IgA肾病患者发生慢性肾功能不全的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨IgA肾病发生慢性肾功能不全的相关危险因素。方法选取1997—2006年广西医科大学附属第一医院肾内科384例IgA肾病患者,按血肌酐水平,分为肾功能正常组(320例)和肾功能不全组(64例),对比分析两组患者临床病理资料,多元回归分析探寻影响患者肾功能的相关危险因素。结果男性、水肿、高血压、蛋白尿发生率在肾功能不全组显著增多(P<0.05),以蛋白尿发生率最高(OR=6.14);与肾功能正常组相比,年龄、血压、尿蛋白水平、血IgA等多项参数差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05),但病程长短差异无显著性意义;免疫沉积物半定量分析显示,仅IgG的沉积两组间比较差异有显著性意义,且是肾功能正常组高于肾功能不全组(P<0.01),IgA、IgM、C3、C4、C1q和FG的沉积比较差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。病理评分各指标在肾功能不全组均显著增高(P<0.01)。回归分析显示,与血肌酐水平相关的参数按影响力大小依次是硬化指数、尿蛋白、性别等。结论影响肾功能最危险的因素是蛋白尿,其余依次为男性和高血压,年龄大、血IgA水平高和严重的肾脏病理改变也是肾功能预后差的相关指标;病程长短不是肾功能不全进展的必要条件,肾脏免疫复合物可能也不是肾功能不全的可靠标志。     

家族性IgA肾病临床特点研究

目的总结家族性IgA肾病患者临床及预后特点。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院1989—2010年间619例肾活检证实的IgAN患者,其中家族性IgA肾病患者78例(占12.6%)。收集所有患者肾活检时及随访过程中临床数据,对比家族性IgA肾病及散发性IgA肾病患者临床特征,多元COX回归检测基础临床参数与预后相关性以发现肾脏病进展的独立危险因子。结果家族性IgA肾病较散发性IgA肾病患者肾活检时高血压发生率低(33.3%对48.8%,P=0.01)、尿蛋白少[ln(UP)-0.18±1.05对0.26±1.07,P=0.001]、血白蛋白高[(36±5.9)g/L对(33.9±8.1)g/L,P=0.006]、危险评分低(-0.38±1.31对0.06±1.32,P=0.006)。肾脏病家族史是IgA肾病患者终末期肾病(ESRD)的独立危险因素[HR=0.34(0.14~0.81),P=0.015]。结论家族性IgA肾病患者较散发性IgA肾病患者肾活检时临床严重程度较轻,可能与家族性IgA肾病患者早期诊断有关。提示应重视对家族性IgA肾病患者的早期诊断和筛查。     

IgA肾病高血压发生的危险因素分析

目的 探讨我国南方地区IgA肾病高血压发生的危险因素.方法 收集280例肾活检确诊为IgA肾病患者的临床病理资料,分析与高血压发生的相关危险因素.结果 280例患者中高血压患者96例,占34.3%.单因素分析发现年龄≥40岁、体重≥60 kg、尤肉眼血尿、病程≥60个月、血尿素氮≥18 mmol/L、血肌酐≥133/μmol/L、高尿酸血症、24 h尿蛋白≥1.5 g、肾小球节段损害≥25%、全球硬化≥10%、肾小管萎缩≥25%、炎性细胞浸润≥25%、间质纤维化≥25%、血管壁增厚≥10%等因素影响到高血压的发生;多因素logistic回归分析提示血肌酐、年龄、血管壁增厚、体重和24 h尿蛋白为IgA肾病高血压发生的独立危险因素.结论 IgA肾病高血压的发生与多种危险因素有关,血肌酐、年龄、血管肇增厚、体重和24 h尿蛋白是高血压发生的独立危险因素. 血尿、病程≥60个月、血尿素氮≥18 mmol/L、血肌酐≥133/μmol/L、高尿酸血症、24 h尿蛋白≥1.5 g、肾小球节段损害≥25%、全球硬化≥10%、肾小管萎缩≥25%、炎性细胞浸润≥25%、间质纤维化≥25%、血管壁增厚≥10%等因素影响到高血压 发生;多因素logistic回归分析提示血肌酐、年龄、血管壁增厚、体重和24 h尿蛋白为IgA肾病高血压发生的独立危险因素.结论 lgA肾病高血压的发生与多种危险因素有关,血肌酐、年龄、血管肇增厚、体重和24 h尿蛋白是高血压发生的独立危险因素. 血尿、病程≥60个月、血尿素氮     

