胰头部肿块定性诊断

常见的胰头部肿块包括胰头癌、慢性肿块型胰腺炎、胰腺内分泌肿瘤和囊(实)性肿块(包括囊实性假乳头状肿瘤、囊腺瘤、假性囊肿、真性囊肿).胰头部肿块的定性诊断,尤其胰头部实质性肿块的诊断十分辣手.     

胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎诊断与治疗

胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎从临床表现上很难与胰头癌相鉴别,目前已将发生于胰头部的肿块型慢性胰腺炎视为胰腺癌发生的癌前病变。影像学检查在肿块型慢性胰腺炎诊断中起着重要作用,对于手术指征的掌握、胰头部肿块的可切除性、手术方式的选择以及手术困难程度的估计很有帮助。胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎的手术方式是直接针对胰头的,不同的手术方法包括胰十二指肠切除术（保留或不保留幽门的Whipple手术）和胰头部分切除加胰管引流术（Frey 手术,Beger 手术）。胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎一旦诊断明确即应积极手术治疗,手术方式尽可能采用胰十二指肠切除术,因为它不仅切除了胰头部肿块、解除了胆道和胰管及十二指肠的梗阻,而且也去除了胰头癌的潜在病因;如胰头肿块巨大,行胰十二指肠切除有极大风险,可考虑行保留十二指肠的胰头切除术。     

保留十二指肠的胰头切除术的手术要点

1972年Beger首先实施保留十二指肠的胰头切除术(DPRHP)治疗慢性胰腺炎以来[1],由于该术式在切除胰头病变的同时,保留了消化道的完整性,更加符合生理,且创伤较小,提高了术后的生存质量,目前已经成为欧洲国家及日本治疗胰头部良性占位病变的标准术式之一.保留十二指肠的胰头切除术适用于慢性胰腺炎(肿块型)和胰腺的良性疾病(浆液性或黏液性囊性肿瘤、实性假乳头状瘤、胰腺导管内乳头黏液性肿瘤、胰岛细胞瘤靠近胰管无法局部切除者、神经内分泌肿瘤和淋巴上皮囊肿)[2],低度恶性肿瘤不需要淋巴结廓清,也可行保留十二指肠胰头切除,然而囊腺癌是否适合此手术还存在争议.     

胰头肿块型胰腺炎的诊断与治疗

胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎从临床表现上很难与胰头癌相鉴别,影像学检查在肿块型慢性胰腺炎诊断中起重要作用,对于手术指征的掌握、胰头部肿块的可切除性、手术方式的选择以及手术困难程度的估计很有帮助.目前已将发生于胰头的肿块型慢性胰腺炎视为胰腺癌发生的癌前病变.胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎的手术方式是直接针对胰头的,不同的手术方法包括:胰十二指肠切除术(保留或不保留幽门)和胰头部分切除(Beger手术)加胰管引流术(Frey手术).胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎一旦诊断明确即应积极手术治疗,手术方式尽可能采用胰十二指肠切除术,因为它不仅切除了胰头肿块、解除了胆道和胰管及十二指肠的梗阻,而且也去除了胰头癌的潜在病因;若胰头肿块巨大胰十二指肠切除有极大风险,可考虑保留十二指肠的胰头切除术.     

胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎的治疗

胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎已被视为胰腺癌的癌前病变,并且可以导致胰管、胆管及十二指肠梗阻,其与胰头癌的鉴别诊断困难,然而二者的预后截然不同。因此,胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎一旦诊断明确即应积极手术治疗,以切除病变,缓解疼痛症状,改善病人的生活质量。胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎的手术方式是直接针对胰头的,不同的手术方法包括胰十二指肠切除术（保留或不保留幽门的Whipple 手术）和保留十二指肠的胰头切除术（Beger手术及其改良术式）。手术方式尽可能采用胰十二指肠切除术,不仅切除了胰头部肿块、解除了胆道、胰管及十二指肠的梗阻,而且也去除了胰头癌的潜在病因;如胰头肿块巨大,行胰十二指肠切除术有极大风险,可考虑行保留十二指肠的胰头切除术。     

