HPLC法测定通腑胶囊中大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚及芦荟大黄素的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定通腑胶囊中大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚及芦荟大黄素含量的方法。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱:Waters C18(250×4.6mm,5μm),以0.1%磷酸:甲醇(15∶85)为流动相,流速1.0μL/min,检测波长:254nm,柱温:35℃。结果大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚及芦荟大黄素进样量分别在0.0162~0.323μg、0.016~0.318μg、0.0164~0.328μg、0.008~0.16μg、0.020~0.406μg范围内进样量与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均为0.9999,平均回收率分别为:99.0%、99.0%、99.2%、98.3%、99.4%(n=6)。结论该方法专属性强,重现性好,可用于通腑胶囊中蒽醌类成分的含量测定。     

RP-HPLC测定十二味百消胶囊中大黄素和大黄酚的含量

目的建立测定藏成药十二味百消胶囊中大黄素和大黄酚含量的方法。方法样品用甲醇回流提取后加硫酸水解,采用RP-HPLC法测定。色谱柱为Hypersil ODS2C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(85∶15),检测波长254 nm。结果大黄素在1.7~8.4μg、大黄酚在1.6~8.2μg范围内线性关系良好。平均回收率大黄素为99.3%,RSD=0.8%;大黄酚为99.3%,RSD=0.9%。结论该方法灵敏、准确、专属性强,可用于十二味百消胶囊的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定麻仁丸中大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素的含量

目的建立麻仁丸中大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素的含量测定方法。方法采用奥泰ALLTIMA-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇(A)-0.1%磷酸溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[0~9min,60%A;9~20 min,60%→80%A;20~45 min,80%A];流速:1.0 mL.min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长254 nm。结果大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素线性范围分别为在9.08~81.72、8.4~75.6、13.42~120.7、7.56~68.04、8.2~73.8μg.mL-1,与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.1%、99.6%、99.4%、99.8%、99.2%,RSD分别为2.0%、1.8、3.2%、1.1%、1.5%。结论本方法可作为麻仁丸中大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素含量测定的一种准确、灵敏、可行的方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定唇齿清胃丸中大黄素和大黄酚含量

目的建立测定唇齿清胃丸中大黄素和大黄酚含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,Agilent Zorbax XDB-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.01%磷酸(80∶20);流速:1.0mL.min-1;紫外检测波长:254nm。结果大黄素和大黄酚线性范围分别为0.01078~0.4312μg、0.02315~0.9260μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(均为r=0.9999),平均回收率分别为98.7%、99.4%(n=9),RSD=1.5%、RSD=1.2%。结论本方法操作简便,结果准确、可靠。     

HPLC法同时测定六味能消胶囊中木香烃内酯、去氢木香烃内酯大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的:建立六味能消胶囊中木香烃内酯、去氢木香烃内酯、大黄素、大黄酚4个成分含量测定的方法。方法:采用Atlantis C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.1%磷酸水为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长225 nm(0~25 min检测木香烃内酯、去氢木香烃内酯)、254 nm(25~40 min检测大黄素、大黄酚),柱温25℃。结果:木香烃内酯、去氢木香烃内酯、大黄素、大黄酚的线性范围分别为0.665 6~33.28、0.563 7~31.84、0.524 8~26.24、0.585 6~29.28μg·m L-1;平均回收率(n=6)分别为99.28%(RSD=1.8%),101.7%(RSD=1.6%),101.2%(RSD=2.0%),99.36%(RSD=1.8%)。5批样品中木香烃内酯、去氢木香烃内酯、大黄素、大黄酚含量分别为2.32~2.41、2.48~2.62、0.42~0.48、1.26~1.33 mg·g-1。结论:该方法可用于六味能消胶囊中木香烃内酯、去氢木香烃内酯、大黄素、大黄酚的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定九制大黄丸中5组分含量

目的 建立同时测定九制大黄丸中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法。方法 色谱柱为C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(77∶23),流速1.0 m L/min,检测波长254 nm,柱温40℃,进样量20μL。结果 芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的进样质量浓度线性范围分别为4.6~92μg/m L,3.8~76μg/m L,4.0~800μg/m L,5.0~100μg/m L和17.6~352μg/m L,平均回收率分别为99.38%,99.04%,99.72%,99.59%和99.52%,RSD分别为0.80%,1.02%,0.50%,0.54%,0.92%(n=6)。结论 HPLC法可同时测定九制大黄丸中5组分的含量,专属性强,分离效果好。     

HPLC法测定通降胶囊中大黄素、大黄酚和大黄酸的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定通降胶囊中大黄的大黄素、大黄酚和大黄酸含量.方法:采用VARLAG公司C18柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(85∶15),流速1.2ml*min-1,检测波长:440nm.结果:大黄素在32～160ng、大黄酚在80～400ng、大黄酸在112～560ng范围内,进样量(ng)与峰面积呈良好的线性关系.平均回收率分别为99.2%(大黄素,RSD=2.96%),97.4%(大黄酚,RSD=1.59%),102.9%(大黄酸,RSD=2.40%).结论:本法快速、简便、准确.     

HPLC法测定复方奥硝唑大黄口腔膜中的大黄酸、大黄素及大黄酚的含量

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定复方奥硝唑大黄口腔膜中大黄酸、大黄素及大黄酚的含量。方法使用Fortis Xi C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),甲醇-质量分数为0.1%的磷酸溶液(体积比为85∶15)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为254 nm。结果大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚峰与相邻色谱峰分离度均高于3.0,方法专属性强;各组分在测定范围内线性关系良好,回归方程分别为:大黄酚A大黄酚=3.298 3×107ρ-602 4(R2=0.999 0),大黄酸A大黄酸=2.138 3×107ρ-576 2(R2=0.997 0),大黄素A大黄素=2.075 0×107ρ-489 1(R2=0.9990);各组分加样回收率均高于94.0%。测得复方奥硝唑大黄口腔膜中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的平均含量为353、106、121μg.cm-2。结论本方法测定奥硝唑大黄口腔膜中大黄酸、大黄素及大黄酚,可应用于奥硝唑大黄口腔缓释膜剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定苦黄软膏中大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定苦黄软膏中大黄素、大黄酚含量的方法。方法采用SymmetryC18柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm),甲醇-0.1%磷酸(85:15)为流动相,流速1.0 ml·min-1,柱温25℃,检测波长254 nm。结果大黄素在0.320~1.60μg(r=0.999 5),大黄酚在0.132~0.660μg(r=0.999 2)范围线性良好;平均回收率分别为98.02%、98.15%;RSD分别为1.66%、1.52%。结论该方法简便、可靠、准确,可作为苦黄软膏的质量控制方法。     

多种药材与制剂中大黄酚与大黄素含量测定改进方法

目的:改进大黄酚与大黄素的测定方法。方法:通过甲醇提取与酸水解同步进行,用高效液相色谱法简便、快捷、准确地测定了多种药材与制剂中大黄酚与大黄素含量。色谱条件为:Shimadzu VP—ODS C_(18)(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,甲醇-0.1%磷酸(85:15)为流动相,流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为254 nm。结果:通过方法学考察,大黄酚的进样量在0.022～0.32μg(r=0.9999),大黄素的进样量在0.015～0.22μg(r=0.9999)范围内,呈良好的线性关系。大黄酚与大黄素的平均回收率(n=3)分别为96.10%～101.7%和96.75%～100.9%。结论:改进方法检测效率高,检测成本低,环境污染轻。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.