心力衰竭患者的血压节律变化

目的观察心力衰竭(心衰)患者的血压节律变化。方法选择心衰患者104例(心衰组),行24 h动态血压监测。分别按基础心脏病病因和纽约心脏病协会心功能(NYHA)分级,心功能Ⅱ级34例,Ⅲ级35例,Ⅳ级35例。同期选择门诊及住院的有基础心脏病但无心衰患者82例作为对照组。观察心衰患者血压的昼夜节律变化。结果心衰组血压昼夜节律存在18例(17.3%),昼夜节律消失86例(82.7%),其中节律倒置38例(44.2%);对照组血压昼夜节律存在43例(52.4%),昼夜节律消失39例(47.6%),其中血压昼夜节律倒置10例(25.6%)。心衰组血压昼夜节律消失发生率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。心衰组心功能Ⅱ级患者血压昼夜节律消失明显低于Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级患者(70.6%vs 85.7%vs 91.4%,P<0.05)。结论心衰患者血压昼夜节律消失明显升高,且随着心功能分级增加而增加,但与心脏病病因无关。     

Circadian heart rate and blood pressure variability in autonomic failure.

Autonomic failure (AF) induces disabling orthostatic symptoms. Short-term heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) orthostatic patterns are well characterized in these patients but data on long-term blood pressure and heart rate monitoring is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess circadian HR and BP variation in AF patients. We studied 8 patients with severe AF (7 with TTRmet30+ familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and 1 with pure autonomic fairure)--Group A, and 2 control groups (8 asymptomatic TTRmet30+ patients--Group B, and 16 normal aged-matched controls--Group C). All groups underwent 24h HR and BP monitoring. Twenty-four-hour systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were similar in all groups (114.5+/-10.6 and 73.2+/-6.7; 123.0+/-6.2 and 79.0+/-9.5; 118.6+/-10.1 and 71.4+/-9.4 mmHg for groups A, B and C respectively). BP dipping was attenuated or even inverted (p < 0.01) in AF patients (SBP and DBP differences between day and night: -1.6+/-11.6 and 3.3+/-6.3; 10.0+/-1.0 and 11.7+/-1.5; 15.6+/-7.9 and 16.2+/-5.8 mmHg for groups A, B and C respectively; p < 0.01). Although mean 24h HR was similar between patients and controls (80.9+/-14.0, 87.0+/-4.6 and 80.7+/-5.2 bpm for groups A, B and C respectively), there were striking differences in heart rate variability between groups (max-min 24h HR difference: 46+/-16, 89+/-11 and 91+/-9 bpm; pNN50: 0+/-0, 6+/-2 and 12+/-6%; SDRR 68+/-24, 128+/-10 and 148+/-32 ms for groups A, BB and C; p < 0.01). There were significant differences between normal controls and asymptomatic TTRmet30+ controls in mean HR, diastolic blood pressure dipping and pNN50; p < 0.05. Autonomic failure can be suspected by simple 24h blood pressure evaluation and heart rate monitoring. Asymptomatic TTRmet30+ patients may already show some degree of autonomic impairment, particularly early vagal dysfunction.     

Effect of quinapril on blood pressure and heart rate in congestive heart failure.

The effect of quinapril on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and their variabilities in 12 patients with severe congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class III and IV) was assessed using ambulatory electrocardiographic and intraarterial monitoring. Mean +/- standard deviation daytime BP was 122/75 +/- 20/15 mm Hg at baseline and 113/70 +/- 13/16 mm Hg after 16 weeks of therapy with quinapril (p greater than 0.05 for systolic and diastolic BP); mean nighttime BP was 114/69 +/- 19/14 mm Hg at baseline and 107/69 +/- 15/14 mm Hg with quinapril (p greater than 0.05 for systolic and diastolic BP). Mean daytime HR was unchanged but nighttime HR was reduced from 77 +/- 11 to 71 +/- 10 beats/min, p = 0.02. HR variability (difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles of the frequency distribution of RR intervals) increased from 91 +/- 34 to 134 +/- 47 ms, p = 0.008. The variability of successive differences between RR intervals also increased significantly (75th to 25th percentile = 17 +/- 4 ms at baseline and 31 +/- 26 ms with quinapril, p = 0.02). Long-term quinapril caused clinically unimportant decreases in BP in patients with severe congestive heart failure. An increase in vagal activity caused by the reduction in circulating angiotensin II may account for the effect of converting enzyme inhibition on HR and its variability.     

