自发性细菌性腹膜炎实验诊断研究进展

自发性细菌性腹膜炎是肝硬化腹水患者常见且可致命的并发症,住院患者具有较高的病死率。延迟诊断和未能及时采用有效的抗生素治疗,可明显增加患者的死亡风险。因此,合理使用腹水分析,血清腹水检测以及腹水病原学检测等技术对实现该病早期诊断具有重要的临床意义。本文对自发性细菌性腹膜炎的实验室诊断进展进行综述。     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎诊断进展

自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)是重症肝病特别是肝硬化腹水患者常见而严重的并发症,预后差。早期诊断、治疗SBP是改善预后的关键。近年研究表明,腹水促炎因子白介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α和趋化因子IL-8等对SBP早期诊断意义较大,血清降钙素原、 C反应蛋白对SBP诊断亦有一定价值,联合检测多项指标为早期诊断SBP提供了新的有效途径。     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎的诊断进展

自发性细菌性腹膜炎(spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,SBP)是终末期肝病患者的严重并发症。其临床表现大相径庭,可从完全无症状到典型腹膜炎。因此,诊断本病的关键是对之存有戒心,给所有肝硬化或重症肝病腹水患者在入院和/或出现提示SBP的症状或体征时,及时诊断性腹腔穿刺,常规检测腹水细胞数,并作腹水细菌培养。排除继发性腹膜炎后,腹水细菌培养阳性是确诊SBP的依据。但腹水细菌培养阳性率低,即使采用床边抽取腹水10ml,立即注入血培养瓶中送检的方法,培养阳性率也仅提高至40%左右,不尽如人意。而且,细菌培养耗时,难以立即获得结果,…     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎研究进展

自发性细菌性腹膜炎是终末期肝病患者的严重并发症 ,也可发生于其他腹水患者。病原菌主要来自肠道 ,以革兰阳性杆菌常见 ;近年 ,其种类呈多样化趋势。肠道细菌移行 ,血源性接种至腹水是发生SBP的重要机制。扩大诊断性腹腔穿刺指征是诊断SBP的关键。腹水中性粒细胞超过 2 5× 1 0 8/L即应抗菌治疗 ,经验性治疗首选第三代头孢菌素 ,疗程宜短。给肝、肾功能差的患者加用白蛋白可预防肾衰竭。即便如此 ,SBP的预后仍不容乐观 ,肝移植是惟一能延长患者生命的疗法。     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎

自发性细菌性腹膜炎(spontaneous bacterialperitonitis,SBP)指无腹腔脏器穿孔而突然发生的急性细菌性腹膜炎,是失代偿期肝硬化患者严重并发症之一.其发生率为住院肝硬化腹水患者的10%～25%.因部分病例的临床过程不典型或隐匿以致漏诊,故本病实际发生率可能更高.病死率约为70%.早期诊断及治疗极为重要,本文就这方面的进展作一综述.     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎诊断现状

自发性细菌性腹膜炎(spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,SBP)是肝硬化患者常见的并发症之一。虽然美国肝病研究学会和欧洲肝脏研究学会对SBP给出了明确定义,但在临床实际工作中对SBP的诊断方法还存在很大的争议。本文就SBP的诊断现状予以概述。     

肝硬化自发性细菌性腹膜炎的早期诊断

自发性细菌性腹膜炎是肝硬化的常见并发症,一旦发生,疾病容易进展为肝衰竭和多器官功能衰竭,病死率较高。经证实,腹膜炎的延迟诊断是其高病死率的重要因素,但目前临床上还没有一种灵敏、快速和准确的方法来早期诊断该疾病。因此,如何更好地对自发性细菌性腹膜炎做出早期诊断仍是目前研究的重点。重点介绍了肝硬化患者自发性细菌性腹膜炎的发病机制、危险因素和早期诊断方法,以期为临床实践中提高对该病的认识提供帮助。     