胰头占位性病变的诊断与治疗

目的 总结胰头占位性病变的诊断与治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年4月中国医科大学附属第一医院收治的247例胰头占位性病变患者的临床资料.术前均行胰腺增强CT和(或)胰腺MRI等影像学检查.血清学检查包括AFP、CA19-9、CA125、CEA,对于怀疑自身免疫性胰腺炎的患者检查血清IgG4.临床诊断为胰头癌、胰头肿块、肿块型胰腺炎的患者行术中病理学检查.胰头癌根据肿瘤的分期及浸润程度选择胰十二指肠切除术、扩大的胰十二指肠切除术或胆肠吻合和(或)胃肠吻合术.肿块型慢性胰腺炎在患者及家属充分了解并同意的前提下选择行保留十二指肠的胰头切除术或胰十二指肠切除术.胰腺良性及低度恶性肿瘤应在肿瘤完整切除的基础上尽量保留肿瘤周围的组织和器官,行个体化治疗.结果 胰头实性占位性病变194例,其中胰头癌125例、胰头肿块45例、肿块型慢性胰腺炎9例、自身免疫性胰腺炎11例,胰岛素瘤4例;胰头囊性占位性病变53例,其中黏液性囊腺瘤12例、浆液性囊腺瘤8例、胰腺囊肿17例、实性假乳头状瘤12例、导管内乳头状黏液瘤4例.病理学检查确诊胰腺癌的71例患者术前肿瘤系列检查阳性率分别为:AFP为7.0％ (5/71)、CA19-9为94.4％ (67/71)、CA125为42.3％(30/71)、CEA为0.12例肿块型慢性胰腺炎肿瘤系列检查阳性率分别为:AFP为1/12、CA19-9为4/12、CA125为1/12、CEA为0.119例患者进行手术治疗获得病理学诊断,其中胰头癌71例、肿块型慢性胰腺炎7例、胰岛素瘤4例、胰腺结核1例,黏液性囊腺瘤8例、浆液性囊腺瘤4例、胰腺假性囊肿6例、巨大淋巴管瘤1例、淋巴上皮囊肿1例、实性假乳头状瘤12例、导管内乳头状黏液瘤4例.247例胰头占位性病变患者中,61例行胰十二指肠切除术,4例行保留十二指肠的胰头切除术,4例行胰头、胰颈部切除术,2例行钩突部分切除术,9例行肿瘤摘除术,38例行胆肠吻合和(或)胃肠吻合术,22例行ERCP+内支架治疗,18例行PTCD+内支架治疗,1例行剖腹探查,88例未行治疗.结论 胰头占位性病变的临床诊断及鉴别诊断主要依靠病史、临床表现、实验室检查及超声、CT、MRI检查.根据肿瘤性质、疾病种类个体化制订手术方案,对胰头良性及低度恶性的肿瘤应行个体化治疗,在肿瘤完整切除的基础上尽量保留肿瘤周围的组织和器官,术中病理学诊断有利于手术方案的选择.     

胰头肿块的手术治疗

胰头肿块是临床常见病症,大致可以分为实性肿块（胰头癌、肿块型慢性胰腺炎、神经内分泌肿瘤等）和囊性肿块（假性囊肿、囊腺瘤、真性囊肿等）两大类.神经内分泌肿瘤和囊性病变通过实验室、影像学检查,结合病史通常能够获得明确诊断,手术处理也相对简单.然而,即便是对于有经验的外科医师而言,胰头癌和肿块型慢性胰腺炎的诊断和治疗都较为棘手,手术方式上也存在较大争议,是胰腺外科的难点和热点.本文主要就胰头癌和胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎的诊断及手术治疗进行讨论.     

胰头部良性和低恶性病变手术治疗的器官保留与损伤控制

胰头部占位性病变的病理学类型复杂多样,既包括胰腺导管腺癌等高度恶性肿瘤,也包括囊性肿瘤、内分泌肿瘤和炎性包块等低恶性和良性病变。目前国内处理胰头部占位性病变时,无论病理类型如何,对病灶的切除仍多沿用Whipple手术。对胰头部良性和低恶性病变实施Whipple手术,切除范围过大,代价太高,沿用Whipple手术治疗胰头部良性和低恶性病变所引起的学术讨论已成为胰腺外科的热点。主要介绍处理胰头良性和低恶性病变时可选择的胰腺肿瘤局部挖除术、保留十二指肠的胰头切除术和保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术等保留器官手术的手术要点以及适应证,通过对上述术式的探讨,在胰头部良性和低恶性病变手术中推广器官保留与损伤控制的理念。     