不同血压心力衰竭患者肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的活性

目的为探讨不同血压的充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的活性。方法运用放免法测定收缩压(SBP)<100mmHg(1mmHg=0．133kPa)的CHF患者(LPCHF组,22例),SBP>100mmHg的CHF患者(HPCHF组,25例)及健康人(对照组,18例)血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)及醛固酮(ALD)水平。结果LPCHF组及HPCHF组血浆PRA、AngⅡ和ALD均明显高于对照组(P<0．05～0．01),LPCHF组血清钠、SBP及脉压SBP显著低于对照组(P<0．05～0．01);LPCHF组血浆PRA、AngⅡ和ALD高于HPCHF组(P<0．05～0．01),LPCHF组血清钠、SBP及脉压SBP显著低于HPCHF组(P<0．05～0．01);CHF患者脉压SBP与血浆AngⅡ及ALD呈显著负相关(r=－0．501,P<0．01,r=－0．439,P<0．01)。结论CHF患者体内RAAS活性增高,且SBP<100mmHg者较SBP>100mmHg更高。     

Study of nycthemeral variations in blood pressure in patients with heart failure

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe and analyse the nycthemeral variations in blood pressure (BP) by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) over 24 h in patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS: The study population included 50 stable HF patients hospitalized in a cardiology department for acute pulmonary oedema. Parameters studied were: New York Heart Association class, clinical resting BP and heart rate in sitting and then standing positions, ABPM parameters, distance covered during a 6-min walking test, echographic left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), natremia, kaliemia, creatininemia, plasma haemoglobin and N-terminal fragment of brain-type natriuretic peptide levels. RESULTS: Clinical hypertension was noted in 20% of patients (10/50) and orthostatic hypotension in 16% (8/50). Nine of 50 patients (18%) were hypertensive during the day and 21 (42%) at night. Thirty-nine of the 50 patients (78%) are nondippers. Nondipper patients are more prevalent when the HF has been present for more than 24 months (95 vs. 67%, P=0.04). This prevalence does not differ depending on New York Heart Association class or LVEF. Furthermore, there exists: (i) a significant positive relationship (R=0.46, P=0.02) between the diastolic BP (DBP) over 24 h and the distance covered during the walking test; (ii) a significant negative relationship between the day-night differences (in mmHg) of the systolic BP (SBP) (R=-0.46, P=0.01) and DBP (R=-0.33, P=0.03) and the duration of HF, between the day-night difference of the DBP and the LVEF (R=-0.34, P=0.02) and (iii) between the day-night differences of the SBP (R=-0.48, P=0.001) and the DBP (R=-0.32, P=0.03) and natremia. The day-night difference of the SBP has a positive correlation with plasma haemoglobin level (R=0.32, P=0.03). CONCLUSION: This study confirms the feasibility of carrying out ABPM with an adapted device in HF patients with atrial fibrillation. ABPM allows diagnosis to be more precise than the clinical measuring of BP abnormalities, which have a pejorative prognosis (e.g. hypertension, hypotension, nondipper status).     

心力衰竭患者的血压管理

<正>心力衰竭是指在有适量静脉回流的情况下,由于心排血量绝对或相对不足,组织血流量减少,不能满足机体代谢需求,同时出现肺循环或体循环淤血的临床综合征。心力衰竭见于各种心血管疾病,反映心脏的泵血功能出现障碍,即心     

充血性心力衰竭患者的动态血压变化

目的 :观察充血性心力衰竭 （CHF）的昼夜血压变化。方法 :CHF患者 5 1例 ,依心功能分为 A组 （心功能 级 ）和 B组 （心功能 , 级 ） ,作动态血压监测 ,同时与 2 5例正常人 （C组 ）比较 ,分析各组的动态血压变化规律。结果 :CHF患者中 （A组与 B组 ） 82 .4%血压昼夜节律消失或减小 ,其中 A组为 6 9% ,B组为 96 % ;而正常人 （C组 ）仅 8%血压昼夜节律减弱。结论 :CHF患者血压昼夜节律有明显变化 ,与心功能受损程度呈正相关 ,动态血压监测对 CHF患者的心功能评价有一定的临床意义。     

Non-invasive blood pressure variability in chronic heart failure: characteristics and prognostic value

