食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移放射治疗111例分析

目的探讨食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移放射治疗的价值及影响预后因素．方法复习1984－09／1992－12收治初诊食管癌并锁骨上淋巴结转移111例，病变长度位于胸上段20例，胸中段82例，胸下段9例；锁骨上淋巴结单侧转移90例，双侧转移21例；病理诊断98例，余13例为临床诊断．全部采用钻-60外照射，食管DT60GY～66GY，锁骨上健侧照射50GY，患侧60GY—66GY．结果治疗后的一、三、五年生存率分别为49．6％，10．8％，6．3％．病变长度＜5．0cm的5a生存率为15％，比＞5．1cm的疗效好（P＜0．05）．疗终X线表现为基本消失的5a生存率为12．5％，而部分消失的5a生存率为1．8％（P＜0．05）锁骨上淋巴结＞3cm的25例，均在3a内死亡．结论食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移应积极治疗；病变长度食短，预后愈好；疗终X线表现为基本消失的预后较好；锁骨上淋巴结＜3cm的预后较好．     

贲门癌淋巴结微转移的检测及意义

目的观察常规病理学检查无淋巴结转移的贲门癌淋巴结的微转移情况,并探讨其临床意义。方法采用免疫组化SP法,用细胞角蛋白19（CK19）单抗和CD44v6单抗检测48例贲门癌患者常规病理学检查阴性的323枚淋巴结的微转移情况。结果本组9例14枚淋巴结发现微转移。淋巴结微转移与贲门癌患者年龄、性别及肿瘤直径、浸润深度、分化程度无关（P均〉0．05）,与贲门癌的Lauren分型有关（P〈0．05）。45例随访患者中,有淋巴结微转移者3、5年生存率明显低于无淋巴结微转移者（P均〈0．01）。结论常规病理学检查无淋巴结转移的贲门癌患者淋巴结常存在微转移;淋巴结微转移的检测有助于贲门癌患者的预后判断。     

非小细胞肺癌中血管内皮生长因子C表达与淋巴结转移关系的研究

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子C（VEGF—C）与非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移的关系。方法52例NSCLC患者分为淋巴结转移阳性组（25例）和淋巴结转移阴性组（27例）,采用半定量反转录PCR及免疫组织化学方法检测2组患者手术切除癌组织及196枚淋巴结组织（2组各98枚,淋巴结转移阳性组98枚中病理阳性淋巴结72枚,阴性26枚）中VEGF．CmRNA及蛋白的表达。结果淋巴结转移阳性组患者癌组织VEGF-CmRNA表达水平（0．273±0．179）明显高于淋巴结转移阴性组（0．089±0．087,P〈O．01）;阳性淋巴结组织VEGF—CmRNA表达水平（0．207±0．174）明显高于淋巴结转移阴性组的淋巴结组织（011±0．107,P〈0.01）。在淋巴结转移阳性组中,阳性与阴性淋巴结组织VEGF—CmRNA表达水平分别为0．207±0．174、0．196±0．186,差异无统计学意义（p〉O．05）。淋巴结转移阳性组15例患者中14例（93．3％）肺癌组织VEGF—C蛋白表达阳性,46枚阳性淋巴结组织中37枚（8014％）VEGF—C蛋白表达阳性;而淋巴结转移阴性组15例患者中仅1例（6．7％）肺癌组织VEGF-C蛋白表达阳性,52枚淋巴结组织VEGF-C蛋白表达均为阴性,组间差异均有统计学意义（均JD〈O．01）。结论VEGF—CmRNA与蛋白的表达水平与NSCLC淋巴结转移关系密切,在淋巴结转移的早期诊断中有潜在的应用价值。     

胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移规律及淋巴结清扫方式探讨

目的探讨胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移规律及术中淋巴结清扫方式。方法 480例行根治术的胸段食管鳞癌患者,标记各部位清扫淋巴结分别送检,进行临床病理资料分析。结果本组386例患者有淋巴结转移。全组清扫淋巴结5 424枚,平均每例清扫11.3枚,689枚淋巴结有转移。22例患者出现跳跃性淋巴结转移,其中胸上段3例、中段9例、下段1例。胸上段食管鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移率47.6%,高于胸中段（10.5%）和胸下段（1.3%）,P均〈0.05。胸下段食管鳞癌向腹腔淋巴结转移率为33.1%,高于胸中段（19.4%）和胸上段（3.8%）,P均〈0.05。胸中段食管鳞癌有上纵隔淋巴结（23.5%）及下纵隔淋巴结（29%）和腹腔淋巴结（19.4%）的双向转移趋势,隆突下淋巴结转移多见,转移率54.2%。结论 胸上段食管癌淋巴结转移以颈段食管旁、锁骨上、上中纵隔转移多见,胸中段食管癌淋巴结转移具有明显的上下双向转移和跳跃性转移特点,胸下段食管癌淋巴结转移以腹部、中下纵隔转移多见。胸上段食管癌行颈、胸、腹三野淋巴结清扫,重点清扫颈段食管旁及锁骨上、下界包括隆突下淋巴结;胸下段食管癌可行胸、腹两野淋巴结清扫,重点清扫隆突下、下胸段食管旁、胃左动脉旁淋巴结;胸中段食管癌淋巴结清扫方式应根据具体情况设定。     

CD31、CD34和CD105蛋白在食管鳞状细胞癌组织微血管中的表达及意义

目的探讨CD31、CD34和CD105蛋白表达在食管鳞状细胞癌（ESCC）发生、发展中的作用。方法应用免疫组化SP法对50例ESCC和10例正常食管黏膜组织标本进行标记染色,按Weidner法计算三种蛋白标记物的肿瘤组织微血管密度（MVD）。结果在ESCC及正常食管黏膜组织中MVD-CD31、MVD—CD34及MVD-CD105均依次降低,组间比较尸〈0．01;MVD-CD31、MVD—CD34与ESCC的浸润深度及淋巴结转移密切相关（P〈0．05）,MVD—CD105与ESCC的TNM分期、浸润深度及淋巴结转移密切相关（P〈0．01）;ESCC组织中MVD—CD31、MVD—CD。均显著高于MVD-CD105（P〈0．01）。结论CD31、CD34和CD105蛋白表达在ESCC发生、发展和转移中起重要作用;联合检测三者可望为判断ESCC发展及利用血管抑制剂治疗提供理论依据。     

乳腺癌原发灶及淋巴结转移灶中ER、PR表达及临床意义

目的探讨乳腺癌原发灶和淋巴结转移灶中雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）表达及其与肿瘤分期、病理类型的关系。方法采用免疫组化SP法,检测36例乳腺癌术后患者原发灶和淋巴结转移灶中的ER、PR表达。结果乳腺癌原发灶中的ER阳性率69．5％、PR阳性率55．6％,淋巴结转移灶中分别为63．9％、44．4％;原发灶和淋巴结转移灶中的ER、PR表达呈正相关（P均〈0．01）,与肿瘤分期、病理类型无明显相关性（P均〈0．01）。结论判断乳腺癌患者的预后应综合考虑其原发灶和转移灶的生物学特性。     

E26转录因子-1在胃癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨E26转录因子-1（Ets-1）在胃癌发生、发展中的作用。方法应用免疫组化法检测86例胃癌标本中Ets-1的表达,分析与胃癌临床病理因素及预后的关系。结果Ets-1标记指数（LI）为56．00％±13．26％（24．00％～80．00％）;其中高表达（高于均数）44例,低表达42例;肿瘤直径≥4cm者显著高于〈4cm者;有区域淋巴结转移者显著高于无淋巴结转移者,P均〈0．05;T1、T2、T3、T4期者LI依次升高,且有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。原发灶中Ets-1蛋白表达水平与患者性别、肿瘤位置、分化情况等无明显相关性。Ets-1蛋白低表达者的5a累计生存率显著高于Ets-1高表达者（P〈0．05）。多因素回归分析示Ets-1表达程度是胃癌预后的独立影响因素（P〈0．01）。结论Ets-1表达可促进胃癌的浸润、转移;Ets-1蛋白表达程度可作为判断胃癌预后的一项指标。     

