小儿先天性心脏病围术期甲状腺功能的研究

小儿先心病术后低Ｔ３、Ｔ４综合征是手术创伤及体外循环（ＣＰＢ）抑制下丘脑－垂体－甲状腺轴的结果，ＣＰＢ过程中多种因素可加重这种应激反应。术后甲状腺激素水平与心功能显著相关，对其监测有助于术后病情及预后的评估。ＣＰＢ后给予小剂量的Ｔ３有增加心肌收缩力，改善左心室功能作用，小儿术后Ｔ３代替治疗有待进一步研究。     

先天性心脏病患儿围术期呼吸功能的保护

目的探讨婴幼儿体外循环手术围术期影响呼吸功能的因素及呼吸功能保护策略。方法本文以婴幼儿呼吸道解剖学与病理生理学特点为基础,对不同先天性心脏病及麻醉与体外循环对该类患儿呼吸功能的影响进行全面系统分析,提出心脏手术后呼吸管理策略与方法,如术中的肺保护措施、呼氧末正压（PEEP）的应用、适当过度通气、大心脏患儿采用俯卧位通气、重度低氧血症患儿及时应用外源性肺表面活性物质、肺泡复张手法的应用、气管镜吸痰等策略及方法。结果通过上述策略与方法的实施,我科婴幼儿术后呼吸道管理与早期相比,有了显著进步,机械通气时间由以往的（19.2±6.4）h,减少到（11.9±2.5）h（P<0.01）,ICU时间由（7.2±3.9）d,下降到（4.1±2.6）d（P<0.01）,手术死亡率由5.6%（44/790）下降到3.9%（23/584,P<0.05）。结论围术期有多种因素影响先天性心脏病患儿呼吸功能,早期就开始注意肺保护功能,将会收到明显效果。     

先天性心脏病并发肺动脉高压患儿围手术期护理

2004～2006年,我们对15例先天性心脏病并发肺动脉高压(PH)患儿(男7例,女8例;年龄4个月～4岁,＜1岁5例;体质量4.5～15 kg,＜10 kg 8例;术前肺动脉压45～98mmHg,SaO2 0.83～0.95,PaO2 48～92 mmHg;室间隔缺损10例,右心室双出口、完全性心内膜垫缺损、法洛四联症、完全性大动脉转位各1例)行手术治疗,术后死于低心排1例,余经精心治疗及护理全部康复出院.现将围手术期护理体会报告如下.     

先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者围手术期麻醉管理

对49例先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者,行房间隔缺损修补术9例,室间隔缺损修补术26例,动脉导管心内直视修补术3例,部分性心内膜垫修补术9例,全肺静脉异位引流纠治术2例,同时行严格的围手术期麻醉管理.结果麻醉过程平稳,术后治愈出院47例,死亡2例.认为对先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者围手术期的麻醉处理,只有遵循保持患者血流动力学稳定,降低肺动脉压、肺循环阻力,维护心功能,避免肺动脉压危象发生的原则,才能提高手术成功率、降低手术死亡率.     

新生儿和婴幼儿先天性心脏病围手术期治疗的临床分析

目的 总结新生儿和婴幼儿先天性心脏病围手术期的监护及并发症处理经验.方法 回顾性分析30例病情危重,或解剖复杂的先天性心脏病新生儿、婴幼儿行外科手术治疗围手术期的临床资料,分析患儿先天性心脏病的种类,手术年龄,手术方法 ,术后各种并发症及处理方法 和治疗效果.结果 7例出现较严重并发症,占23.3%(7/30);术中16例行超声心动图监测,其中12例行食道超声监测(体质量>5 kg),4例行剑突下超声监测;所有患儿均康复出院.7例出现较严重并发症.结论 强调新生儿、婴幼儿先天性心脏病外科手术围手术期的重要性,积极监测,及时处理各种并发症是取得治疗成功的关键.     

