，患者不能集中精力去学习新技能．阻碍了功能恢复和整体康复进程，从而影响了脑卒中患者的生存质量。偏瘫肩痛对脑卒中康复效果成负性影响。早期预防和正确治疗可以防治肩痛等肩部问题，为改善脑卒中患者上肢功能．促进其独立活动能力的提高创造条件。     

脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛的病因分析及治疗进展

正偏瘫肩痛是脑卒中后偏瘫侧肩部疼痛的总称,其发生率为30%~80%[1-2],疼痛可出现在休息时、肩关节主动或被动活动时,极大地阻碍了脑卒中患者的康复训练,降低了生活质量。本文综述近些年国内外研究,了解脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛的主要病因,以及基于病因的康复治疗进展,以便为科学规范诊治偏瘫肩痛提供更好的依据。1肌肉软组织因素及治疗1.1肩袖、肱二头肌肌腱疾病及治疗偏瘫肩痛患者肩袖肌腱末端病和撕裂、肱二头肌肌腱炎、滑囊炎等的     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。