严重肝外伤术后常见并发症的防治

对48例严重肝外伤患者术后发生并发症27例49例次作回顾性分析。术后出血11例次，胆瘘5例次，肺部并发症19例次，腹腔／肝脏脓肿9例次，肝肾衰竭2例次，胆血症1例次，创伤性肝动脉一门静脉瘘所致门静脉高压1例次。经相应治疗后治愈24例，死亡3例。对于并发腹腔、胆道出血，肝动脉栓塞是有效治疗方法；对于胆瘘可采用内镜下Oddis括约肌切开，鼻胆管引流。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的探讨介入治疗在肝移植术后胆道并发症治疗方面的作用。方法回顾性分析本中心2004年4月至2006年10月采用介入方法治疗的37例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的I临床资料。结果本中心肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生率为7．2％（30／417）。介入治疗的近期治愈率为54．1％（20／37），近期治愈患者中需反复治疗的比率是40％（8／20），围手术期病死率为5．4％（2／37），总病死率为16．2％（6／37）。吻合口漏、胆道坏死导致的胆漏、吻合口狭窄、非吻合口狭窄、胆泥和胆石形成的介入治疗治愈率分别为57．1％（4／7）、0（0／4）、100％（8／8）、16．7％（2／12）、100％（6／6）。结论介入治疗是肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要治疗方法。疗效与胆道并发症的类型相关，吻合口狭窄、胆泥和胆石形成以及吻合口漏的介入治疗效果良好；胆道坏死导致的胆漏及非吻合口狭窄的介入治疗效果较差，应把握好时机进行再次肝移植。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2005年9月诊治的173例原位肝移植患者的临床资料。结果 术后出现胆道并发症14例（8．1％），其中胆管狭窄6例．胆管狭窄合并胆漏1例，胆泥淤积或结石3例，肝断面胆漏2例（劈离式肝移植患者），T管拔除后胆漏1例，Oddi括约肌功能失常1例。除1例胆道狭窄再次行肝移植，因发生严重感染导致肝功能衰竭死亡外．其余患者经介入治疗均获得满意的效果。结论 介入治疗是诊断和治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的首选方法。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2005年9月诊治的173例原位肝移植患者的临床资料。结果术后出现胆道并发症14例(8.1%),其中胆管狭窄6例,胆管狭窄合并胆漏1例,胆泥淤积或结石3例,肝断面胆漏2例(劈离式肝移植患者),T管拔除后胆漏1例,Oddi括约肌功能失常1例。除1例胆道狭窄再次行肝移植,因发生严重感染导致肝功能衰竭死亡外,其余患者经介入治疗均获得满意的效果。结论介入治疗是诊断和治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的首选方法。     

严重肝外伤术后并发症的防治

目的总结严重肝外伤术后并发症的防治经验。方法回顾性分析1994年1月～2003年12月45例严重肝外伤病例行手术治疗的临床资料，包括损伤程度、手术方式、治疗效果及手术并发症。结果肝外伤Ⅲ级24例，Ⅳ级16例，Ⅴ级5例。行肝缝合修补术21例，大网膜填塞缝合4例，肝血肿清除3例，清创性肝切除14例，规则性肝切除3例。术后发生并发症17例次(38．6％)，并发多器官功能衰竭4例次，术后再出血3例次，胆漏3例次，膈下脓肿3例次，切口感染2例次，败血症1例次，肺部感染1例次；死亡7例(15．6％)，术中出血死亡1例，术后再出血死亡2例，术后多器官功能衰竭死亡4例。结论术后多器官功能衰竭、再出血、胆漏和膈下脓肿是严重肝外伤术后常见并发症。术中彻底止血，充分引流，预防多器官功能衰竭，可降低严重肝外伤术后并发症和死亡率。     

肝外伤术后再出血外科诊治

目的 探讨肝外伤术后再出血的外科诊治方法.方法 对2003年11月至2008年11月6例肝外伤术后再出血的患者,1例行肝血肿清除,创面对拢缝合,4例行清除坏死组织,创面生物蛋白胶+止血纱布+大网膜填塞后缝合止血,1例行肝移植治疗.结果 6例患者中术后出现假性动脉瘤2例行肝动脉栓塞治疗,胆瘘2例行腹腔穿刺引流,5例痊愈出院,死亡1例,死因为肝移植失败,腹腔大量渗血.结论 彻底清创及肝动脉栓塞是抢救肝外伤术后再出血的有效方法.     