新生儿和婴幼儿先天性心脏病围手术期治疗的临床分析

目的 总结新生儿和婴幼儿先天性心脏病围手术期的监护及并发症处理经验.方法 回顾性分析30例病情危重,或解剖复杂的先天性心脏病新生儿、婴幼儿行外科手术治疗围手术期的临床资料,分析患儿先天性心脏病的种类,手术年龄,手术方法 ,术后各种并发症及处理方法 和治疗效果.结果 7例出现较严重并发症,占23.3%(7/30);术中16例行超声心动图监测,其中12例行食道超声监测(体质量>5 kg),4例行剑突下超声监测;所有患儿均康复出院.7例出现较严重并发症.结论 强调新生儿、婴幼儿先天性心脏病外科手术围手术期的重要性,积极监测,及时处理各种并发症是取得治疗成功的关键.     

先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者围手术期呼吸指数变化

资料与方法 99例先天性心脏病患者，其中房间隔缺损39例，室间隔缺损60例，手术前复查B超测定肺动脉收缩压，均为左向右分流。肺动脉高压组57例[肺动脉收缩压〉30mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）]，对照组42例（肺动脉收缩压〈30mmHg）。2组年龄、体重及心功能分级差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。     

婴儿先天性心脏病围术期呼吸道管理

目的 探讨婴儿先天性心脏病（先心病）围术期呼吸道的管理。方法 对55例婴儿先心病围术期呼吸道管理进行回顾性总结。结果 本组55例患儿，2例死于低心排合并。肾衰，其余均痊愈出院，治愈率96．4％。结论 先心病婴儿经过精心的围术期呼吸道管理，明显减少了肺部并发症，提高了婴儿手术的成功率。     

先天性复杂心脏病患儿脑脓肿手术的麻醉

先天性复杂心脏病（简称先心病）并发脑脓肿,行手术麻醉危险性大,本文介绍３例法乐氏四联症及法乐氏五联症患儿行颅脑手术麻醉的体会。１　病例资料　例１：男,年龄５岁,体重１３ｋｇ,因持续高热（３８．６～３９．５℃）５０余天,以左顶枕叶脑脓肿收入院。患儿严重紫绀,全身情况差,意识淡漠,脉搏氧饱和度（ＳｐＯ２）６４％。心电图示右心室肥厚,心肌缺血。心脏Ｂ超提示右心室、心房扩大,室间隔缺损７ｍｍ,主动脉骑跨率４０％,三尖瓣相对关闭不全。头颅ＣＴ示左颞顶枕叶内数个圆状或不规则中密度环形影,脑室、侧脑室增大。拟…     

脉搏指示连续心输出量监测在老年急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者中的应用

目的探讨脉搏指示连续心输出量(PICCO)监测技术在老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心源性休克(CS)患者中的应用。方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2018年6月在解放军第三〇五医院重症监护室(ICU)收治的AMI合并CS患者60例。按照是否行PICCO监测,分为PICCO组30例及对照组30例。检查并记录2组患者治疗前后乳酸、尿量、血压和血清B型脑钠肽(BNP)变化趋势、患者ICU入住时间、机械通气时间、血管活性药物使用时间及疾病预后情况。PICCO组患者按照预后不同,分为死亡组及存活组。检查并记录2组患者之间及治疗前后心指数(CI)、血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、全心舒张末期容积(GEDVI)、系统血管阻力指数(SVRI)及全心射血分数(GEF)的变化。评估上述指标对于老年AMI合并CS患者预后的预测价值。采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行数据处理,使用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析相关指标对于患者预后的预测能力。结果PICCO组在治疗12、24及48h后,其乳酸及BNP水平较对照组明显降低,平均小时尿量较对照组明显增多,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。PICCO组ICU入住时间、机械通气时间及血管升压活性药物使用时间均显著小于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。PICCO组患者7d病死率较对照组显著降低(均P<0.05),但14及28d病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。存活组及死亡组患者治疗后的CI及GEF均较治疗前明显增高,EVLWI及SVRI均较治疗前明显下降(均P<0.05)。且存活组的治疗前CI及GEF明显高于死亡组,SVRI明显低于死亡组;存活组在治疗48h后的CI、GEF仍明显高于死亡组,SVRI及EVLWI明显低于死亡组(均P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析提示治疗前CI、GEF、SVRI和治疗48h后的CI、GEF、SVRI和EVLWI均可有效预测患者28d的预后状况。结论PICCO指导老年AMI合并CS患者的复苏较传统治疗方式有更好的效果,并且其指标对于患者的预后具有一定的预测作用。     

