淡色库蚊细胞色素P450 CYP4E2r6基因的克隆、表达及鉴定

目的克隆并表达鉴定淡色库蚊细胞色素P450(CYP4E2r6)基因。方法根据昆虫细胞色素P450氨基酸保守序列设计一对简并引物，采用RT—PCR，从淡色库蚊四龄幼虫mRNA中扩增出目的基因片段。产物经T—A克隆、测序、比对，在抗性品系高表达的CYP4E2r6亚克隆入原核表达载体pGEX-6P1，在大肠杆菌BL21中进行原核表达。将细菌总蛋白进行SDS-PAGE及Western blot鉴定。结果14个阳性克隆中9个为CYP4新序列，由GenBank登录上网(GenBank／NCBI CB074944—51、CB270837，2003年)；经鉴定属CYP4家族CYP4H、CYP4E、CYP4J亚家族；CYP4E2r6基因已成功表达。结论获得的CYP4E2r6融合表达蛋白为进一步研究CYP4基因与抗药性之间的关系奠定基础。     

淡色库蚊细胞色素P450基因的克隆、序列分析及表达差异的鉴定

目的克隆淡色库蚊细胞色素P450（CYP6F1）基因并进行表达差异的鉴定。方法采用RT—PCR技术和RACE策略，从淡色库蚊对溴氰菊酯抗性品系4龄幼虫中克隆细胞色素P450基因（CYP6F1），用相应的软件进行生物信息学分析，并用实时定量PCR和RT—PCR分析敏感、抗性品系蚊的CYP6F1表达水平及对蚊各期CYP6F1进行表达鉴定。结果成功克隆出CYP6F1基因，基因全长1639bp，开放阅读框为1527bp，编码508个氨基酸（GenBank登录号：AY662654）。序列分析显示该基因与已克隆的日本致倦库蚊细胞色素P450基因（AB001324）有99％的同源性，并具有所有的细胞色素P450基因的保守性特征，1个膜锚定信号、2个还原酶结合位点、1个典型的血红素蛋白结合位点和ETLR基序等。实时定量PCR和半定量RT—PCR结果表明，CYP6F1在淡色库蚊对溴氰菊酯抗性品系中表达水平高于敏感品系，且CYP6F1基因在淡色库蚊各个发育阶段有不同的表达。结论CYP6F1基因可能与杀虫剂抗药性相关，并且在淡色库蚊各个发育阶段有不同的表达。     

淡色库蚊细胞色素P450抗性相关基因克隆与初步鉴定

[目的 ]探讨淡色库蚊细胞色素P45 0与溴氰菊酯抗药性的关系。 [方法 ]采用一对昆虫细胞色素P45 0简并引物 ,以反转录 聚合酶链反应从淡色库蚊扩增特异片段 ,T/A直接克隆法筛选阳性克隆 ,对新序列进行cDNA芯片和逆Northern分析。 [结果 ]从淡色库蚊对溴氰菊酯敏感品系和抗性品系获得 112个阳性克隆 ,其中 2 4个阳性克隆测序后显示为细胞色素P45 0新序列 ,由GenBank登录上网 ;经国际细胞色素P45 0命名委员会鉴定分别属CYP4家族CYP4C、CYP4D、CYP4H和CYP4J等 4个亚家族 ;2 4个CYP4cDNA片段中 ,来自敏感品系的 2个片段(NYDS3和NYDS5 )和来自抗性品系的 4个片段 (NYDR6、NYDR9、NYDR15和NYDR17)在两品系间存在差别 ,cDNA芯片信号亮度值均是抗性品系大于敏感品系 ,倍数在 3 .1～ 9.7范围内 ;NYDR17仅与抗性探针杂交 ;逆Northern再鉴定 ,获得了与cDNA芯片一致的结果。 [结论 ]淡色库蚊CYP4与溴氰菊酯抗性相关 ;在淡色库蚊溴氰菊酯抗性机理中 ,可能存在P45 0基因点突变而导致的特异表达。     

淡色库蚊抗溴氰菊酯品系CYP4家族新成员基因克隆及序列分析

目的获取淡色库蚊CYP4家族新基因。方法根据CYP4氨基酸保守序列设计一对简并引物，采用RT-PCR的方法，从淡色库蚊抗溴氰菊酯品系四龄幼虫总RNA中扩增出与设计相符的基因片段。利用T／A克隆方法，将获得的基因片段克隆入pGEM-Teasy载体，经PCR鉴定重组成功，测序并进行比对。结果共克隆出36个阳性克隆，将其中9个随机挑取的阳性克隆测序及同源性分析，表明为CYP4家族中9个新的cDNA序列，由GeneBank登录上网；经国际细胞色素P450命名委员会鉴定，属CYP4家族CYP4H、CYP4J亚家族。为进一步研究细胞色素P450的多样性及其与抗药性的关系打下基础。结论克隆9个淡色库蚊基因部分序列，被鉴定属于CYP4家族CYP4H、CYP4J亚家族。     

淡色库蚊抗溴氰菊酯品系CYP4家族新成员基因克隆及序列分析

目的　获取淡色库蚊CYP4家族新基因。　方法　根据CYP4氨基酸保守序列设计一对简并引物 ,采用RT PCR的方法 ,从淡色库蚊抗溴氰菊酯品系四龄幼虫总RNA中扩增出与设计相符的基因片段。利用T/A克隆方法 ,将获得的基因片段克隆入 pGEM Teasy载体 ,经PCR鉴定重组成功 ,测序并进行比对。　 结果　共克隆出 3 6个阳性克隆 ,将其中 9个随机挑取的阳性克隆测序及同源性分析 ,表明为CYP4家族中 9个新的cDNA序列 ,由GeneBank登录上网 ;经国际细胞色素P45 0命名委员会鉴定 ,属CYP4家族CYP4H、CYP4J亚家族。为进一步研究细胞色素P45 0的多样性及其与抗药性的关系打下基础。　结论　克隆 9个淡色库蚊基因部分序列 ,被鉴定属于CYP4家族CYP4H、CYP4J亚家族。     