食管癌组织中c-FLIP蛋白的表达及意义

采用免疫组化SP法检测64例食管癌组织和20例正常食管黏膜组织中的c-FLIP蛋白表达,分析其与食管癌临床病理特征和预后的关系。64例食管癌标本中51例c-FLIP蛋白呈阳性表达（79．69％）,明显高于正常食管膜组织（5％）,两者比较P〈0．01;c-FLIP蛋白表达与食管癌组织分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移密切相关。c-FLIP蛋白低表达组的3a生存率明显高于高表达组（P〈0．01）。c-FLIP蛋白在食管癌组织中表达显著高于正常食管组织,其表达与食管癌的发生、发展、预后密切相关,可作为食管癌诊断、病情评估、预后判断的指标。     

胸段食管癌术后复发、淋巴结转移部位规律观察

目的：探索胸段食管癌术后复发、淋巴结转移部位的规律,旨在为术后预防性照射的靶区设计提供依据。方法选择食管癌术后复发患者182例,回顾性分析其原发肿瘤部位、术后分期与食管癌术后复发、淋巴结转移部位的关系。结果182例食管癌术后复发患者最常见的复发部位为1区／2区淋巴结（112例）、锁骨上淋巴结（45例）;胸上段、胸中段、胸下段食管癌1区／2区淋巴结转移率分别为64．3％、61．4％、60．0％,锁骨上区淋巴结转移率分别为28．6％、23．6％、25．0％,各段1区／2区、锁骨上区淋巴结转移率比较P均＞0．05。Ⅱa、Ⅱb、Ⅲ期食管癌术后1区／2区淋巴结转移率分别为11．3％、28．6％、49．1％,锁骨上区淋巴结转移率分别为9．4％、26．8％、45．3％,各期1区／2区、锁骨上区淋巴结转移率比较P均＜0．05。结论1区／2区淋巴结及锁骨上区是食管癌术后常见复发、淋巴结转移部位,应将其作为重要的术后预防性照射靶区。     

AE1/AE3免疫组化法在检测胃癌淋巴结微转移中的作用

目的 探讨AE1／AE3免疫组化标记检测胃癌根治标本中淋巴结内微小转移癌及其临床意义。方法 对64例胃癌病人根治切除后阴性的淋巴结及胃周软组织的石蜡包埋组织用S-P法进行AE1／AE3染色标记。结果 64例118枚淋巴结中，根据HE染色阴性再经AE1／AE3标记发现，8例患者13枚淋巴结有微转移灶，病例总阳性率12．50％（8／64），淋巴结总阳性率11．02％（13／118）。微转移与浸润深度有关，深层组织的微转移阳性率高于浅层（P〈0．05），弥漫型胃癌微转移率（62．50％）明显高于肠型胃癌（5．36％），两者之间具有显著差异性。结论 AE1／AE3染色标记检测微转移淋巴结可能对准确地确定临床分期、诊疗及判断预后有积极临床意义。     

Individualization of lymphadenectomy in superficial esophageal squamous cell cancer