BACKGROUND: Short-term variability of blood pressure can be used as an index of sympathetic vascular modulation and has been studied in patients with hypertension. AIM: The aim of this study was to characterise blood pressure variability (BPV) and its prognostic value in patients with congestive heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: 104 patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemia (n = 104) or idiopathic cardiomyopathy (n = 50) in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II (n = 50), III (n = 71), IV (n = 33), and 40 healthy subjects were studied. The mean ejection fraction was 0.33 +/- 0.10. Continuous non-invasive BP recordings were obtained for 3,600 seconds with a photoplethysmographic finger device in patients and control subjects at rest. Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) had significantly less pronounced BPV than control subjects. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) variability was related to left ventricular ejection and to peak oxygen uptake. BPV was not different in patients with ischemic or idiopathic CHF. During the mean follow up (+/- SD) of 565 +/- 215 days, 44 patients died (28.6%). All deaths were cardiac related. Cox's univariate analysis identified the following factors to be predictors of death: peak oxygen uptake (p = 0.01), ejection fraction (p = 0.008), and among BPV parameters: total spectral amplitude (TA) for DBP (p = 0.002), very low frequencies over total amplitude (VLF/TA) for DBP (p = 0.005) and for mean blood pressure (MBP) (p = 0.03), and very low over high frequencies ratio (VLF/HF) for DBP (p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that BPV predicted survival independently of EF or peak VO2. Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that VLF/TA < 55% for DBP, MBP and SBP are useful risk factors. One-year survival in patients with VLF/TA < 55% of DBP was 53% compared with 95% in those with VLF/TA > 55% (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased BPV in patients with CHF is related to left ventricular dysfunction. Analysis of BPV can identify patients with CHF who have an increased risk of cardiac death.     

Arterial baroreflex regulation of blood pressure in patients with congestive heart failure

Objectives. This study was designed to determine whether arterial baroreflex control of blood pressure is altered in patients with congestive heart failure.Background. Arterial baroreceptor reflexes normally contribute to cardiovascular homeostasis by preserving blood pressure during changes in volume and posture.Methods. Arterial baroreceptor reflex function was studied in 18 patients with congestive heart failure and 18 age-matched healthy subjects. The arterial baroreceptor-blood pressure reflex was assessed by measuring the blood pressure response to perturbations in carotid sinus pressure. Carotid baroreceptors were stimulated by applying negative pressure to a custom neck chamber (−10, −20 and −30 mm Hg) and were unloaded by applying neck positive pressure (+10, +20 and +30 mm Hg).Results. Peak carotid baroreceptor-blood pressure reflex sensitivity was lower in patients with heart failure than in normal subjects (0.19 ± 0.02 vs. 0.30 ± 0.03 mm Hg/mm Hg, p < 0.05). During neck positive pressure, blood pressure increased less in the heart failure group than in the normal group. During neck suction, however, the decrease in blood pressure was similar in the two groups.Conclusions. Patients with heart failure are less able than normal subjects to increase blood pressure during arterial baroreceptor unloading, but they can reduce blood pressure appropriately during baroreceptor stimulation. These observations suggest that the resting blood pressure position on the arterial baroreceptor stimulus-response curve, the operational point, is closer to the baroreceptor threshold in patients with heart failure than in normal subjects. As a result, reduced inhibitory signals from arterial baroreceptors most likely contribute to a heightened state of sympathetic activity and vasoconstriction in patients with congestive heart failure.     

Prognostic significance of blood pressure response to exercise in patients with systolic heart failure

High systolic blood pressure (SBP) has been linked to worse cardiovascular outcomes. However, emerging data suggest that in patients with heart failure (HF), low SBP correlates with increased mortality. The purpose was to examine the impact of baseline and post-exercise systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), as well as pulse pressure (PP), on cardiac mortality in patients with systolic HF. One hundred sixty patients with systolic HF (left ventricular ejection fraction 33 ± 8) were studied. Blood pressure (BP) levels were determined at rest and at peak exercise during a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Patients were followed up for a period of 2.5 ± 0.8 years. During this period 22 patients died and 5 subjects underwent heart transplantation. Patients with higher SBP and DBP at rest, and patients with SBP ≥160 mmHg and PP ≥75 mmHg at peak exercise had the most favorable prognosis. There was a fourfold increase in cardiac mortality risk for patients with SBP <160 mmHg at peak exercise (hazard ratio: 3.97, 95% confidence interval: 1.60–9.84) and a threefold increase for patients with PP <75 mmHg at peak exercise (hazard ratio: 2.96, 95% confidence interval: 1.29–6.82). There is an inverse relationship between SBP and cardiac mortality in patients with systolic HF. BP response to exercise could serve as a simple risk stratification model in HF patients.     

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in heart failure: a systematic review

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring has established its use in the definition of white coat hypertension and monitoring of treatment of essential hypertension. Any role for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in heart failure is not well defined. However, from the limited studies available, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may be used to optimise heart failure therapy, and as a prognosis marker in this patient group. Most studies that have examined the circadian pressure profile have found blunting of decline of blood pressure during sleep in patients with heart failure. In advanced heart failure, this may be due to hypoperfusion of vital organs partly due to pump failure and partly due to multiple drug therapy associated with the treatment of heart failure. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may also clarify hypoperfusion effects on vital organs in individual patients and improve the risk/benefit ratio of treatments in advanced heart failure. Prospective controlled studies on the impact of treatments on circadian blood pressure profile in congestive heart failure patients are needed.     