胰头部肿块鉴别诊断和临床对策

胰头部肿块的鉴别诊断中最为困难的是胰头肿块型胰腺炎与胰腺癌的鉴别。近年来,血清肿瘤标记物检查、多排螺旋CT和内镜超声引导穿刺活检等技术的发展为临床鉴别诊断提供了很多帮助,但仍有部分病人不能通过非手术方法获得确诊。对于这些病人,在与病人及家属进行充分沟通后,可以考虑行剖腹探查,建议术中对胰头部肿块行细针多点穿刺细胞学检查,并由专业人员及时处理标本。慢性胰腺炎是胰腺癌的癌前病变,并且可以导致胰管、胆管及十二指肠梗阻,行胰十二指肠切除术或保留十二指肠的胰头切除术能切除病变,缓解疼痛症状,改善病人的生活质量。但由于该手术创伤大,术后并发症发生率较高,应严格掌握手术适应证,加强围手术期处理,由经验丰富的医师实施手术,将并发症的发生率降到最低。     

胰头肿块的治疗策略

胰头肿块是临床常见病症,包括实性肿块（胰头癌、内分泌肿瘤、肿块型慢性胰腺炎等）和囊性病变（真性囊肿、假性囊肿、囊腺瘤和囊腺癌等）两大类。囊性病变一般通过病史、实验室检查和影像学检查能获明确诊断,处理亦较实性肿块简单。本文胰头肿块特指胰头癌和胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎．诊断较为困难．术前常难以定性．以至于胰头癌误诊为肿块型慢性胰腺炎而延误治疗或慢性胰腺炎诊断为腺头癌而致手术扩大的情况时有发生,因此正确诊治胰头肿块是胰腺外科医师面临的重要课题。     

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??Surgical treatment of pancreas head mass lesions:strategy and evaluation ZHANG Tai-ping, ZHAN Han-xiang, XIE Yong,et al. Department of Surgery,Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100730, China Corresponding euthor:ZHAO Yu-pei, E-mail:zhao 8028@263.net Abstract Because of the special Anatomical location and diversity of pathology, surgical treatment of pancreas head mass lesions should be individual. For the solid mass,it is important to distinguish chronic pancreatitis with mass in the head of the pancreas with pancreatic carcinoma before operation process. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the classical operation for pancreatic head carcinoma. There is still no consensus for the widely application of PPPD,ELND and VR, so they can be Selected conditionally. Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection has certain superiority in the treatment of pancreatic head mass lesions. Do not have too much emphasis on the pathological results of the atypical cases. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is acceptable and worthwhile for these patients.For the cystic and cystic-solid mass in the pancreas head, the operation process should be based on tumor size, location, pathological type and so on.External and internal drainage,tumor enucleation, duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection,segmental resection,Whipple procedure are the usual applied operation process.Inside drainage should be avoided for the pancreas cystic tumors.     

Duodenum-preserving total pancreatic head resection for cystic neoplasm—a limited but cancer-preventive procedure

