Stability,concurrent and predictive validity of the PPVT-R

Explored the relationship between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT), and pretest PPVT-R standard scores administered about 7 months earlier for a sample of 29 mentally retarded children between the ages of 5-5 and 12-7 (X = 9-6, SD = 1–11). Pretest PPVT-R scores correlated moderately with PIAT standard scores (Median r = 0.43) and with posttest PPVT-R scores (r = 0.81). There was no significant difference between the mean pre and post PPVT-R scores (60.3 and 58.5, respectively). The PPVT-R and PIAT Total Test Score administered in the same session correlated 0.71 (Median r with the PIAT's subtests = 0.64). Implications are discussed in light of the stability and predictive and concurrent validity of the PPVT-R for this sample.     

Comparison of the WISC-R and PPVT-R with Navajo children

Explored the relationship between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) for a sample of Native American children who reside on the Navajo Reservation. The sample consisted of 37 children aged 6 to 12−4 (M = 8−9, SD = 1−10). The PPVT-R standard scores correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with the WISC-R Verbal IQ (0.87). Performance IQ (0.52), and Full Scale IQ (0.82). The mean PPVT-R standard score was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than all of the mean WISC-R IQ scores. Implications of these findings for the use of the PPVT-R are discussed.     

Investigations into the relationship of the PPVT-R and the WISC-R with incarcerated delinquents

Examined the relationship between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) with 35 incarcerated delinquents between the ages of 13–10 and 16–10. Mean scaled scores were computed across all measures. A statistically significant difference (p <. 01) between the PPVT-R mean scaled score and all other measures was obtained. The PPVT-R correlated significantly (p <. 0001) with the WISC-R VIQ (r = 0.87), PIQ (r = 0.78), FSIQ (r = 0.86) and the PPVT (r = 0.80), whereas the original PPVT demonstrated significant yet lower correlations with the WISC-R VIQ (r = 0.78), PIQ (r = 0.77) and FSIQ (r = 0.80). The clinical significance of utilizing the PPVT-R as a measure of receptive vocabulary and its practical relationship to the PPVT and WISC-R with a juvenile delinquent population was discussed.     

The PPVT-R as a measure of psycholinguistic functioning: a caution

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the use of the PPVT-R as a measure of psycholinguistic functioning. The sample included 75 school-aged children referred for evaluation. The mean PPVT-R standard score (94.59, SD = 15.85) was not significantly different (p less than .01) than the WISC-R Full Scale IQ (95.36, SD = 16.29), Verbal IQ (94.36, SD = 16.17), or Performance IQ (97.75, SD = 15.61), or the mean ITPA PLQ. The PPVT-R correlated positively and significantly with the WISC-R Full Scale IQ (.77), Verbal IQ (.71) and Performance IQ (.74) and the WISC-R subtests, with coefficients that ranged from .42 (object assembly) to .69 (vocabulary). In addition, the PPVT-R correlated positively and significantly with the ITPA Psycho-Linguistic Quotient (PLQ) (.72) and the ITPA) subtests, with coefficients that ranged from .38 (auditory sequential memory) to .72 (grammatic closure). Regression analyses determined that the ITPA PLQ and the PPVT-R standard score were not predictive of one another. The data are interpreted to suggest that the PPVT-R is not more appropriately used as a measure of receptive language ability than as a screen for intellectual functioning.     

Clinical utility of considering Digits Forward and Digits Backward as separate components of the wechsler adult intelligence Scale-Revised

This study investigated the utility of considering Digits Forward (DF) and Digits Backward (DB) as separate components of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). Protocols of WAIS-Rs, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Tests-Revised (PPVT-Rs), and Standard Progressive Matrices (SPMs) were examined (N = 50). Pearson correlations of Forward and Backward digit repetition and scores from PPVT-Rs and SPMs were calculated. Repetitions of DF were correlated significantly (p < .01) with SPM performance. Repetitions of DB were correlated significantly with performance on the PPVT-R (p < .02), although a stronger correlation was obtained between DB and SPM performance (p < .001). These findings indicate that although DF and DB tasks are related, the combination of these tasks into a single score might obscure important information.     

Prediction of Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence IQ scores for preschool children using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-R and the Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test

As part of a comprehensive preschool screening program, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-R, and the Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test were administered to 51 young children, who varied in age form 45 to 76 months (M = 57.5, SD = 4.9). The sample consisted of 21 females and 30 males, of whom 80% were White, 18% Black, and 2% Native Americans. Stepwise regression was used with the WPPSI Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs as criterion variables (dependent variables) and the PPVT-R and EOWPVT as the predictor (independent variables). The stepwise regression technique was helpful in identifying the specific combination of independent variables that could best be used to predict WPPSI scores. Results indicated that the PPVT-R and QT can be used successfully as predictors of the WPPSI IQs for young preschool children. Implications and limitations for the use of regression equations by clinicians are discussed.     