肝硬化伴自发性细菌性腹膜炎68例临床分析

为探讨自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)的临床诊断以及预后相关因素,减少漏诊,提高治愈率,判断病情预后,本文回顾性分析了68例肝硬化并发SBP患者.结果SBP临床表现不典型,诊断需要依靠腹水细胞计数和细菌培养,但腹水细菌培养阳性率低.血象白细胞升高和出凝血时间延长(＞ 20s),高总胆红素(＞ 60μmol/L)与预后相关.并发症越多,肝功能积分越高预后越差.提高对SBP的认识,早期诊断及积极治疗是提高SBP生存率的关键.     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎诊断与治疗的研究进展

自发性细菌性腹膜炎是肝硬化腹水常见的一种并发症。其发病率高,病情进展快,病死率高。目前国内外有关自发性细菌性腹膜炎的临床诊断标准尚不统一,且有些患者的临床症状不典型,因此不少患者容易出现漏诊,延误病情。综述了国内外有关自发性细菌性腹膜炎的诊断、发病机制及治疗的相关进展,以期为临床医师提供参考,提高自发性细菌性腹膜炎的诊断率,降低临床病死率,改善患者的预后。     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎的诊断进展

自发性细菌性腹膜炎是肝硬化腹水患者的主要并发症。早期诊断,及时使用抗生素是改善预后,提高生存率的关键。近年研究发现腹水总有核细胞计数、白细胞酯酶浸试条、乳铁蛋白、多种细胞因子、腹水细菌DNA,对早期诊断自发性细菌性腹膜炎具有一定意义。     

定量PCR联合基因芯片检测腹水细菌16SrRNA诊断自发性细菌性腹膜炎

目的 探讨定量PCR联合基因芯片检测腹水细菌16SrRNA基因诊断自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)的意义.方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR联合基因芯片检测76例临床疑似SBP肝病患者和6例对照的非感染性腹腔积液肝病患者腹水细菌16SrRNA基因,与腹水细菌培养同时比较.结果76份疑似SBP患者腹水标本中,定量PCR联合基因芯片检测阳性17份,阳性率为22.4%,其中革兰氏阳性菌8份、革兰氏阴性菌9份;腹水细菌培养阳性6份,阳性率为7.9%,均为革兰氏阴性菌,两种方法比较,x2=18.05,P＜0.01,差异有统计学意义.两种方法检测腹水细菌阳性的6份标本,菌株鉴定结果相一致.对照病例细菌检测结果呈阴性.结论 定量PCR联合基因芯片检测腹水细菌16SrRNA基因,较腹水细菌培养的敏感性和特异性高;不仅能作出快速诊断,还能确定SBP所感染的病原菌,具有实际应用价值.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the significance of determining ascitic bacterial16S rRNA by quantitative PCR combined with microarray (PCR-microarray) in the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). Methods Ascitic bacterial 16SrRNA was determined by real time fluorescent quantitative PCR-microarray in 76 cases of suspected SBP and 6 cases of non-infectious ascites with chronic liver diseases.The results were compared with ascitic bacterial culture simultaneously. Results Of 76 ascitic samples, 17were detected bacteria positive by PCR-microarray, including 8 Grams positive(G+) and 9 Grams negative (G-), which was higher than that by bacterial culture which had only 6 ascitic samples detected positive (all G-); the positive rates were 22.4% vs 7.9%, respectively (P ＜ 0.01). The bacterial strains detected by both methods in 6 cases had a consistency with each other. No bacteria were detected in another 6 cases of noninfectious ascites with chronic liver diseases. Conclusions Determination of ascitic bacteria 16S rRNA by PCR-microarray has a higher specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of SBP as compared with the bacteria culture. Application of this novel method can not only accelerate SBP diagnosis but also stratify the different pathogens.     

Diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: an update on leucocyte esterase reagent strips

Ascites remain the commonest complication of decompensated cirrhosis. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is defined as the infection of ascitic fluid (AF) in the absence of a contiguous source of infection and/or an intraabdominal inflammatory focus. An AF polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocyte count ≥ 250/mm 3 -irrespective of the AF culture resultis universally accepted nowadays as the best surrogate marker for diagnosing SBP. Frequently the results of the manual or automated PMN count do not reach the ha...     

