Transapical beating heart mitral valve repair versus conventional surgery: a propensity-matched study

Open in a separate window OBJECTIVESTransapical Neochordae implantation (NC) allows beating heart mitral valve repair in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation. The aim of this single-centre, retrospective study was to compare outcomes of NC versus conventional surgical (CS) mitral valve repair.METHODSData of patients who underwent isolated mitral valve repair with NC or CS from January 2010 to December 2018 were collected. A propensity score matching analysis was performed to reduce confounding due to baseline differences between groups. The primary end point was overall all-cause mortality; secondary end points were freedom from reoperation, freedom from moderate (2+) and from severe (3+) mitral regurgitation (MR) and New York Heart Association functional class in the overall population and in patients with isolated P2 prolapse (type A anatomy).RESULTSPropensity analysis selected 88 matched pairs. There was no 30-day mortality in the 2 groups. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed similar 5-year survival in the 2 groups. Patients undergoing NC showed worse freedom from moderate MR (≥2+) (57.6% vs 84.6%; P < 0.001) and from severe MR (3+) at 5-year follow-up: 78.1% vs 89.7% (P = 0.032). In patients with type A anatomy, freedom from moderate MR and from severe MR was similar between groups (moderate: 63.9% vs 74.6%; P = 0.21; severe: 79.3% vs 79%; P = 0.77 in NC and FS, respectively). Freedom from reoperation was lower in the NC group: 78.9% vs 92% (P = 0.022) but, in type A patients, it was similar: 79.7% and 85% (P = 0.75) in the NC and CS group, respectively. More than 90% of patients of both groups were in New York Heart Association class I and II at follow-up.CONCLUSIONSTransapical beating-heart mitral chordae implantation can be considered as an alternative treatment to CS, especially in patients with isolated P2 prolapse     

Usability,performance and safety of a new device for degenerative mitral regurgitation: in vivo chronic evaluation

Open in a separate window OBJECTIVESThis study aimed to evaluate the usability, performance and safety of an innovative mitral valve device in the chronic setting characterized by an intraventricular bridge, which enables artificial chordae anchoring and/or direct posterior leaflet fixation.METHODSTen female sheep were employed and underwent device implantation. Any interference of the device with leaflet motion, ease of device use, correct chordae length estimation and implantation were evaluated. Post-procedural valve competence and device performance were verified by periodic postoperative echocardiograms and laboratory examinations. Following euthanasia, gross anatomy and histology evaluation of the hearts and valves were performed to detect tissue abnormalities and inflammation reaction related to the device.RESULTSThe procedure was successfully completed in all 10 sheep. Lengths of the 2 chordae implanted were 23 (21.5–24) mm and 23 (22.5–24) mm. The time required to suture both pairs of the artificial chordae was 2.7 ± 0.7 min. At the 3-month follow-up, left ventricular function was normal. The transvalvular peak pressure gradient was 9 (7.5–10) and the mean gradient was 4 (3.5–4) mmHg. Upon necropsy and histological evaluation, no damage to left ventricle wall, valve leaflets, chordae and papillary muscles and absence of thrombus formation and inflammatory reaction were observed. Radiological images showed neither fracture of the device nor calcifications. Laboratory tests showed no signs of haemolysis.CONCLUSIONSIn vivo late tests confirmed the ease of correct chordal length estimation prior to implantation, short operative time and usability in flailed anterior leaflet repair. The absence of negative impact of the device on mitral leaflets motion, function and structure and successful repair might suggest that the device would be useful in complex degenerative mitral disease.     