婴幼儿复杂重症先心病围手术期治疗

目的通过回顾性分析我院住院治疗的1180例小于36个月患有重症先心病患儿的临床资料,总结婴幼儿重症先心病患者围手术期的治疗方法。 方法采用回顾性分析的方式,分析我院自2016年5月~2017年6月收集的1180例重症先心病,年龄小于36个月的患者的临床资料、术前检查、手术方式、术后监护。结果术后发生：肺高压危象12例,其中死亡1例;低心排量11例;心功能差、低氧3例,其中死亡1例;肺部感染32例,其中死亡1例;肺不张9例;脑萎缩4例;多器官功能衰竭5例,其中死亡1例;其余均治愈出院,随访时间为6~12个月,生长发育改善,无远期并发症。总的并发症例数为159例,并发症发生率为13.47%,死亡率为0.34%。其余均治愈出院,随访时间为6~12个月,生长发育改善,无远期并发症。结论婴幼儿复杂重症先心病患者应选择适当的手术时间,尽早完善围手术期的处理,提高手术存活率,改善和提高患儿预后。     

纤维支气管镜在先天性心脏病患儿围手术期中的临床应用

目的:探讨柔韧纤维支气管镜(FFB)在先天性心脏病(CHD)患儿术前、术中、术后(即围手术期)的临床应用。方法:总结采用FFB对2009年11月~2012年6月期间235例CHD患儿进行的诊断和治疗。结果:FFB对CHD患儿围手术期的肺不张、肺部感染和肺出血的治疗具有明显效果,还可以作为CHD并发气道结构异常病变的辅助诊断手段。所有病例均无与FFB相关的死亡、大出血、气胸和心律失常等严重并发症发生,部分患儿有一过性氧饱和度下降。结论:FFB检查是小儿气道病变诊断的金标准,能够较安全地用于CHD患儿术前、术中、术后的诊断与治疗。     

Efficiency of the home cardiac rehabilitation program for adults with complex congenital heart disease

Objective: We aimed to study the efficiency and safety of once‐a‐week outpatient rehabilitation followed by home program with tele‐monitoring in patients with com‐ plex cyanotic congenital heart disease.
Design: Prospective nonrandomized study.
Method: Patients who have been diagnosed either Eisenmenger’s syndrome or inop‐ erable complex cyanotic heart disease and able to attend 12‐week cardiac rehabilita‐ tion program were included. Training with treadmill walking and bicycling under supervision at cardiac rehabilitation unit once‐a‐week in the first 6 weeks followed by home‐based exercise program (bicycle and walking) with a target at 40%‐70% of maximum heart rate (HRmax) at pretraining peak exercise for another 6 weeks was performed in the intervention group. Video and telephone calls were scheduled for evaluation of compliance and complication. Data from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on cycle ergometry including peak oxygen consumption (peakVO2), oxygen pulse (O2 pulse), ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/CO2 at an‐ aerobic threshold), constant work‐rate endurance time (CWRET) at 75% of peak VO2, and 6‐minute walk distance (6MWD) were compared between baseline and after training by paired t test.
Result: Of the 400 patients in our adult congenital heart disease clinic, 60 patients met the inclusion criteria. Eleven patients who could follow program regularly were assigned home program. There was a statistically significant improvement of CWRET, O₂ pulse, and 6MWD after finishing the program (P = .003, .039, and .001, respec‐ tively). The mean difference of 6MWD change in the home‐program group was sig‐ nificantly higher than in the control group (69.3 ± 47.9 meters vs. 4.1 ± 43.4 meters, P = .003). No serious adverse outcomes were reported during home training.
Conclusion: Once‐a‐week outpatient hospital‐based exercise program followed by supervised home‐based exercise program showed a significant benefit in improve‐ ment of exercise capacity in adults with complex cyanotic congenital heart disease without serious adverse outcomes.     