IgA肾病合并高血压患者的临床与病理特点分析

目的探讨IgA肾病合并高血压患者的临床与病理特点。方法根据血压状况将317例IgA肾病患者分为高血压组119例和非高血压组198例,分析两组临床和病理特点。结果高血压组肾功能不全的发生率明显高于、血尿的发生率明显低于非高血压组(P<0.05);高血压组24 h尿蛋白定量、尿NAG酶、血肌酐、血尿酸及年龄均显著高于非高血压组,血浆白蛋白水平显著低于非高血压组(P均<0.05);高血压组肾小球硬化指数、间质指数和血管指数均高于非高血压组,病理损害程度为重度者的比例明显高于非高血压组(P均<0.05)。结论合并高血压的IgA肾病患者临床上高尿酸血症、贫血、肾功能不全等的发生率高,肾脏病理损害程度较重,其可能的临床风险因素是高蛋白尿及高血肌酐水平;可能的病理风险因素为肾小球硬化、间质小管病变及肾血管病变。     

IgA肾病预后及危险因素分析

目的:探讨影响IgA肾病患者预后的危险因素。方法:选取诊断为IgA肾病患者622例的基本资料,肾脏终点为患者肾小球过率(eGFR)下降50%或发生终末期肾病(ESRD)。采用Kaplan-Meier方法计算生存率,使用单因素及多因素COX回归分析影响IgA肾病患者预后的危险因素。结果:全部患者1年、3年、5年肾脏生存率分别为99.6%,98.4%,91.9%。多因素COX回归分析结果显示患者肾活检时慢性肾脏病(CKD)分期(HR:4.79,95%CI:1.25~18.36,P=0.022)、24 h尿蛋白定量(HR:5.08,95%CI:1.04~24.83,P=0.045)和血清补体C3(HR:0.01,95%CI:0.01~0.59,P=0.016)是IgA患者疾病进展的独立危险因素。结论:8.1%的IgA肾病患者在5年之内eGFR下降50%或进展为ESRD,肾活检时肾功能不全、高24 h尿蛋白定量以及低血清补体C3是预后的独立危险因素。     

影响IgA肾病预后的危险因素分析

目的通过分析IgA肾病患者的临床资料及病理特征,探讨影响IgA肾病患者长期肾存活率的危险因素。方法分析724例肾活检确诊为IgA肾病患者肾活检时的临床资料及病理特征。对所有患者进行随访,每3~6个月检测尿蛋白、血肌酐(Scr)等指标,以Scr值比基础值升高1倍以上为观察终点。随访时间>6个月者才纳入成功随访病例。用非参数乘积限估计法(Kaplan-Meier法)分析生存率,用Cox回归模型分析影响预后的危险因素。结果共有317例IgA肾病患者成功随访,肾活检后平均随访时间为(43·5±32·2)个月。有39例(12·3%)患者进入随访终点,其1、3、5、10年肾存活率分别为99·5%、93·1%、84·5%和60·1%。Cox比例风险模型单因素分析发现病程长、肾活检时血Scr>115μmol/L、尿蛋白>1·0g/24h、高血压、Lee氏分级Ⅳ级或Ⅳ级以上、中重度肾小球硬化、新月体形成、中重度肾间质纤维化和肾小血管损害是影响IgA肾病预后的危险因素;多因素分析结果显示,蛋白尿、血Scr水平、肾小球硬化、新月体形成、肾间质纤维化是影响IgA肾病预后的独立危险因素。结论蛋白尿、肾功能不全、肾小球硬化、新月体形成和肾间质纤维化是影响IgA肾病预后的独立危险因素。     