二尖瓣修复术治疗感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流患者

目的探讨二尖瓣修复及置换术对感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流患者的疗效。 方法选取2014年1月至2016年1月于淄博市中心医院就诊的126例感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流患者为研究对象,根据治疗过程中手术方式不同分为研究组和对照组（各63例）,研究组患者采取二尖瓣修复术进行治疗,对照组患者采取二尖瓣置换术进行治疗。详细记录入组患者的气管插管时间、入住重症加强护理病房（ICU）时间、感染发生率、手术患者病死率、住院天数、住院花费等;记录患者心脏超声检查结果：左心室射血分数、左心室舒张末期直径、左心室收缩末期直径、左心房直径及二尖瓣反流得分,并记录随访指标。 结果与对照组患者相比,研究组患者气管插管时间[（16.48 ± 8.06）h]、入住ICU时间[（2.12 ± 0.86）h]、术后病死率（1.59%）、住院时间[（22.46 ± 10.34）d]、栓塞发生率（4.76%）以及住院花费[（10.63 ± 3.57）万元]差异均有统计学意义（t = 1.35、P = 0.04,t = 3.68、P = 0.02,χ² = 4.67、P = 0.01,t = 4.03、P = 0.01,χ² = 1.69、P = 0.04,t = 3.06、P = 0.03）;研究组患者术后左心室射血分数[（49.06 ± 10.24）%]、左心房直径[（43.25 ± 8.98）mm]和二尖瓣反流得分[（1.12 ± 0.31）分]均小于对照组患者,左心室舒张末期直径[（52.46 ± 7.42）mm]和左心室收缩末期直径[（39.70 ± 8.09）mm]均大于对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义（t = 1.23、2.84、3.89、1.34、2.01,P = 0.04、0.02、0.01、0.03、0.02）。随访显示,研究组患者左心室射血分数[（61.38 ± 8.61）%]大于对照组患者（t = 5.31、P = 0.01）,左心室舒张末期直径[（48.69 ± 9.57）mm]和随访病死率（4.76%）均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t = 3.24、P = 0.02,χ² = 2.91,P = 0.03）。单因素方差分析显示入住ICU时间、插管时间和心功能衰竭史均为感染性心内膜炎患者手术死亡危险因素（t = 2.34、P = 0.01,t = 1.09、P = 0.03,χ² = 1.61、P = 0.02）。 结论二尖瓣修复术对感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流疗效和预后较好,能够缩短患者住院时间和降低入院费用。     

Ischemic mitral valve prolapse: mechanisms and implications for valve repair

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the mechanisms of prolapse in ischemic mitral valve regurgitation (MR) and the techniques of valve repair. Methods: Out of 121 patients operated upon for ischemic MR, a prolapse was present in 44 patients (36.4%). The operation was performed emergently in four cases (9.1%) and electively in 40 patients (90.9%). Fifteen patients (34.1%) were operated upon within 60 days following acute myocardial infarction. Results: The diagnosis of prolapse had been overlooked by echography in five cases (11.4%). A commissural area was involved as the site of prolapse in 31 cases (70.4%). The mechanism of prolapse was a papillary muscle (PM) lesion in 38 cases (86.4%) (anterior PM: n=8, posterior PM n=36) or a chordal lesion in six cases (13.6%). PM injury was elongation (n=16), or rupture (total n=1, partial n=21, incomplete n=4). The operative technique was mitral valve repair with Carpentier's techniques in 42 cases (95.5%) or replacement in two cases (4.5%). Hospital mortality was 11.4% (n=4). The mean follow-up was to 44.7±29.6 months. Overall survival and freedom from reoperation were 68.3±9.0 and 89.9±5.7% at 5 years, respectively. Freedom from MR equal or > grade 2 was 69.7±9.5% at 5 years. Conclusions: The mechanisms of ischemic mitral valve prolapse were variable and tightly linked to the PM anatomy. A reliable mitral valve repair could be achieved in most cases with acceptable mid-term results.     

Limited right anterolateral thoracotomy for mitral valve surgery

Objective: There has been great enthusiasm in recent years to perform mitral valve surgery through small multiple incisions with the use of the Port Access technique. The procedure is costly, involves a relatively long training curve and leaves the patient with multiple scars in the chest and groin. We used a mini-thoracotomy technique for mitral valve patients and compared our results with the conventional technique. Methods: We randomized 100 consecutive patients presenting to our practice for mitral valve surgery between two groups. The first group (test group) consisted of 50 patients in which mitral valve surgery was performed via mini-right anterolateral thoracotomy approach. The control group (50 patients) underwent classical mitral valve surgery through median sternotomy. Standard aortic and bicaval cannulation with antegrade blood cardioplegia was adopted in both groups. Results: There was no statistical difference between the two groups preoperatively regarding their age, pathology, LV function and male/female ratio. Most of the patients had valve replacement except four in the test group and three in the control group. The incision in the test group was 12–15 cm long in the right submammary groove. Direct aortic cannulation, clamping and cardioplegia administration was achieved in all patients easily. The mean bypass time was slightly longer in the test group (64±12 min) when compared with the test group (59±11 min). The cross-clamp time was lower in the test group (27±8 min) when compared with the control group (31±9 min). There was no hospital mortality in both groups and there was one morbidity in the form of sternal infection in the control group. The mean hospital stay was similar for both groups (7±2 days). Conclusion: The cosmetic appearance in the test group was excellent and the patients’ wounds were scarcely apparent in the female patients. The study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of this older technique, with excellent cosmetic results and no additional cost or risk to the patients.     

Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery after failed transcatheter mitral valve repair in an intermediate-risk cohort

Open in a separate window OBJECTIVESAlthough clinical experience with transcatheter mitral valve interventions is rapidly increasing, there is still a lack of evidence regarding surgical treatment options for the management of recurrent mitral regurgitation (MR). This study provides guidance for a minimally invasive surgical approach following failed transcatheter mitral valve repair, which is based on the underlying mitral valve (MV) pathology and the type of intervention.METHODSA total of 46 patients who underwent minimally invasive MV surgery due to recurrent or residual MR after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair or direct interventional annuloplasty between October 2014 and March 2021 were included.RESULTSThe median age of the patients was 78 [interquartile range, 71–82] years and the EuroSCORE II was 4.41 [interquartile range, 2.66–6.55]. At the index procedure, edge-to-edge repair had been performed in 45 (97.8%) patients and direct annuloplasty in 1 patient. All patients with functional MR at the index procedure (n = 36) underwent MV replacement. Of the patients with degenerative MR (n = 10), 5 patients were eligible for MV repair after removal of the MitraClip. The 1-year survival following surgical treatment was 81.3% and 75.0% in patients with functional and degenerative MR, respectively. No residual MR greater than mild during follow-up was observed in patients who underwent MV repair.CONCLUSIONSMinimally invasive surgery following failed transcatheter mitral valve repair is feasible and safe, with promising midterm survival. The surgical management should be tailored to the underlying valve pathology at the index procedure, the extent of damage of the MV leaflets and the type of previous intervention.     

Preexisting mitral valve prosthesis in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation

Experience with patients undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation with preexisting mitral valve prostheses is limited. Patients with mechanical heart valves might have an increased risk of thromboembolism; in patients with biologic valves, there might be a risk of structural deterioration of the leaflets. Out of 597 patients supported with a LVAD system between 2000 and 2009, 18 patients had mitral valve surgery prior to implantation. We excluded all patients below 18 years of age, those with postcardiotomy failure, and patients who had had mitral valve reconstruction. Only 1% of the studied patient population (n= 6) had mitral valve replacement. The mitral valve implantation has been performed 7.4 ± 9.4 years prior to LVAD insertion. None of the valves (one biologic, five mechanical) were exchanged or explanted. LVAD implantation was done either with left lateral thoracotomy (n= 5) or with midline resternotomy (n= 1). Temporary right ventricular assist device support was necessary in one case (16.6%); 30-day mortality was 16.6% (n= 1). Median support time was 14 ± 15 months. Two patients received heart transplantation after 6 and 26 months on the device; four patients died on mechanical circulatory support after 1, 2, 5, and 40 months. No valve or pump thrombosis or other clinically relevant thromboembolic events were observed. Only a small number of patients (1%) had a preexisting mitral valve prosthesis prior to LVAD implantation. No severe adverse events were observed when the prosthesis was left in place. Attention should be paid to the anticoagulation regime.     

Healing of wound sutures on the mitral valve: an experimental study

Objective The aim of this study was to examine the histopathological changes that occur during the heading process of a sutured wound on the mitral valve. Methods In 12 mongrel dogs, an incision was made at a right angle to the annulus at the center of the free edge of the anterior mitral leaflet and then sutured. Animals were killed 2–16 weeks later and the wounds were examined histologically. Results Two weeks after the operation, fibrin thrombi were found on the atrial surfaces of the wound, and organized thrombi became part of the neointima thereafter. There were capillaries in the thrombi, but only a few extended from the valvular ring. On the ventricular surfaces, fibrous neointima extending from adjacent intima without capillary proliferation covered the wound at 2 weeks. These heading processes started from the valvular ring side of the wound. Processes were delayed near the free edge area, and myxomatous granulation tissue extended from the adjacent spongiosa. There were abundant collagen fibers obscuring the suture line at 4 weeks in the basal region and at 12–16 weeks near the free edge. Calcified deposits with cartilage were found in a thick scar in the basal region at 4 weeks and extended to the central area thereafter. Conclusion The healing of mitral valvular wounds is slow, especially near the free edge area. The wound is covered by organized thrombi at the atrial surface and by fibrous sheaths at the ventricular surface. These processes should be taken into consideration during the patients’ care after valvoplasty, especially during the first several months after surgery.     