严重肝外伤术后并发症的防治体会

1993年3月至2003年3月，我院收治严重肝外伤患者42例，年龄7～57岁，平均43岁。肝外伤损伤程度参照美国创伤外科学会(AAST)1994年制定的肝外伤分级标准：Ⅲ级20例，Ⅳ级13例，V级9例。合并有颅脑、胸、脾、肾、胃肠、四肢等毗邻脏器损伤共23例次。42例中行肝段清创缝合术19例，清创后大网膜填塞缝合8例．纱布填塞压迫3     

浅谈肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治

尽管外科手术技术、麻醉和新型免疫抑制剂的发展,使肝移植达到了一个较高的水准,但胆道并发症仍然是肝移植外科所面临的一大挑战,严重者或处理不当均可导致病人死亡。胆道并发症的发生率为7%～35%,差异性很大,导致这种差异是由于缺乏统一的诊断标准和长期随访的结果。胆道并发症可分为胆漏、胆道狭窄、胆泥/结石和Oddi括约肌功能不全,经合适的处理往往能得到治愈,死亡率仅为0%～19%,再移植率为6%～13%。一般影响因素有:外科手术技术、较长的冷缺血时间、动脉栓塞或狭窄、巨细胞病毒感染、细菌感染、血管排斥、ABO血型不匹配和受体原发性硬…     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治

胆道系统作为供肝的一部分．由于其损伤后再生能力低下．故迄今在肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生率仍徘徊在7％～30％．被认为是肝移植术的难点。所谓胆道并发症是指具有临床表现且有放射学依据．需进行手术治疗或介入性治疗的肝内外胆管狭窄、吻合口梗阻及胆漏等。除上述病变外．尚包括壶腹部功能失调、粘液囊肿、胆汁瘤、肝脓肿、胆石及与支架相关的并发症等。     

胆总管囊肿切除胆道重建术的术后近期并发症

目的探讨胆总管囊肿的手术并发症及其预防和治疗的措施.方法对10年中173例年龄27d至14岁患儿行胆总管囊肿切除胆道重建术后出现近期手术并发症的16例行回顾性研究,分析各种并发症的临床表现,预防和治疗方法,以及并发症与年龄和术式的关系.结果手术并发症发生率9.3%(16/173).16例并发症中包括胆瘘10例,腹壁伤口裂开3例,胰瘘、术后小肠套叠和肝功能衰竭各1例.1岁以下婴儿手术并发症发生率明显高于1岁以上儿童(χ2=15.78,P＜0.01).囊肿切除后空肠间置代胆道与肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合2种胆道重建术式的并发症发生率差异无显著性意义(χ2=0.07,P＞0.05).因并发症死亡者4例,包括胆瘘3例和术后肝功能衰竭1例,手术病死率2.3%(4/173).胆瘘死亡病例与未及时再手术有关,术后肝功能衰竭与术前黄疸和胆道感染不能控制有关.结论胆瘘、腹壁裂开和肝功能衰竭是胆总管囊肿切除、胆道重建术的主要并发症,1岁以下婴儿并发症发生率较高,尤应注意术前充分控制胆道感染、改善肝功能和提高手术操作技巧.胆瘘以早期手术修补为宜,应防止胆道的二重感染.筋膜层平面的减张缝合可有效地预防和治疗腹壁伤口裂开.     