Comparison of the minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic test and Bender-Gestalt: Relationship with achievement criteria

Administered the Bender-Gestalt (BG) and Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test (MPD) to 69 first-grade children prior to administration of the California Achievement Test (CAT). Order of administration for the BG and MPD was counterbalanced to control for practice effects. Correlations (rs) were computed between the 9 CAT subtests and scores from the BG and MPD. The DD score from the MPD correlated significantly with all 9 CAT subtests. The SpCD score from the MPD correlated significantly with 6 of the 9 CAT subtests. The BG Koppitz score correlated significantly with 6 of the 9 CAT subtests. Both the DD and SpCD scores showed a significantly higher negative r with Reading Vocabulary, Total Reading, and Arithmetic Computation than the BG. Furthermore, both types of MPD scores showed a much higher average r with the 9 CAT subtests than was evident for the BG. These findings suggest that DD and SpCD scores from the MPD provide a more sensitive measure of deficits in visual-motor perception than the Koppitz score from the BG.     

Validity of the peabody picture vocabulary test-revised with mentally retarded adults

Investigated the validity of using the PPVT-R with mildly mentally retarded adults. The PPVT-R, PPVT, and WAIS-R were administered to 21 Ss, and WAIS scores were obtained from client files. Results indicated that the revised Peabody tended to yield significantly lower estimates of functioning than did the other measures. Implications are discussed.     

The PPVT-R: Validity as a quick screen of intelligence in a postacute rehabilitation setting for brain-injured adults

The utility of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) as a surrogate for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test-Revised (WAIS-R) was investigated in 61 brain-injured adult participants in a postacute rehabilitation setting. Idiographic comparison revealed substantial disagreement in clinical classification between the two instruments, and it is concluded that the PPVT-R is not a good surrogate for the WAIS-R for this purpose. In contrast, the PPVT-R was judged an adequate surrogate for the WAIS-R for the purpose of group comparison, as is common in biomedical research. Finally, contrary to prior report, the PPVT-R was demonstrated to measure more than simply Vocabulary. As such, in the absence of independent validation research, perhaps the most parsimonious conclusion regarding what the PPVT-R is measuring is that like each of the various subtests of the WAIS-R, the PPVT-R shares some of the variance of the construct termed intelligence, as well as demonstrates some unique variance that is likely comprised of error and, perhaps, a unique or different facet of intelligence. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 877–884, 1998.     

Clock drawing performance in cognitively normal elderly

The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a common neuropsychological measure sensitive to cognitive changes and functional skills (e.g., driving test performance) among older adults. However, normative data have not been adequately developed. We report the distribution of CDT scores using three common scoring systems [Mendez, M. F., Ala, T., & Underwood, K. L. (1992). Development of scoring criteria for the Clock Drawing Task in Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 1095–1099; Cahn, D. A., Salmon, D. P., Monsch, A. U., Butters, N., Wiederholt, W. C., & Corey-Bloom, J. (1996). Screening for dementia of the Alzheimer type in the community: The utility of the Clock Drawing Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11(6), 529–539], among 207 cognitively normal elderly. The systems were well correlated, took little time to use, and had high inter-rater reliability. We found statistically significant differences in CDT scores based on age and WRAT-3 Reading score, a marker of education quality. We present means, standard deviations, and t- and z-scores based on these subgroups. We found that “normal” CDT performance includes a wider distribution of scores than previously reported. Our results may serve as useful comparisons for clinicians wishing to know whether their patients perform in the general range of cognitively normal elderly.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童感觉统合与执行功能的相关分析

目的：探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童感觉统合与执行功能之间的关系。方法：对282例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)ADHD诊断标准的门诊儿童，进行感觉统合功能和执行功能评定，对结果进行相关性分析。结果：感觉统合功能量表中，大肌肉及平衡能力的等级评分与Stroop测验的A反应时、总反应时呈正相关，与韦氏记忆中倒背数字得分呈负相关；触觉过度防御及情绪不稳的等级评分与Stroop测验的C错误数和色干扰呈负相关；本体感不佳、身体协调不良的等级评分与Stroop测验的C错误数和总错误数呈负相关；学习能力发展不足或协调不良的等级评分与Stroop测验的D反应时、总反应时、D错误数、总错误数以及瑞文标准推理测验的标准等级分呈正相关；大年龄的特殊问题的等级评分与Stroop测验的C错误数、D错误数、总错误数呈负相关。结论：ADHD儿童感觉统合功能，尤其是大肌肉和平衡能力、学习能力发展不足或协调不良与执行功能有关；ADHD儿童的感统失调，尤其是前庭网状结构功能失调引起的注意力损害,多动和冲动,与患儿的行功能缺陷有密切的联系．     