Superior septal approach for mitral valve surgery: a word of caution

Objective: Superior septal approach provides excellent exposure of the mitral valve and the subvalvular structures. The unavoidable section of the sinus node artery is in relationship with this technique. We have studied the electrical changes associated after using this approach. Material and Methods: We studied 247 cases of mitral valve surgery from 1996 to 2003. The patient population was divided into two comparative groups: group I (128 cases) was represented by the superior septal approach and group II (119 cases) composed the conventional right lateral approach through the left atrium. Preoperatively, 48 patients (37.5%) in group I and 46 (38.6%) in group II were in a normal sinus rhythm. Mean follow-up was 30.7 months in group I and 33.5 months in group II. Results: There was no mortality in group I and eight cases (6.7%) in group II. A high incidence of changes as junctional rhythm was observed in group I, especially after weaning of cardiopulmonary bypass and on the first day after surgery (P>0.001). Postoperative P–R interval of the patients in sinus rhythm was 100±30 ms in group I and 148±24 ms in group II (P>0.05). P–R interval in group I was shorter than normal. P-wave morphology changed becoming inverted in leads II, III and aVF after surgery in these cases in group I. A full recuperation in P–R interval and the P-wave axis was seen in 52 cases (87.5%) in patients in group I after the third postoperative month. A definitive pacemaker implantation was need in two cases (1.5%) in group I and in six (5%) in group II (P>0.05). Conclusions: A superior septal approach is directly related with the loss of normal sinus rhythm because of the section of the sinus node artery. After a brief period of transient electrical changes, a new low atrial or coronary sinus rhythm slower than normal sinus rhythm appears. In consequence, a word of caution must be strongly considered in patients critically dependent on normal sinus rhythm, despite the low incidence of definitive electrical changes. Normal sinus rhythm appears again after the third postoperative month.     

Beating-heart implantation of adjustable length mitral valve chordae: acute and chronic experience in an animal model

Objective: This study aimed to determine the acute and chronic performance of a new system designed to conduct beating-heart implantation and off-pump adjustment of neochordal length. Methods: In 14 adult sheep (group A) selected to undergo beating-heart cardiopulmonary bypass, the left atrium was opened through a left thoracotomy. Two or more primary chordae in the A2 region were severed to produce a model of a flail leaflet. A chordal adjustment mechanism (V-Chordal, Valtech Cardio Ltd., Or-Yehuda, Israel) was affixed to the head of the papillary muscle. The system includes two adjustable neochordae. The distal end of the neochordae was sutured to the flail segment without estimating the appropriate length. The neochordal length was adjusted off-pump under real-time echo-guidance. The adjustment tool was removed and the atriotomy was closed with a purse-string suture. Control animals (group B, n = 4) were implanted with the conventional neochordae. Animals in both groups were sacrificed 3 months after the procedure. Results: In both groups, prior to repair, mitral regurgitation (MR) was severe in all animals. In group A, following adjustment of neochordae, MR was absent in all animals, with the exception of two animals that had residual 2+ MR irresponsive to neochordae adjustments. In group B, MR was 2+ in two of the four animals following repair. At 3 months, mitral competence was stable in all animals. At necropsy, normal healing of the papillary head and leaflet was observed in both the groups. Conclusions: The V-Chordal system simplifies the process of neochordal implantation and precise off-pump adjustment of the neochordal length to correct MR occurring due to a flail leaflet. This technology may improve the technical feasibility for adoption of chordal repair during open or minimally invasive surgical procedures.     

Mitral valve repair for broad, asymmetrical prolapse in the posterior mitral leaflet

We designed a mitral valve repair and successfully performed this repair for a case of broad, asymmetrical prolapse in the middle scallop of the posterior mitral leaflet. The repair procedure consists of making a fan-shaped leaflet by resecting the prolapsed portion in a trapezoid shape with detachment of the leaflet along the annulus and leaflet reapproximation by rotating this fan-shaped leaflet. This technique can utilize more leaflet tissue for filling the gap made by leaflet resection than the quadrangular resection and suture technique. As a result, it helps reduce tension on the suture lines, avoids the need for extensive annular plication, and also avoids leaflet distortion while making it easier to adjust the height of the leaflets that should be reapproximated. The essence of this mitral valve repair exists in the “resecting line of the leaflet,” which has not yet been reported.     