Background As the result of the development of imaging means, the incidence of discovery of superficial esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) has recently increased. Various treatment methods such as endoscopic mucosal resection and reduction of lymphadenectomy have been performed to preserve the quality of life. Because lymph node metastasis occurs even in the early stage of esophageal cancer, we should carefully select the treatment method, including lymphadenectomy. Methods We analyzed the distribution of solitary lymph metastasis of 27 superficial esophageal cancers. To analyze the distribution of micrometastasis, a total of 1542 lymph nodes obtained from 46 patients with pN0 submucosal cancer were immunohistochemically examined by cytokeratin antibody. Sentinel node mapping was performed in 23 patients with clinical T1 tumors. Results The location of lymph node metastasis in the 22 patients with solitary lymph metastasis in superficial cancer was limited to recurrent nerve nodes in the upper thoracic esophagus, recurrent nerve nodes, paraesophageal nodes, or perigastric nodes in the middle or lower thoracic esophagus. For eight patients with lymph node micrometastasis in pN0 patients with superficial esophageal cancer, the locations of micrometastasis were similar to those of solitary metastasis. In sentinel node mapping, all nodal metastasis was included in sentinel nodes with a single exception. Conclusions Individual lymphadenectomy in superficial ESCC will be established using methods such as analysis of past data, clinical diagnosis of lymph node metastasis by imaging, and sentinel node navigation surgery, including the diagnosis of micrometastasis.     

可切除性肺癌胸内淋巴结转移的临床研究

目的　探讨可切除性肺癌的胸内淋巴结转移规律。方法　收集１９９２ 年１ 月～１９９８ 年７月可切除性肺癌１６０ 例,在肺癌术中分区摘除肺门淋巴结（Ｎ１） 和纵隔淋巴结（Ｎ２）,记录各区淋巴结的数量、大小和颜色,按区检查每一个淋巴结有无转移癌。结果　１６０ 例肺癌中有淋巴结转移者９９ 例（６１－９％ ）,Ｎ２ 转移者７３ 例（４５－６％ ） 。离肺门或肺根部最近的１１、１０ 、７、５ 和４ 区淋巴结的转移频度较高,较远的９、６、３、２ 和１ 区则明显降低。淋巴结≥２ ｃｍ 的癌转移度为６０－７ ％ 、≥１ ｃｍ 为１５－５％ 、＜ １ｃｍ 为４－３％ 。有转移癌的最小淋巴结为０－２ ｃｍ 。小细胞肺癌（ＳＣＬＣ）的淋巴结转移明显高于非小细胞肺癌（ＮＳＣＬＣ）（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。结论　多数肺癌的淋巴结转移遵循由近向远、由下向上、由肺内经肺门向纵隔顺序转移的规律。淋巴结转移与肿瘤的部位、大小、病程均无关,ＳＣＬＣ更易发生淋巴结转移。确诊淋巴结有无转移癌必须依靠病理检查。     

The clinicopathological analysis of lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer]

One hundred-twenty-one cases of curative resection for gastric cancer with lymph node metastasis were analyzed to determine the prognostic value of the nodal stage (n), number of metastatic lymph nodes, maximum diameter of metastatic lymph nodes, micrometastasis of lymph nodes, histological type of lymph node metastasis, extranodular invasion and infiltration into lymphatic vessels around metastatic lymph nodes. In patients with a higher nodal stage the survival rate was lower and the nodal stage was a good prognostic indicator. Inpatients who had 7 or more metastatic lymph nodes or in whom the maximum diameter of the metastatic lymph nodes was over 15 mm or who had not only micrometastasis of lymph nodes, the survival rate was lower. These results suggest that quantitative analysis of metastatic lymph nodes is necessary. In patients who had nudifferentiated type metastatic lesions of lymph nodes, the survival rate was lower than in those with the differentiated type and the difference was larger than for the primary lesion. In patients who had extranodular invasion or infiltration into lymphatic vessels around metastatic lymph nodes, the survival rate was decreased. These results suggest that histopathological analysis of metastatic lymph nodes is necessary.     

Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of genetic aberrations associated with development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Henan, China

AIM： To characterize cytogenetic alterations in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma （ESCC） and its metastasis. METHODS： A total of 37 cases of primary ESCC and 15 pairs of primary ESCC tumors and their matched metastatic lymph nodes cases were enrolled from Linzhou, the high incidence area for ESCC in Henan, northern China. The comparative genomic hybridization （CGH） was applied to determine the chromosomal aberrations on the DNA extracted from the frozen ESCC and metastatic lymph node samples from these patients. RESULTS： CGH showed chromosomal aberrations in all the cases. In 37 cases of primary ESCC, chromosomal profile of DNA copy number was characterized by frequently detected gains at 8q （29/37, 78%）, 3q （24/37, 65%）, 5p （19/37, 51%）; and frequently detected losses at 3p （21/37, 57%）, 8p and 9q （14/37, 38%）. In 15 pairs of primary ESCC tumors and their matched metastatic lymph node cases, the majority of the chromosomal aberrations in both primary tumor and metastatic lymph node lesions were consistent with the primary ESCC cases, but new candidate regions of interest were also detected. The most significant finding is the gains of chromosome 6p with a minimum high-level amplification region at 6p12-6q12 in 7 metastatic lymph nodes but only in 2 corresponding primary tumors （P = 0.05） and 20p with a minimum high-level amplification region at 20p12 in 11 metastatic lymph nodes but only in 5 corresponding primary tumors （P 〈 0.05）. Another interesting finding is the loss of chromosome 10p and 10q in 8 and 7 metastatic lymph nodes but only in 2 corresponding primary tumors （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Using the CGH technique to detect chromosomal aberrations in both the primary tumor and its metastatic lymph nodes of ESCC, gains of 8q, 3q and 5p and loss of 3p, 8p, 9q and 13q were specifically implicated in ESCC in Linzhou population. Gains of 6p and 20p and loss of 10pq may contribute to the lymph node metastasis of ESCC. These findings suggest that the gains and     

Skeletal muscle metastasis from esophageal cancer: a report of two cases and a review of the literature

Skeletal muscle metastases from carcinoma are very rare. This report describes two cases of skeletal muscle metastasis from esophageal cancer as the first distant metastasis. Case 1, a 58-year-old man with stage IVa upper thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), underwent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and a subtotal esophagectomy with a three-field lymph node dissection. After the operation, he complained of a painful mass in his forearm, which was diagnosed to be metastatic SqCC by a biopsy. Local radiation therapy and systemic chemotherapy were performed, but he died 7 months after the first CRT. Case 2, a 61-year-old woman with stage IVa middle thoracic SqCC, underwent CRT. ¹⁸F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) after the CRT showed a hot spot in the right gluteus maximus muscle, and it was diagnosed to be metastatic SqCC by a biopsy. Although additional treatment was performed, she died 6 months after the first visit. A short review of the literature concerning skeletal muscle metastasis from esophageal cancer was conducted.     

Possibility of pre-operative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis based on morphology.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The accuracy of pre-operative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis is insufficient. Our aim was to define the possibility of diagnosing metastatic lymph nodes based on morphology. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and fifty-seven patients with pre-operatively untreated esophageal squamous cell carcinoma underwent resection, 5334 lymph nodes were isolated, and the short and long diameters were measured. We tried to construct a linear regression line for metastasis rate versus lymph node size (long diameter classified at intervals of 1 mm) by each location. The ratio of short diameter to long diameter (SL ratio) of metastasis-positive lymph nodes was compared with that of negative ones at each location. RESULTS: Gradient and intercept of overall regression line was 0.0213 and 0.0101, respectively, and the long diameter producing a metastasis rate of 80% (LD80) was 37.1 mm. Metastasis-positive lymph nodes larger than calculated LD80 represented no more than 9.5% of all the corresponding metastasis-positive nodes. The locations with significant difference of SL ratio between metastasis-positive and negative ones were limited to right cardiac, left gastric artery, thoracic paratracheal, bifurcation, and the highest mediastinal nodes. CONCLUSIONS: There is a low possibility that lymph node metastasis can be exactly diagnosed pre-operatively based on the size and morphology.     