Multistix10SG试验在诊断自发性腹膜炎中的应用

自发性腹膜炎（SBP）是肝硬化腹水患者的一种常见而严重的并发症，是导致肝硬化腹水患者死亡的主要原因之一，在临床工作中对SBP常有漏诊、误诊及误治。目前多形核白细胞（PMN）检测是诊断SBP最常用的实验室指标，最近国外研究了应用尿试纸条目测法检测腹水感染和诊断SBP的价值，而国内外尚未发现有人将与其相似试验的机测法应用于腹水感染的检测，本研究旨在探讨尿十项试纸条（Multistix10SG）试验目测法及机测法对诊断腹水感染的意义。     

Low incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic cirrhotic outpatients

AIM: To compare the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic outpatients and inpatients undergoing therapeutic paracentesisMETHODS: From January 1 to May 31, 2004, 1041 patients from 70 different hospitals underwent 2123 therapeutic abdominal paracentesis (AP) performed as a outpatient procedure in 355 and as inpatient procedure in 686 cases respectively. The following parameters were compared prospectively between outpatients and inpatients: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) prevalence, age, gender, cause of cirrhosis, symptoms, score and grade according to Child-Pugh classification, cirrhosis complications, antibiotics treatment, serum creatinine, platelet count and ascitic protein concentration.RESULTS: SBP was observed in 91 patients. In the whole population the SBP prevalence was 8.7% (95%CI: 7.2-10.6) it was 11.7% (95%CI: 9.5-14.3) in inpatients and 3.1% (95%CI: 1.7-5.5) in outpatients (P < 0.00001). SBP prevalence was 8.3% (95%CI: 4.3-15.6) in symptomatic outpatients vs 1.2% (95%CI: 0.4-3.4) in asymptomatic outpatients (P < 0.002). Patients undergoing outpatient AP were significantly different from those undergoing inpatient AP; they were older (61.1 ± 11.1 years vs 59.4 ± 11.7 years; P = 0.028), cause of cirrhosis was less often alcohol (83 .7 vs 88.2%; P < 0.001), Child-Pugh score was lower (8.9 vs 10.1; P < 0.001) and more often B than C (63.7% vs 38%; P < 0.001). In addition, in outpatients the platelet count was higher (161 ± 93 Giga/L vs 143 ± 89 Giga/L; P = 0.003), serum total bilirubin concentration was lower (38.2 ± 60.7 μmol/L vs 96.3 ± 143.3 μmol/L; P < 0.0001), and ascitic protein concentration higher (17.9 ± 10.7 g/L vs 14.5 ± 10.9 g/L; P < 0.001) than in inpatients.CONCLUSION: In asymptomatic cirrhotic outpatients, the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is low thus exploratory paracentesis could be avoided in these patients without significant risk.     

血浆降钙素原及内毒素水平与肝硬化伴自发性细菌性腹膜炎的关系

探讨血浆降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)及内毒素水平对肝硬化伴自发性细菌性腹膜炎(spontaneous bacte-rial peritonitis,SBP)的诊断价值及与病原菌分型和临床预后的关系。肝硬化腹水患者(合并SBP38例,单纯腹水51例)血浆PCT含量和内毒素水平分别采用金标兔疫层析和分光光度法检测。所有患者PCT及内毒素水平均显著高于正常,SBP组PCT阳性检出率(>10ng/ml)及内毒素水平均显著高于无SBP组(P<0.001)。G菌感染组血浆内毒素水平显著高于G~+菌感染组(P<0.01),两组PCT阳性检出率分别为100％与88.9％,差异未见显著性(P>0.05)。动态观察最初三天血浆PCT的变化对不同结局的预测性及临床疗效的指导性优于内毒素检测。动态观察PCT及内毒素水平对肝硬化伴SBP的早期诊断、病原菌初步分型、临床疗效评估和预后判断等都有重要价值。     