Background Cystic neoplastic lesions of the pancreas are found in up to 10% of all pancreatic lesions. A malignant transformation of cystic neoplasia is observed in intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMN) lesions in 60% and in mucinous cystic tumor (MCN) lesions in up to 30%. For cystic neoplasia located monocentrically in the pancreatic head and that do not have an association with an invasive pancreatic cancer, the duodenum-preserving total head resection has been used in recent time as a limited surgical procedure. Patients An indication to duodenum-preserving total pancreatic head resection is considered for patients who do not have clinical signs of an advanced cancer in the lesion and who have main-duct IPMN and monocentric MCN lesions. In 104 patients with cystic neoplastic lesions in the Ulm series, 32% finally had a carcinoma in situ or an advanced pancreatic cancer. The application of a duodenum-preserving total pancreatic head resection in patients with asymptomatic cystic lesion is based on the size of the tumor and the tumor relation to the pancreatic ducts. For patients who have preoperatively clinical signs of malignancy, a Kausch–Whipple type of oncologic resection is recommended. Results Duodenum-preserving total pancreatic head resection is used in several modifications. The surgical procedure is a limited pancreatic head resection which necessitates segmental resection of the peripapillary duodenum. Hospital mortality is very low; in most published series it is 0%. The long-term outcome is determined by completeness of resection for both—benign and malignant—entities. Careful evaluation of the frozen section results has a pivotal role for intraoperative decision making. Conclusion A duodenum-preserving total pancreatic head resection is a limited surgical procedure for patients who suffer a local monocentric, cystic neoplastic lesion in the pancreatic head. Absence of an advanced pancreatic cancer and completeness of extirpation of the benign tumor determine the long-term outcome. In regards to the location of the lesion in the pancreatic head, several modifications have been applied with low hospital morbidity and mortality below 1%.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 总结胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的临床诊治经验,并提出较符合我国国情的诊治流程.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2007年3月收治的50例胰腺实性假乳头状瘤患者的临床资料.其中男3例,女47例;中位年龄24岁(13～60岁).术前B超、CT等检查均有特征性影像学表现,血清肿瘤标志物多为阴性.肿瘤位于胰头部23例、胰颈部3例、钩突部2例、胰体部3例、胰尾部18例、原发病灶位置不明1例.48例患者行手术切除肿瘤,1例行剖腹探查术,1例行CT引导下转移病灶穿刺活组织检查术.结果 50例患者中49例获得了"胰腺占位"的术前诊断.32例肿瘤包膜完整的患者有18例、16例肿瘤包膜不完整患者有11例未行冷冻病理检查而直接选择相应术式.32例患者随访3～55个月,均未发现肿瘤复发、转移.结论 胰腺实性假乳头状瘤多发于青年女性,CT检查结果最具诊断价值,外科手术切除肿瘤是首选治疗方式,预后良好.常用的术式为保留十二指肠的胰头切除术与胰体尾+脾切除术.肿瘤包膜是否完整,决定是否行术中冷冻病理检查和指导手术方式的选择.最常见的并发症为胰瘘.     

Duodenum-Preserving Subtotal and Total Pancreatic Head Resections for Inflammatory and Cystic Neoplastic Lesions of the Pancreas

Introduction For treatment of inflammatory and benign neoplastic lesions of the pancreatic head, a subtotal or total pancreatic head resection is a limited surgical procedure with the impact of replacing the application of a Whipple procedure. The objective of this work is to describe the technical modifications of subtotal and total pancreatic head resection for inflammatory and neoplastic lesions of the pancreas. The advantages of this limited surgical procedure are the preservation of the stomach, the duodenum and the extrahepatic biliary ducts for treatment of benign lesions of the pancreatic head, papilla, and intrapancreatic segment of the common bile duct. For chronic pancreatitis with an inflammatory mass complicated by compression of the common bile duct or causing multiple pancreatic main duct stenoses and dilatations, a subtotal pancreatic head resection results in a long-lasting pain control. Performing, in addition, a biliary anastomosis or a Partington Rochelle type of pancreatic main duct drainage, respectively, is a logic and simple extension of the procedure. The rationale for the application of duodenum-preserving total pancreatic head resection for cystic neoplastic lesions are complete exstirpation of the tumor and, as a consequence, interruption of carcinogenesis of the neoplasia preventing development of pancreatic cancer. Duodenum-preserving total head resection necessitates additional biliary and duodenal anastomoses. For mono-centric IPMN, MCN, and SCA tumors, located in the pancreatic head, total duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection can be performed without hospital mortality and resurgery for recurrency. Based on controlled clinical trials, duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection is superior to the Whipple-type resection with regard to lower postoperative morbidity, almost no delay of gastric emptying, preservation of the endocrine function, lower frequency of rehospitalization, early professional rehabilitation, and establishment of a predisease level of quality of life. Conclusion The limited surgical procedures of subtotal or total pancreatic head resection are simple, safe, ensures free tumour margins and replace in the authors institution the application of a Whipple-type head resection.     