胆道球囊扩张器防治肝胆管结石合并肝内胆道出血术后胆道再出血

目的 总结使用胆道球囊扩张器防治肝胆管结石合并胆道出血术后再出血的临床经验.方法 对我院2003～2008年间将胆道球囊扩张器预防性用于肝胆管结石术后11例胆道出血者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 11例中男7例,女4例.本院手术3例,外院转诊8例.手术止血后对疑有再出血可能的患者在胆道镜引导下于肝内胆道出血部位预置胆道球囊扩张器备用.术后3～7 d内有4 例再发明显胆道出血,开放球囊扩张器压迫出血胆管,压迫2 h后减压0.5 h,如此反复交替进行.4例均用球囊扩张器压迫止血成功,其中1例止血后5 d再次出血,仍用同法止血.11例患者全部存活.结论 肝胆管结石并发的肝内胆道出血,行手术止血后可能再发出血;于出血部位预置胆道球囊扩张器使得术后出血的治疗简单、有效,可作为胆道再出血的防治措施之一.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症患者内镜治疗的护理

对16例原位肝移植术后胆道并发症患者实施内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查及治疗.通过治疗前的心理护理,16例患者顺利接受ERCP治疗.10例肝外胆管狭窄患者3～4个月后吻合口狭窄治愈,4例胆瘘患者2周内胆瘘愈合,1例移植肝多发性硬化性胆管炎样狭窄患者,行乳头括约肌切开术后取出少量坏死胆管上皮样组织;另1例移植肝和受者胆管完全分离者再次行外科手术.提出治疗前做好心理护理及各项准备,治疗后严密观察病情,严格操作规程,预防感染,是保证治疗成功的关键.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症患者内镜治疗的护理

对16例原位肝移植术后胆道并发症患者实施内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查及治疗。通过治疗前的心理护理,16例患者顺利接受ERCP治疗。10例肝外胆管狭窄患者3~4个月后吻合口狭窄治愈,4例胆瘘患者2周内胆瘘愈合,1例移植肝多发性硬化性胆管炎样狭窄患者,行乳头括约肌切开术后取出少量坏死胆管上皮样组织;另1例移植肝和受者胆管完全分离者再次行外科手术。提出治疗前做好心理护理及各项准备,治疗后严密观察病情,严格操作规程,预防感染,是保证治疗成功的关键。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜治疗

目的探讨内镜治疗在肝移植术后胆道并发症中的作用。方法对我院2006年1月至2009年6月期间经内镜诊治的55例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果55例肝移植术后出现胆道并发症的患者共行内镜治疗98例次,治疗成功46例(83.6%),其中单纯胆瘘11例,胆管狭窄合并胆瘘4例,单纯胆管狭窄21例,胆管狭窄伴结石12例,单纯胆管结石3例,胆管扭曲2例,十二指肠乳头狭窄2例。针对不同的胆道并发症,采取了胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流、乳头切开取石、胆道支架置放等不同的治疗方式,发生内镜相关并发症13例次(13.3%)。结论内镜处理肝移植术后胆道并发症是一种安全、有效的方法,应该作为首选方法在临床上推广应用。     

Complications of Liver Resection for Trauma1

The major perioperative complication in cases of liver injury is h?morrhage. This is usually a technical problem, but it may be seriously aggravated by secondary coagulation defects. As a result, renal shut-down is an ever-present possibility. Most of the later complications derive from infection, liver necrosis and respiratory causes. A patient with liver injury who required 100 pints of blood or its components is reported in order to illustrate these difficulties.     

Biliary Complications after Duct-to-duct Biliary Reconstruction in Living-donor Liver Transplantation: Causes and Treatment