Wais prediction for an older clinical population using the quick test

Data were analyzed to estimate WAIS Full Scale IQs from Quick Test scores. Ss were 26 mental health center patients raning in age from 46 to 78 years (X= 58.46, SD = 8.78). In predicting WAIS Full cale IQs, Quick Test Form 3 age-corrected and uncorrected score accounted for 66 and 70% of the variance respectively (p < 0.001). Two- and three-variable regression models did not yield meaningful increases in variance. Quick Test Form 3 is recommended when a brief measure of intellectual functioning for an aged clinical population is needed.     

Use of the WISC-R and PPVT-R with mentally retarded children

Explored the relationship between the Revised Peabody Picture Vocabulary test (PPVT-R) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) for a sample of 38 mentally retarded children between the ages of 5–5 to 12–7. The PPVT-R correlated significantly with the WISC-R Verbal (.58), Performance (.48) and Full Scale (.59) IQ scores. There was no significant difference between the mean PPVT-R Standard Score Equivalent (59.9) and the mean WISC-R Verbal (59.5), Performance (62.4), or Full Scale (57.7) IQ scores. Implications of these findings for the use of the PPVT-R are discussed.     

Effectiveness of two tests of visual retention

Evaluated 100 neurological patients with an unequivocal diagnosis of neurological disorders on two neuropsychological tests, the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) and the Memory-For-Designs Test (MFD), for evidence of impaired retention. The BVRT score, the number correct and error scores, were significantly more effective in eliciting a defective visual retention score than was the MFD, p = >.001. It is suggested the BVRT be selected in evaluating patients with mild to moderate brain damage.     

United airways: the impact of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps in bronchiectasic patient's quality of life

Background: The nose and the bronchi belong, in anatomical and physiopathological terms, to the concept of united airways. Associations between upper and lower airways diseases have been demonstrated in allergic rhinitis and asthma, nasal polyposis (NP) and asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and more recently CRS/NP and bronchiectasis (BQ). Objective: To evaluate the impact of CRS on quality of life (QoL) of patients with BQ, and to correlate these findings with the pulmonary status, nasal symptoms, and general health status. Methods: In a prospective study, patients with BQ (n = 80) were evaluated for CRS and NP using EP³OS criteria, and severity of BQ using chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT)‐scan. Quality of life was assessed in all patients by using specific [Sinonasal Outcome Test‐20 (SNOT‐20), St George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)], and generic (Short Form‐36; SF‐36) questionnaires. Results: Using SNOT‐20, patients with CRS had worse QoL (2.1 ± 0.1; P < 0.001) than patients without CRS (0.4 ± 0.06). Using SGRQ total score, patients with CRS had worse QoL (43.7 ± 2.2; P < 0.001) than patients without CRS (24.7 ± 2.5). Using SF‐36, patients with CRS had worse QoL, both in the physical summary (64 ± 3.4; P < 0.05) and the mental summary (65.5 ± 4.7; P < 0.05), than patients without CRS (physical summary [PS]: 76.2 ± 3.3; mental summary [MS]: 78.3 ± 5.3, respectively). Sinonasal Outcome Test‐20 was correlated with SGRQ total score (r = 0.72; P < 0.01), and SF‐36 physical summary (r = ?0.63; P < 0.01). St George Respiratory Questionnaire was correlated with SF‐36 on physical summary (r = ?0.58; P < 0.05) and with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = ?0.41; P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggested that CRS, measured by both specific and generic questionnaires, has a considerable impact on the QoL of patients with BQ.     

Quantification of Sleepiness: A New Approach

The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) is a self-rating scale which is used to quantify progressive steps in sleepiness. The present study investigated whether the SSS cross-validates with performance on mental tasks and whether the SSS demonstrates changes in sleepiness with sleep loss. Five college student Ss were given a brief test of memory and the Wilkinson Addition Test in 2 test sessions and The Wilkinson Vigilance Test in 2 other sessions spaced throughout a 16-hr day for 6 days. Ss made SSS ratings every 15 min during their waking activities. On night 4, Ss underwent all night sleep deprivation. On all other nights, Ss were allowed only 8 hrs in bed. Mean SSS ratings correlated r= .68 with performance on the Wilkinson Tests. Discrete SSS ratings correlated r= .47 with performance on the memory test. Moreover, mean baseline SSS ratings were found to be significantly lower than corresponding ratings of the deprivation period.     