乳果糖治疗肝硬化自发性腹膜炎的临床意义

探讨肝硬化自发性腹膜炎 (SBP)患者体内内毒素、TNF -α、IL - 6水平变化及乳果糖治疗的临床意义。将 34例SBP患者随机分为标准治疗对照组和乳果糖治疗组。同时设肝硬化无菌性腹水 (SA)对照组 (11例 )和健康对照组 (11例 )。于治疗前后 ,对患者血液标本分别采用鲎试剂三肽显色基质偶氮法、双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测内毒素水平、TNF -α、IL - 6水平。治疗前SBP组、SA组血浆内毒素、TNF -α、IL - 6浓度均显著高于健康对照组 (P值均 <0 0 0 1)。治疗后乳果糖治疗组血浆内毒素、TNF -α、IL - 6浓度较标准治疗对照组下降明显 (P <0 0 5 )。Pearson相关性分析 :肝硬化腹水患者血浆内毒素、TNF -α及IL - 6水平相互正相关 (P <0 0 0 1)。乳果糖短期治疗可以显著降低肝炎肝硬化SBP患者血浆内毒素、TNF -α、IL - 6水平     

肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者腹水培养阳性的病原菌分析

目的探讨肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)的临床诊断及病原菌分布特点。方法以我院2001年1月至2003年4月诊断为肝硬化合并 SBP 腹水细菌培养结果阳性的住院患者为研究对象,详细记录患者的体温、腹部症状、体征、血常规、腹水中白细胞总数、多核细胞数(PMN)、腹水培养、耐药情况以及治疗和转归。结果发热81例(76.4%),腹痛60例(56.6%),腹部压痛或反跳痛55例(51.9%);血常规:白细胞(WBC)≥10×10~9/L 37例(34.9%),中性粒细胞≥0.7 91例(85.8%);腹水检查:白细胞总数>0.5×10~9/L 47例(44.3%),PMN≥250个/mm~3 40例(37.7%);细菌培养共分离出细菌109株25种,103例患者为单菌感染,占97.2%,革兰阴性菌89例(81.7%),分别是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌,革兰阳性菌15例(13.8%),真菌5例(4.5%);药敏试验无耐药者9例(8.3%),单类耐药者6例(5.5%),3类以上(包括3类)抗菌药物耐药细菌76例(69.7%);治愈好转52例(49.1%),自动出院8例(7.5%),死亡46例(43.3%),其中25例(53.4%)死于肝肾综合征。结论 1.对肝硬化患者判断有无合并 SBP 除应尽早进行腹水培养外,需根据临床症状、体征、血常规、腹水常规检查等综合分析。2.SBP 感染的病原菌绝大多数为肠道内正常菌群,革兰阴性菌为主,单一菌种多见。3.预后差,耐药率升高是影响预后的主要原因之一,死因主要为肝肾综合征。     

Optimization of ascitic fluid culture in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Introduction and aims

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is ascitic fluid (AF) infection in the absence of an intraperitoneal source of infection in patients with liver disease and portal hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield of microbiological cultures to optimize their collection and systematic implementation in routine clinical practice.

Methods

We analyzed two cohorts: the first consisted of retrospective data from the clinical records of 156 consecutive episodes of SBP from January 2003 to December 2005 (group R), and the second was composed of data collected prospectively from October 2007 to October 2008, consisting of 79 episodes (group P), with systematic inoculation of 10 cc of AF in each blood culture bottle.

Results

No significant differences were demonstrated in baseline epidemiological or clinical characteristics among episodes, except the more frequent presence of alcoholic liver disease and the incidence of tense ascites, paralytic ileus and kidney failure at diagnosis in group P. Microbiological isolation in AF was achieved in 12.2% of the episodes in group R compared with 53.2% in group P (p = 0.001) and 8.5 and 26.6% (p = 0.001) in blood culture, respectively. Microbiological isolation was achieved in 65.8% of episodes in group P versus 19.2% in group R (OR 8; 95% CI: 4.4-14.9; p = 0.001). The most frequently isolated organism in AF in group P was Escherichia coli (42.9%).

Conclusions

Optimizing the diagnostic procedure in cirrhotic patients with ascites significantly increases diagnostic microbiologic performance.     

肠道微生态与自发性细菌性腹膜炎的关系

自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)是终末期肝病的常见严重并发症,肠道微生态与SBP的发生、发展及预后密切相关,细菌易位是SBP发病的关键机制。归纳了肝硬化患者的肠道微生态特征,简述了肠道菌群在SBP发生、进展中的作用机制,为临床调整肠道微生态改善SBP提供理论基础。