培哚普利对充血性心力衰竭患者血压的影响

目的 :探讨培哚普利对充血性心力衰竭 (CHF)患者血压的影响 ,并对治疗前后血生化指标进行对比研究。方法 :将 6 2例CHF患者随机分为 3组 ,分别口服卡托普利首剂 6 .2 5mg ,2 4h后12 .5mg ,每日 3次 ;培哚普利首剂 2mg ,2 4h后 4mg ,每日 1次 ;安慰剂 1粒 ,每日 3次 ,均连服 2周。 结果 :首剂卡托普利使平均动脉压(MAP)降低 (16 .8± 2 .0 )mmHg(1mmHg =0 .133kPa) ,培哚普利作用不明显 ;2周后 ,卡托普利使卧位MAP降低(13.0± 2 .0 )mmHg ,立位降低 (16 .0± 3.0 )mmHg ,培哚普利使卧位MAP降低 (4.0± 2 .0 )mmHg ,立位降低 (6 .0± 2 .0 )mmHg(P <0 .0 1)。表明卡托普利首剂降压明显 ,而培哚普利无首剂降压反应 ,出现平缓的舒张压降低作用。结论 :培哚普利降压作用平缓 ,可作为CHF降压作用较为理想的药物之一 ,亦适合老年患者     

Management of low blood pressure in ambulatory heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients

Low blood pressure is common in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). While spontaneous hypotension predicts risk in HFrEF, there is only limited evidence regarding the relationship between hypotension observed during heart failure (HF) drug titration and outcome. Nevertheless, hypotension (especially orthostatic hypotension) is an important factor limiting the titration of HFrEF treatments in routine practice. In patients with signs of shock and/or severe congestion, hospitalization is advised. However, in the very frequent cases of non‐severe and asymptomatic hypotension observed while taking drugs with a class I indication in HFrEF, European and US guidelines recommend maintaining the same drug dosage. In instances of symptomatic or severe persistent hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg), it is recommended to first decrease blood pressure reducing drugs not indicated in HFrEF as well as the loop diuretic dose in the absence of associated signs of congestion. Unless the management of hypotension appears urgent, a HF specialist should then be sought rather than stopping or decreasing drugs with a class I indication in HFrEF. If symptoms or severe hypotension persist, no recommendations exist. Our HF group reviewed available evidence and proposes certain steps to follow in such situations in order to improve the pharmacological management of these patients.     

Positive airway pressure therapy for heart failure

Heart failure (HF) is a life-threatening disease and is a growing public health concern. Despite recent advances in pharmacological management for HF, the morbidity and mortality from HF remain high. Therefore, non-pharmacological approaches for HF are being developed. However, most non-pharmacological approaches are invasive, have limited indication and are considered only for advanced HF. Accordingly, the development of less invasive, non-pharmacological approaches that improve outcomes for patients with HF is important. One such approach may include positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. In this review, the role of PAP therapy applied through mask interfaces in the wide spectrum of HF care is discussed.     

Pericardial pressure in experimental chronic heart failure

BACKGROUND: In the normal heart, pericardial pressure is greater than previously believed. OBJECTIVES: To explore the contribution of pericardial constraint to the elevated left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure in chronic heart failure (CHF). ANIMALS AND METHODS: Pericardial pressure was measured directly in 11 dogs with CHF. Seven dogs were instrumented with LV and right ventricular micromanometers and epicardial pacing leads, and paced at 240 to 260 beats/min for four to seven weeks. After the development of CHF, a left thoracotomy was performed and a flat pericardial balloon was positioned over the LV free wall through a slit in the pericardium. RESULTS: LV end-diastolic pressure was 31+/-9 mmHg, and pericardial pressure only 7+/-2 mmHg. Nitroglycerin in six dogs decreased LV end-diastolic pressure from 33+/-8 to 28+/-7 and pericardial pressure from 7+/-2 to 6+/-3 mmHg (both P<0.05). Calculated transmural LV end-diastolic pressure also decreased (26+/-8 to 22+/-7 mmHg, P<0.05). Volume loading in five dogs increased LV end-diastolic pressure from 29+/-8 to 42+/-10 mmHg (P<0.05), pericardial pressure from 6+/-3 to 12+/-6 mmHg (not significant) and transmural LV end-diastolic pressure from 23+/-7 to 30+/-7 mmHg (not significant). When the pericardium was opened in three dogs, the LV end-diastolic pressure decreased by 5 mmHg. Four previously uninstrumented dogs were studied to exclude the effects of epicardial scarring; LV end-diastolic pressure was 42+/-6 mmHg and pericardial pressure was 10+/-6 mmHg. CONCLUSION: Pericardial constraint, a prerequisite for pericardially mediated ventricular interaction, was not present to the same extent in this model of CHF as in acute models, probably reflecting the importance of pericardial remodelling.