Mitral valve repair in chronic severe mitral regurgitation: short-term results and analysis of mortality predictors

IntroductionMitral valve repair is the accepted treatment for mitral regurgitation (MR) but lack of resources and socioeconomic concerns delay surgical referral and intervention in developing countries. We evaluated immediate and short-term results of mitral valve repair for non-ischemic MR at our centre and aimed to identify the predictors of in-hospital and follow-up mortality.Materials and methodsThe study was conducted at a tertiary-level hospital in South India. All patients >18 years with severe non-ischemic MR who underwent mitral valve repair over a period of 6 years were included. Perioperative data was collected from hospital records and follow-up data was obtained by prospective methods.ResultsThere were 244 patients (170 males). Most of the patients were in the age group 31–60 years (76.6%). Aetiology of MR was degenerative (n = 159; 65.2%), rheumatic (n = 34; 13.9%), structural (n = 42; 17.2%), or miscellaneous (n = 9; 3.7%). All patients underwent ring annuloplasty with various valve repair techniques. One hundred patients (44.7%) underwent additional cardiac procedures. At discharge, MR was moderate in 4 patients; the rest had no or mild MR. The mean hospital stay of survivors was 7.1 days (SD 2.52, range 5–25 days). There were 9 in-hospital deaths (3.68%) and 10 deaths during follow-up (4.2%). The mean follow-up period was 1.39 years, complete for 87.6%. Pre-operative left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) <60% (p = 0.04) was found to be significantly associated with immediate mortality. Logistic regression analysis detected age (p = 0.019), female sex (p = 0.015), and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction at discharge (p = 0.025) to be significantly associated with follow-up mortality.ConclusionPre-operative LV dysfunction was identified as a significant risk factor for in-hospital mortality. Female sex, age greater than 45 years, and LV dysfunction at discharge were found to be significantly associated with follow-up mortality. Hence, it is important to perform mitral valve repair in severe regurgitation patients before significant LV dysfunction sets in for a better outcome.     

Impact of MitraClip™ therapy on secondary mitral valve surgery in patients at high surgical risk

Objective: Conventional or minimally invasive surgical mitral valve repair (MVR) is the gold-standard treatment for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) of any etiology. Given its good safety profile, trans-catheter MVR with the MitraClip™ device is used increasingly for high-risk or inoperable patients. We report our experience with failed MitraClip™ therapy and its impact on subsequent surgical strategies, such as the feasibility of MVR in high-risk patients. Methods: During a follow-up of 344 ± 227 days from the first 215 consecutive patients treated with the MitraClip™ device, six patients required surgical re-intervention due to failed repair (n = 3) or recurrent severe MR (n = 3) at 35.8 ± 47.7 (range 0–117) days after trans-catheter MVR. Feasibility of secondary surgical MVR was assessed with regard to prior clip therapy. Results: In three patients, secondary surgical MVR was successfully performed following the surgical strategy deemed optimal before trans-catheter treatment. Injury of the mitral leaflets caused by prior clip treatment was present in three other patients and influenced the surgical strategy toward more complex surgical techniques in one case and MV replacement in two others. One patient died 6 days after MV replacement. All other patients are alive with adequate valve function at the latest follow-up of 12.4 ± 7.4 months (range 4–22). Conclusions: Secondary surgical MVR was feasible in some patients after prior clip treatment, but led to valve replacement in others. At present, patient selection criteria for trans-catheter MVR should not be expanded toward more healthy patients, as primary trans-catheter MVR may complicate secondary surgery in certain cases and may even preclude reconstructive valve surgery.     

Mitral valve repair for severe mitral valve regurgitation during left ventricular assist device implantation

Background

The management of severe mitral regurgitation (MR) at the time of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is controversial. We adopted an approach of systematic repair of severe MR at the time of LVAD implantation and report our experience.