153例先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的围术期临床回顾

目的回顾分析我院2000年9月～2006年12月153例先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压手术围术期资料,总结围手术期处理经验。方法在体外循环下行心内直视手术矫治,术前、术中、术后给予吸氧、静脉注射前列腺素E1、采用膜肺、呼气末正压(PEEP)等。结果经积极围手术期处理,全组1例死于右心衰竭,其余病例疗效满意,无严重并发症发生。结论正确的术前评估和加强围手术期处理是治疗先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压成功的关键。     

MRI在合并大血管异常的小儿复杂型先天性心脏病诊断中的应用

目的 探讨MRI对复杂型先天性心脏病（CCHD）患儿大血管异常的诊断价值.方法 22例CCHD患儿接受心脏大血管MRI检查,所有患儿行手术治疗并证实诊断.结果 手术证实22例CCHD患儿中法洛四联症11例、内脏心房异位综合征4例、血管环2例、先天性主动脉缩窄5例.CCHD患儿合并的大血管异常在MRI上全部得到明确诊断.结论 MRI能够准确诊断CCHD患儿的大血管异常.     

Evaluation of athletes with complex congenital heart disease

As a result of improvements in congenital heart surgery, there are more adults alive today with congenital heart disease (CHD) than children. Individuals with cardiac birth defects may be able to participate in physical activities but require proper cardiovascular evaluation. The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology released guidelines in 2015 for athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. The guidelines express that although restriction from competitive athletics may be indicated for some, the majority of individuals with CHD can and should engage in some form of physical activity. This case study demonstrates the importance of combining all aspects of history, physical examination, ECG, and imaging modalities to evaluate cardiac anatomy and function in young athletes with complex CHD.     

Coronary artery disease screening in adults with congenital heart disease prior to cardiac surgery

Objective: As adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) grow older, preoperative screening for coronary artery disease (CAD) may be indicated prior to CHD surgery. Data regarding the indications for preoperative CAD screening in this population are limited. Current practice is to follow guidelines for patients with valvular heart dis‐ ease; however, the risk for CAD in certain congenital heart diagnoses may be higher than the general population. This study aimed to assess the results of preoperative CAD screening in patients prior to CHD surgery.
Design: Retrospective study.
Setting: Single tertiary center.
Patients: Patients ≥35 years that had CHD surgery from 1/1/2007 to 5/1/2017.
Outcome Measures: Data regarding CAD risk factors and preoperative CAD screen‐ ing results were obtained. Prevalence and risk factors for CAD were analyzed, along with their relationship to perioperative outcomes.
Results: A total of 73 patients underwent CAD screening with either cardiac catheteri‐ zation (56%) or computed tomography angiography (34%) prior to CHD surgery. Overall 16 (22%) patients were found to have CAD. Only two patients had severe coronary stenosis and underwent coronary bypass grafting at time of CHD surgery. Patients with CAD were more likely to be older and have history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and tobacco smoking. CHD diagnosis was not significantly associated with presence of CAD.
Conclusion: CAD is common in asymptomatic older patients referred for screening prior to CHD surgery; however, severe CAD requiring concomitant coronary inter‐ vention is uncommon. Preoperative CAD screening should be based on age and tra‐ ditional CAD risk factors, rather than underlying CHD.