Background In living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT), biliary complications are recognized as a significant cause of post-transplantation morbidity. Methods Eighty patients who underwent LDLT with duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction at Hiroshima University Hospital were enrolled in this study. The mean follow-up was 24 months (range, 3–72 months). Eighteen patients underwent the basiliximab-based immunosuppressive therapy, and 62 patients underwent non-basiliximab-based immunosuppressive therapy. The development of biliary complications after LDLT was retrospectively analyzed. Biliary complications were initially treated by endoscopic or radiological modalities. Results Biliary leakages and strictures occurred in 12 (15%) and 20 (25%) of the 80 patients, respectively. Stepwise multivariate analysis demonstrated bile leakage to be an independent risk factor for the development of biliary stricture (p = 0.001) and basiliximab-based immunosuppressive therapy to be an independent protective factor for postoperative biliary leakage (p = 0.005). The 1-week total doses of steroids were significantly lower in the basiliximab-based immunosuppressive regimes (mean dose: 573mg) than in the non-basiliximab-based ones (mean dose: 1,121mg) (p = 0.01). All patients with biliary leakage were successfully treated with endoscopic or radiological modalities, except one patient who was treated by surgical treatment. Endoscopic or radiological modalities were successful as primary treatment modalities in 12 (60%) of 20 patients with biliary strictures. Lastly, six patients were treated surgically with long-term success, except for one patient with chronic cholangitis who died after 16 months. Conclusions Steroid-sparing basiliximab-based immunosuppressive therapy reduced the incidence of biliary leakage, and biliary leakage was the independent factor for biliary stricture. The non-surgical and surgical treatments for biliary complications were satisfactory.     

Complications after Conservative Treatment of Blunt Liver Trauma in Children

Background : Nonoperative treatment is the gold standard approach to treat blunt liver trauma (BLT) in hemo-dynamically stable children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, timing for appearance, diagnostic modalities, management and outcome of hepatic complications secondary to such approach. Methods : This retrospective study included children admitted at Montpellier University Hospital for BLT over a 10-year period. All hemodynamically stable children were initially conservatively treated.

Results : A total of 51 children underwent nonoperative treatment for BLT during the study period. The success rate was 94.1% (48/51). Three patients (5.9%) presented 13 complications related to hepatic injuries and required secondary surgical treatment. These 3 patients presented grade 3 or higher liver lesions. Others factors identified as predictive of complications included initial hemodynamic instability (responding to the first resuscitative measures), presence of peritoneal irritation at first examination, severe hemoperitoneum, an initially low haemoglobin level (< 8.5 g/dl) and need for important transfusions during the first 48h (> 10 cc/kg). The median interval for appearance of complications was 19 days after injury (range 1–60 days). Complications were successfully treated using minimally invasive techniques in 69.2% of cases (9/13). The rest of the complications (30.8%: 4/13) were surgically treated. All children included in our study had favourable outcomes (follow-up 1–54 months).

Conclusions : This series fully validates conservative approach of BLT in hemodynamically stable children. Complications of such approach are uncommon; many can be successfully treated using minimally invasive techniques with very satisfying results.     

Biliary Internal Stents and Biliary Complications in Adult Liver Transplantation

BackgroundBiliary complications in liver transplantation (LT) can cause significant morbidity or even lead to a potential graft loss and patient mortality. Oftentimes biliary internal stents (ISs) are used at the time of LT to lower the risk for or prevent these biliary complications; however, their efficacy and outcomes remain controversial.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted on all of the adult patients who underwent a deceased-donor LT (DDLT) with an end-to-end choledococholedocostomy. An IS was placed across the biliary anastomosis, passing through the ampulla. We compared the demographic profiles and various outcomes between the 2 groups (no-IS group vs IS group) and examined risk factors associated with anastomotic biliary complications.ResultsThe study comprised 350 patients in the no-IS group and 132 patients in the IS group. Anastomotic biliary fistula (ABF) occurred in 5 (1.4%) and 1 (0.8%) patients in the no-IS group and the IS group, respectively (P = .55). Anastomotic biliary stricture (ABS) occurred in 53 (15.1%) and 18 (13.6%) patients, respectively (P = .68). No significant difference was found in the overall biliary complications between the 2 groups (P = .33). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, acute rejection was the only risk factor for ABS (P = .02). One biliary complication–induced mortality occurred in the no-IS group in which the patient died of an ABF-induced hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm rupture.ConclusionThe use of biliary ISs in DDLT did not reduce the overall risk for biliary complications, but more research is needed to draw definite conclusions.