Study of abnormal chromosome regions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by comparative genomic hybridization: relationship of lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis to selected abnormal regions

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC) has a poor prognosis among digestive tract cancers. Lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis are the major factors determining its prognosis. We used comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to evaluate primary tumor lymph nodes and metastatic areas from ESCC patients in order to determine the relationship between abnormal chromosome regions and outcome. Tumor tissues and lymph nodes were collected from 51 patients with ESCC, and abnormal chromosome regions were detected by CGH. We searched for regions that were significantly more common in patients with lymph nodes metastases (n≥ 6) or distant metastases, and correlated those chromosomal changes with survival. Regions showing amplification in more than 65% of esophageal squamous cell cancers were as follows: 17q12 (90.2%), 17q21 (86.3%), 3q29 (82.4%), 3q28 (78.4%), 8q24.2 (76.5%), 22q12 (76.5%), 3q27 (74.5%), 8q24.3 (74.5%), 1q22 (70.6%), 5p15.3 (70.6%), 22q13 (70.6%), 3q26.3, 8q23, 8q24.1, 9q34, 11q13, 17p12, 17q25, 20q12, 20q13.1 (68.6%), 1q32, 1q42, and 20q13.2 (66.7%). Regions showing deletion in more than 50% of the tumors were as follows: Yp11.3 (62.7%), 3p26 (56.9%), Yq12 (54.9%), 13q21 (52.9%), 4q32 (51.0%), and 13q22 (51.0%). When Fisher's test was used to assess associations of these regions with metastases to lymph nodes, amplification at 2q12–14 (P= 0.012), 3q24–26 (P= 0.005), and 7q21–31 (P= 0.026) were significant. Survival was worse for patients with amplification at all 3 regions. In patients with distant organ metastases, amplification at 7p13–21 was significant (P= 0.008), and survival was worse. Chromosomal amplifications in ESCC at 2q12–14, 3q24–26, and 7q21–31 were associated with lymph node metastasis, while amplification at 7p13–21 was related to distant metastasis. Amplification at these regions correlated with worse survival. Genes involved in the phenotype of ESCC may exist in these regions. Identification of these genes is a theme for future investigation.     

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach with inguinal ymph nodes metastasis: A case report

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor in the alimentary tract. To the best of our knowledge, few cases have been reported in the literature about the peripheral lymph node metastasis of GIST. Here we report an unusual case of gastric GIST with inguinal lymph nodes metastasis. After the metastatic lymph nodes were resected, the. Patient started to take imatinib 400 mg/d for 12 mo. There were no signs of tumor recurrence at follow-up after 29 mo.This case suggests that the inguinal lymph nodes can be a potential metastatic site of GIST.     

Esophageal cancer with distant lymph node metastasis: prognostic significance of metastatic lymph node ratio

The cervical and celiac lymph node metastases are defined as distant metastasis (Mlym) from thoracic esophageal carcinoma by TNM (primary tumor, regional lymph nodes, and distant metastasis) classification. The prognostic factors, however, of such distant node metastases are not fully understood. Of 85 patients with node-positive thoracic esophageal carcinoma who were treated with the same modalities of treatment, 31 (37%) had Mlym. Prognostic factors for long-term survival were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyzes. Three patients are alive and free of cancer, and two patients survived over 5 years. Fifteen patients died of recurrent esophageal cancer and 11 patients succumbed to causes unrelated to esophageal cancer. Two patients with a single Mlym died without recurrence of esophageal cancer at 1.4 years and after more than 5 years, respectively. The 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates of all 31 patients were 64.5%, 24.8%, 17.0%, and 12.8%, respectively. The factors influencing survival rate were depth of invasion (pT1,2 vs. pT3,4) and metastatic lymph node ratio (< or =0.104 vs. > or =0.105). The survival rates were not influenced by number of lymph node metastasis, number of Mlym, or by metastatic lymph node ratio of Mlym. Among those two significant variables verified by univariate analysis, independent prognostic factor for survival determined by multivariate analysis was the metastatic lymph node ratio (risk ratio = 3.4, p = 0.0345). The results of this study indicate that a significant number of patients can be cured of esophageal carcinoma by extensive resection along with extended lymph node dissection even when the disease metastasizes to distant nodes.