淡色库蚊β-肌动蛋白基因克隆与序列分析

目的 获取淡色库蚊β-肌动蛋白全长基因。方法 采用RACE法筛选淡色库蚊溴氰菊酯抗性品系cDNA表达文库，获得β-肌动蛋白基因的5′和3′RACE序列，然后通过T／A克隆插入pGEM-T质粒载体，经过测序、拼接获取全长序列。用BLASTp软件将该基因推导的氨基酸序列与蛋白质公共数据库Swissprot比对、分析。结果获得淡色库蚊β-肌动蛋白基因全长序列，总长度为1290bp，开放阅读框为1132bp，编码377个氨基酸(GenBank／NCBIAYl00005)。推导的氨基酸序列与公共数据库比对，发现与冈比亚按蚊和黑腹果蝇的β-肌动蛋白的同源性均为91％。蛋白质的理论分子质量为41．7ku，等电点(PI)为5．4。结论 获得了淡色库蚊β-肌动蛋白基因全长序列，为蚊虫分子生物学的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

嗜人按蚊溴氰菊酯抗性分子机理研究Ⅰ嗜人按蚊CYP6基因cDNA片段的克隆与序列分析

目的获得嗜人按蚊CYP6基因家族成员的cDNA片断。方法采用简并引物对嗜人按蚊溴氰菊酯敏感和抗性品系总RNA进行RT-PCR扩增,得到的特异性片断采用T/A克隆法克隆并进行序列测定和分析。结果敏感品系和抗性品系中均扩增得到250bp左右的片断。进行克隆测序,得到10个CYP6新基因,2个来自敏感品系,8个来自抗性品系,被GenBank收录(登录号AY273927～AY273936)。递交国际细胞色素P450命名委员会,被鉴定为是细胞色素P450超家族中CYP6家族的7个新基因及其3个等位基因,分别属于CYP6Z、CYP6P、CYP6N和CYP6M等4个亚家族。结论得到的10个cDNA新序列为CYP6家族新成员的基因片断。     

嗜人按蚊溴氰菊酯抗性分子机理研究Ⅱ嗜人按蚊CYP4基因cDNA片段的克隆与序列分析

目的　获得嗜人按蚊CYP4基因家族成员的c DNA片段。方法　采用简并引物对嗜人按蚊溴氰菊酯敏感和抗性品系总RNA进行RT- PCR扩增,得到的特异性片段采用T/ A克隆法克隆并进行序列测定和分析。结果　敏感品系和抗性品系嗜人按蚊均能扩增得到4 5 0 bp和5 30 bp左右的2个片段。经克隆测序后,得到6个基因序列,其中4个来自敏感品系,2个来自抗性品系。其中1个来自敏感品系的序列和1个来自抗性品系的序列完全相同。所得的5个不同基因序列已被Gen Bank收录(登录号:AY2 0 814 1～AY2 0 814 5 ) ,并递交国际细胞色素P4 5 0命名委员会,经鉴定确认均为细胞色素P4 5 0超家族中的CYP4家族成员,其中4个为新基因,另1个为等位基因,分别属于CYP4家族的CYP4 C、CYP4 H和CYP4 J3个亚家族。结论　得到的5个c DNA新序列为CYP4家族新成员的基因片段。     

对溴氰菊酯抗性和敏感淡色库蚊不同发育阶段的抗性水平

对室内选育的淡色库蚊（对溴氰菊酯抗性品系和敏感品系）用浸渍法测定了Ⅱ龄、Ⅲ龄和Ⅳ龄幼虫，用接触筒法测定了早期、中期和晚期成虫；并观察了增效醚（ＰＢ）、磷酸三苯酯（ＴＰＰ）和杀虫脒与溴氰菊酯混用后的增效效果。结果表明：（１）淡色库蚊各发育阶段对溴氰菊酯的抗性水平，在敏感品系由高至低依次为中期、晚期、早期成虫、Ⅳ龄、Ⅲ龄和Ⅱ龄幼虫；在抗性品系则为早期、中期、晚期成虫、Ⅳ龄、Ⅲ龄和Ⅱ龄幼虫。（２）ＰＢ和杀虫脒均有明显增效作用，提示抗性可能与氧化代谢增强和靶标部位不敏感有关。其中似乎幼虫阶段以氧化代谢增强为主要抗性机制；在成虫阶段，氧化代谢增强和靶标部位不敏感性均在抗性中起重要作用     

对溴氰菊酯抗性和敏感淡色库蚊不同发育阶段的抗生水平

对室内选育的淡色库蚊用浸渍法测定了Ⅱ龄，Ⅲ龄和Ⅳ龄和幼虫，用接触筒法了早期，中期和晚期成虫。并观察了增效醚，磷酸三苯酯和杀虫脒与溴氰菊酯混用后的增效效果。结果表明：１．淡色库蚊各发育阶段对溴氰菊酯的抗性水平，在敏感品系由高至低依次为中期，晚期，早期成虫，Ⅳ龄，Ⅲ龄和Ⅱ龄幼龄，在抗性品系为早期，中期，晚期成虫，Ⅳ龄，Ⅲ龄和Ⅱ龄幼。２．ＰＢ和杀虫脒均有明显增效作用，提示抗性可能与氧化代谢增强和靶标部位     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.