Sexual dimorphism of spatial working memory profiles in schizophrenia

Introduction. The aim of the present study was to compare spatial working memory performance of females and males schizophrenia patients to verify whether the sexual dimorphism of spatial abilities present in the general population is found also in schizophrenia.

Methods. We analysed different types of errors committed by each gender on the spatial working memory test of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery to determine potential differences between them.

Results. Despite the lack of difference in the number of errors between men and women, different profiles of errors were associated with the strategy used according to gender. The men's strategy was better compared to women. Specifically, for women strategy score correlated positively with searches in previously visited boxes, whereas for men it correlated with both previously visited boxes and never visited ones. However, men's strategy is more impaired by the number of revisits in boxes in which tokens have previously been found than female's one.

Conclusions. These results suggested impaired either central executive and/or visuospatial sketchpad of working memory in patients with schizophrenia. We demonstrated also that the worsening of strategy in men is principally due to central executive deficits compared to women with schizophrenia. The study of sex differences in cognitive performances could help in delineating partially different endophenotypes of schizophrenia in men and women.     

The Henmon-Nelson and Slosson tests as predictors of WAIS-R IQ

Previous research has indicated that the Slosson Intelligence Test and the Henmon-Nelson Test of Mental Ability are better estimators of WAIS IQ scores than most other brief intellectual measures. In the present study we compared the abilities of the most recent editions of the two tests to estimate WAIS-R scaled scores and IQs (N = 90). The Henmon-Nelson's validity coefficients were higher than their counterparts for the Slosson, but the Slosson had a higher ceiling and a lower floor, which suggests that it is more valuable with particularly dull and especially bright subjects. Both the Slosson IQs and Henmon-Nelson standard scores had higher means and more variability than WAIS-R Full Scale IQs. The data suggested that the most accurate WAIS-R approximations can be achieved by converting Slosson or Henmon-Nelson scores to WAIS-R scaled score estimates and translating the latter to WAIS-R IQs by using Wechsler's age-corrected tables.     

Objective markers for sleep propensity: comparison between the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig

The regulation of wakefulness is important for high‐order organisms. Its dysregulation is involved in the pathomechanism of several psychiatric disorders. Thus, a tool for its objective but little time‐consuming assessment would be of importance. The Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig allows the objective measurement of sleep propensity, based on a single resting state electroencephalogram. To compare the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig with the standard for objective assessment of excessive daytime sleepiness, a four‐trial Multiple Sleep Latency Test in 25 healthy subjects was conducted. Between the first two trials, a 15‐min, 25‐channel resting electroencephalogram was recorded, and Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig was used to classify the sleep propensity (i.e. type of vigilance regulation) of each subject. The results of both methods showed significant correlations with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ρ = ?0.70; ρ = 0.45, respectively) and correlated with each other (ρ = ?0.54). Subjects with a stable electroencephalogram‐vigilance regulation yielded significant increased sleep latencies compared with an unstable regulation (multiple sleep latency 898.5 s versus 549.9 s; P = 0.03). Further, Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig classifications allowed the identification of subjects with average sleep latencies <6 min with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 77%. Thus, Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig provides similar information on wakefulness regulation in comparison to the much more cost‐ and time‐consuming Multiple Sleep Latency Test. Due to its high sensitivity and specificity for large sleep propensity, Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig could be an effective and reliable alternative to the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, for example for screening purposes in large cohorts, where objective information about wakefulness regulation is needed.     

TW3 bone age: RUS/CB and gender differences of percentiles for score and score increments

Background: Longitudinal data on bone age progression is scarce.

Aim: The study aimed to present reference values for Tanner–Whitehouse 3 (TW3) bone age score and score increments, and to provide means and standard deviations of appearance time for all TW3 stages. Gender differences and differences between radio ulna and short bones (RUS) and carpal bone (CB) scores were studied.

Subjects and methods: Bone age data collected for ages 3 months to 20 years in 232 subjects during the First Zurich Longitudinal Study (1954–1976) were used. Smoothed empirical percentiles of TW3 RUS and CB scores for age, of score increments for age and of score increments for attained score are presented. Means and standard deviations of the appearance times are calculated by parametric censored regression.

Results: There are clear differences between the RUS and CB scores and between the genders. Boys are delayed with respect to girls, with different delays for RUS and CB. For RUS, differences in maturation reflect the known differences of physical growth, with a later and more intense peak in boys. For CB, there is little difference in timing and intensity. However, girls reach the final score about 2 years earlier than boys. The consistently earlier mean appearance times in girls indicate that skeletal maturation is, already in childhood, more rapid in girls than in boys. There are significant gender differences in the sequence of appearance.

Conclusion: Reference values for TW3 score and score increments and mean appearance times for stages add to existing knowledge and indicate important RUS/CB and gender differences, whose sources are largely unknown.