An alternative valve for mitral valve replacement in young children: using an NO-REACT® INJECTABLE BIOPULMONIC™ prosthesis as a mitral valve replacement in a 14-month-old child

Mitral valve replacement in infants is challenging and there are limited alternative valves available. Since the Boston group published their first report on alternative valves for mitral valve replacement in infants, there has been a growth in the literature on the topic, mostly based on the use of a stented bovine jugular vein graft (Melody^® valve). The challenges of the Melody valve are firstly in its length of 28 mm unexpanded, which has the potential to cause left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and secondly, the valve needs mechanical dilatation, which is laborious. A modified No-React^® Injectable Biopulmonic™ Prosthesis (Bio Integral Surgical, Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada) which is shorter (19 mm) and simpler in that it is self-expanding was implanted in a 14-month-old child to replace her mitral valve. The operation was successful and the short-term function of the prosthesis is good.     

改良二尖瓣成形术治疗小儿二尖瓣反流

目的 总结改良二尖瓣成形术在小儿二尖瓣反流中的治疗经验。方法 1999年3月至2009年12月共收治小二尖瓣中、重度反流行改良二尖瓣成形术患儿106例。全组男69例,女37例;年龄0.4～8.5岁,平均(3.7±1.8)岁;体重6.6 ～52.0 kg,平均(10.0±3.5)kg。术前超声评估左心室功能。按年龄分为3组：＜6个月16例;6个月到2岁51例;2岁到8.5岁39例。另有7例合并二尖瓣狭窄,根据术前血流动力学、功能状况和解剖结构分别采用取不同的手术方法。结果 死亡3例(2.8％),其中2例为术后二尖瓣反流加重严重影响心功能,1例为合并难以纠治的肺高压。其他患儿恢复良好。结论 对于小儿二尖瓣反流行成形术可行,术后早期效果良好,瓣膜发育尚可,再手术率相对较低。对小儿二尖瓣反流早期干预可以减少瓣膜损害。     

Traumatic mitral insufficiency following percutaneous mitral dilation: anatomic lesions and surgical implications

Percutaneous mitral dilation is a widely accepted technique for treating pure mitral stenosis. Traumatic mitral insufficiency may occur secondary to this technique raising the problem of the feasibility of mitral valve repair. Twenty patients were operated on for traumatic mitral insufficiency following percutaneous mitral dilation. Three patients required emergency operations (within 6 h). In the other cases, surgery was carried out within the following days or weeks. Operative analysis of the mitral valves showed the following lesions: tear of the anterior leaflet (n = 4), tear of the posterior leaflet (n = 2), anterior (n = 4) or posterior (n = 9) paracommissural tear and papillary muscle rupture (n = 1). Associated chordal rupture was found in 3 patients. Septal perforation secondary to transseptal puncture was found in all cases. A septal tear of more than 10 mm was present in 4 patients. Surgery consisted of mitral valve reconstruction (n = 12) or mitral valve replacement (n = 8). Anatomic lesions following percutaneous mitral dilation may affect all the elements of the mitral valve apparatus. The possibility of repair depends more on the degree of calcification of the valve than on the extent of the leaflet tear.     

"缘对缘"二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂的早中期随访

目的 回顾性分析"缘对缘"二尖瓣成形术的早、中期效果.方法 1999年8月至2007年7月完成了128例"缘对缘"(edge to edge)二尖瓣成形术,分析其围术期及随访结果.结果 全组无手术死亡.平均随访46.8个月(1～97个月),无二次手术率96.9%,生存率98.4%.5例(3.9%)复发二尖瓣中、重度反流,其中4例(3.1%)行二尖瓣置换,1例早期缝线撕脱二次手术后死亡,1例拒绝二次手术而死亡.3例(2.3%)轻度二尖瓣狭窄,心功能Ⅰ级,仍在随访中.其余120例二尖瓣反流明显减轻(术前3.4对术后1.1,P＜0.05),心功能(NYHA)级别明显改善(术前2.4级对术后1.1级,P＜0.05).术后二尖瓣口面积平均为(2.45±0.70)cm2.左室舒张末径显著缩小[术前(57.9±9.0)mm对术后(48.6±7.6)mm,P＜0.05].术后左心室射血分数无明显改变(术前0.61±0.08对术后0.60±0.06,P=0.03).结论 "缘对缘"二尖瓣成形术是治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂的安全、有效方法,早、中期效果良好.远期效果尚有待于进一步观察.