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??Surgical treatment of benign lesions of head of the pancreas: a report of 22 cases CHI Yong-xing, ZHOU Jian-ping, DONG Ming, et al. Department of General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
Corresponding author: DONG Ming, E-mail:mingdong@mail.cmu.edu.cn
Abstract Objective To investigate surgical option of benign lesions of head of the pancreas. Methods The clinical data of 22 cases of benign lesions of head of the pancreas performed surgery from August 1995 to August 2009 at the First Hospital of China Medical University were analyzed. Results The pathological diagnosis included solid-pseudopapillary tumor in 5 cases, serous cystadenoma in 5 cases, mucinous cystadenoma in 4 cases, chronic pancreatitis in 3 cases, nonfunctional islet-cell tumor in 3 cases, intraductal papillary mucinous tumor in 1 case and gastrinoma in 1 case.The operation procedures included pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) in 10 cases, duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection(DPPHR) in 7 cases and enucleation in 5 cases. Pancreatic leakage was occurred in 3 out of 10 cases with PD, 1 out of 7 cases with DPPHR, and 3 out of 5 cases with enucleation. Twenty cases were followed up with 18 cases alive and 2 cases dying of unrelated diseases. Conclusion For benign lesions of head of the pancreas, DPPHR or enucleation is the reasonable surgical option.     

Pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma 25 years after radical nephrectomy

We report a case of pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma detected 25 years after radical nephrectomy. A 74-year-old man, who had undergone radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma at age 49, was found by computed tomography to have a strongly enhanced mass on the pancreatic head. The patient underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and the pathological diagnosis was metastatic renal cell carcinoma. This was evidently a slow growing tumor because the metastatic pancreas tumor was well demarcated and the metastasis was found 25 years after the primary operation. Aggressive surgical treatment of isolated metastatic lesions offers a chance of long-term survival. Patients with a history of RCC should undergo a long-term follow-up to detect and evaluate metastasis to pancreas as well as other organs.     

Duodenumerhaltende totale Pankreaskopfresektion

Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are being detected and surgically treated increasingly more frequently. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) are primary benign lesions; however, the 5-year risk for malignant transformation has been estimated to be 63 % and 15 %, respectively. Surgical extirpation of a benign cystic tumor of the pancreas is a cancer preventive measure. The duodenum-preserving total pancreatic head resection technique (DPPHRt) is being used more frequently for cystic neoplasms of the pancreatic head. The complete resection of the pancreatic head can be applied as a duodenum-preserving technique or with segmental resection of the peripapillary duodenum. Borderline lesions, carcinoma in situ or T1N0 cancer of the papilla and the peripapillary common bile duct are also considered to be indications for segmental resection of the peripapillary duodenum. A literature search for cystic neoplastic lesions and DPPHRt revealed the most frequent indications to be IPMN, MCN and SCA lesions and 28 % suffered from a cystic neoplasm with carcinoma in situ or a peripapillary malignoma. The hospital mortality rate was 0.52 %. Compared to the Whipple type resection the DPPHRt exhibits significant benefits with respect to a low risk for early postoperative complications and a low hospital mortality rate of <?1 %. Exocrine and endocrine pancreatic functions after DPPHR are not impaired compared to the Whipple type resection.     

胰腺囊性肿瘤的临床诊治

提高对胰腺囊性肿瘤诊断和治疗的认识,减少这种少见肿瘤的误诊误治。方法:对1958年4月～1995年7月经病理证实的15例胰腺囊性肿瘤病人进行回顾性分析。结果:15例胰腺囊性肿瘤中,浆液性囊腺瘤6例,粘液性囊性肿瘤9例。肿瘤位于胰头部4例,体尾部10例,全胰1例。15例病人全部进行手术治疗,其中12例获手术切除,切除率为80％。术前明确诊断为胰腺囊性肿瘤者仅6例,其余9例术前被误诊为胰腺假性囊肿或中、上腹肿块而行手术,其中7例术中被诊为囊性肿瘤而获相应的根治性切除,另2例被错误地进行了内引流术。结论:胰腺囊性肿瘤临床上常被误诊,只要综合运用病史分析、影像学特点、囊液分析、术中活检等方法,就能提高诊断的准确率。胰腺囊性肿瘤手术切除率高,预后较好。     