NPHS2基因多态性与中国北方IgA肾病患者的相关性

目的 分析中国北方地区IgA肾病患者NPHS2基因多态性及其与IgA肾病患者蛋白尿和肾功能的关系。方法 将IgA肾病患者按临床表现分为肾病综合征组和单纯血尿组(各16例)。通过基因测序法筛查与中国北方IgA肾病患者蛋白尿水平相关的NPHS2基因的多态性。根据筛查结果,采用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性技术(PCR-RFLP)检测537例原发性IgA肾病患者NPHS2基因的C357T多态性,比较不同基因型之间临床表现的差异。结果 (1)检测到8种基因多态性：-931A＞T、-601C ＞T、19G＞T、171A＞G、357C＞T、IVS3-21C＞T、1023C＞T和1107A ＞G。(2)上述测序结果提示NPHS2基因357T等位基因频率在肾病综合征组明显低于单纯血尿组(0.038比0.125,P＜0.05),说明此多态性可能和IgA患者发生大量蛋白尿相关。故选择C357T多态性做大样本分析。(3)在537例有临床资料的IgA肾病患者中,比较357CC基因型和357CT/TT基因型的患者在性别、肾穿时年龄、血压、肉眼血尿、蛋白尿、发病时肾功能的差别,结果显示携带NPHS2 357CT/TT 基因型的患者24h尿蛋白定量程度较轻(P =0.023)。与肾病综合征组相比,携带T等位基因的患者蛋白尿小于3.5 g/d的比例明显增多(P=0.017)。多因素logistic回归分析表明NPHS2的C357T基因型CT/TT是除高血压病史、发病年龄外,IgA肾病患者发生大量蛋白尿的独立保护因素(P =0.012,OR =0.485,95％ CI0.275 ～0.854)。结论 本研究检测到8种基因多态性,其中NPHS2基因C357T 的T等位基因是中国北方IgA肾病患者发生蛋白尿以及大量蛋白尿的保护因素。     

冠状动脉介入术导致对比剂肾病危险因素分析

目的探讨冠状动脉介入术患者对比剂肾病的危险因素。方法收集我院2008年1月~2009年12月期间住院的172例接受冠状动脉介入术患者的临床资料,比较对比剂使用剂量,测定介入治疗前后血清肌酐,分析发生对比剂肾病危险因素。结果 172例患者发生对比剂肾病32例,发生率18.61%(32/172),肾小球滤过率>60 mL/min患者发生对比剂肾病21例(13%),肾小球滤过率<60 mL/min患者发生对比剂肾病19例(40%)(P<0.001),年龄≥75岁、3支病变、左心室射血分数<40%、血清肌酐>133μmol/L及对比剂剂量>300 mL与对比剂肾病相关(P<0.001)。糖尿病或高血压合并肾功能不全对比剂肾病发病率高于单纯糖尿病或高血压患者(P<0.01)。结论介入治疗术前肾功能受损及其损害程度是术后出现对比剂肾病的最主要危险因素,肾功能不全、年龄≥75岁、多支冠状动脉病变、左心室射血分数<40%、对比剂剂量>300 mL均为对比剂肾病的独立危险因素。糖尿病或高血压病合并肾功能不全可以增加对比剂肾病的临床风险。     

机关中青年干部高血压患病及相关危险因素分析

目的了解机关中青年(年龄60岁)干部高血压发病率及与相关危险因素关系。方法入选2012年3月~5月在武警总医院健康医学中心进行体检的机关中青年干部538例,其中男性445例,女性93例。将是否患高血压作为因变量,以性别、年龄、体质指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、空腹血糖(FPG)、血尿酸(UA)、血脂指标等做为自变量,进行单因素分析及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果机关中青年干部高血压患病率为17.3%。与血压正常组相比,高血压患者男性构成比,BMI、WC、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、UA及餐后2 h血糖(2h PBG)明显升高,差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01);高血压组合并超重/肥胖、糖耐量异常、高胆固醇(TC)血症、高UA血症比例明显增高(P0.05)。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果表明,男性(OR=4.24,95%CI:1.47~6.36)、BMI(OR=5.16,95%CI:1.36~5.76),2h PBG(OR=2.73,95%CI:1.31~5.69)、TC(OR=2.03,95%CI:1.02~7.31)是高血压的独立危险因素。结论机关中青年干部高血压患病率较高,男性、BMI、TC及2h PBG是高血压的独立危险因素。     

IgA肾病的恶性或急进型高血压

系膜 IgA 肾病以系膜 IgA 沉积为特征,有关 IgA肾病伴恶性高血压很少报道。本文旨在探讨这种肾小球疾病恶性高血压的发生率及其临床表现和预后,作者对一组 IgA 肾病伴高血压患者作了回顾性研究。66例经肾活检证实为 IgA 肾病的成人患者,其中24例(36％)以高血压为首发症状,检测血压至少3次>140/95mmHg。将患者分成两组:A 组14例(21％)为良性高血压;B 组10例(15％)为恶性高血压。恶性高血压标准:多数情况下舒张压≥140mmHg,件Ⅲ～Ⅳ级高血压视网膜病和肾功能衰竭(肾衰)。肾活检标本作光镜及免疫荧光检查。5例患者测定了血清 IgA 浓度。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.