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??Diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis with mass in the head of the pancreas ZHANG Zhong-tao, YIN Jie.Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China Corresponding author: ZHANG Zhong-tao, E-mail: zhangzht@medmail. com.cn Abstract Chronic pancreatitis (CP) with mass and pancreatic cancer are difficult to identify from the Clinical performance. At present, we have the CP with mass as a precancerous lesion of pancreatic cancer. Imaging methods in the diagnosis of the CP with mass plays an important role, which is very helpful for the Indications for surgery of the hands, of resectable pancreatic head tumor, and surgical options, as well as estimates of the difficulty of the surgery. Surgical strategy in CP with mass has been directed at the pancreatic head with a variety of tactics including pancreatoduodenectomy(Whipple procedure with or without pylorus preservation) and partial resection of the pancreatic duct drainage(Frey operation, Beger operation ). Once the diagnosis of the CP with mass should be clear that the surgical treatment, pancreatoduodenectomy is preformed in the treatment of CP with mass, not only resection of the pancreatic head mass, the lifting of the bile duct and pancreatic duct and obstruction of the duodenum, but also in addition to the potential causes of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatoduodenectomy is great risk When the great mass of pancreatic head, but the partial head resection can be accomplished with relative safety.     

Prospects for standardization of surgical procedures for carcinoma of the pancreas

Since physicians need to guarantee the efficacy of medical therapy for patients, therapies for patients with cancer should be standardized to some extent. Carcinoma of the pancreas has the highest death rate of all cancers, with a resection rate as low as about 25% to 30% and a 5-year survival rate of around 9%. It is very difficult in such a situation to standardize the surgical strategy for carcinoma of the pancreas. Because pancreatic cancer is a general disease, the treatment strategy should include not only complete surgical resection but also local control methods with intraoperative radiation, prevention of liver metastasis, development of effective anti-cancer drugs, etc. Major progress in therapy for pancreatic carcinoma may be expected in the near future by with the cumulative use of effective therapies. Standard resection and extended resection: For carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, pancreaticoduodenectomy with regional lymph node dissection is performed in Japan, as is extended resection with thorough lymph node dissection of the retroperitoneal and paraaortic region. However, so far the prognosis of patients who undergo extended resection is not better than those who undergo standard resection. A randomized controlled trial of the two types of resection is now being conducted and its results are awaited. For carcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas, distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy with lymph node dissection is performed if hematogenous or massive lymph node metastasis or direct invasion of the large vessels has not occurred. The Appleby procedure is performed in some cases. Reconstruction and complications of surgical procedures of carcinoma of the pancreas: It appears that a decrease in complications and a lower death rate have been achieved due to pancreaticoduodenectomy rather than due to the extent of lymph node dissection. In particular, progress in anastomosis techniques of the pancreas and intestine and in perioperative control has been marked. For prevention of complications, it is important that absorbable synthetic sutures be used in the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis, that the cut end of the pancreas be sutured and covered by the jejunum without dead space, and that the stent tube be inserted into the main pancreatic duct. The pancreaticojejunal anastomosis should be bordered by the greater omentum. This technique will prevent both the spread of the pancreatic juice into the intraabdominal cavity and rupture of the blood vessels, which can cause fatal postoperative bleeding. Sufficient intraabdominal drains should be in place, especially around the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis. Radiochemotherapy: There are no effective anticancer drugs for the treatment of carcinoma of the pancreas. It was reported that low-dose 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (5-FU and CDDP) and gemcitabine plus either 5-FU, epirubicin, or CDDP has some effect. The efficacy of intraoperative radiotherapy has not been confirmed. It is not apparent whether radiochemotherapy is superior to surgery. Curable pancreatic carcinoma: Intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors of the pancreas (IPMT) take their name from the histological feature of mucin production and correspond to so-called mucin-producing tumors of the pancreas. This tumor is classified into two types, the main pancreatic duct type and the branch type. About 90% of the main pancreatic duct type and 20% of the branch type are malignant. The branch type of IPMT resembles a bunch of grasps in imaging procedures. Approximately 60% of cases with the branch type of IPMT can be followed up without surgery. Since the prognosis of IPMT is fairly good and the 5-year survival after surgery is about 70% to 80%, limited resection of the pancreas with organ preservation is under investigation. Mucinous cystic tumors of the pancreasin are characterized by development in the body and tail of the pancreas in middle-aged women, with histological ovarian-type stroma in the wall of the tumor, and round cystic lesions with a fibrous capsule containing multiple cystic components of various sizes, which resembles a Chinese citron upon imaging procedures. Surgery should be performed if such a diagnosis is made.