儿童假性甲状旁腺功能减退症20例临床特征与GNAS基因缺陷分析

目的:分析不同假性甲状旁腺功能减退症(PHP)亚型患儿的临床特征和分子遗传学改变,讨论不同PHP亚型之间临床表型与基因型的关联。方法:回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院2011年1月至2020年7月20例临床诊断PHP患儿的临床资料、实验室检查、基因检测结果及诊断分型。结果:20例患儿中男15例、女5例,其中甲状旁腺激素(PTH)抵抗有18例,具备Albright遗传性骨营养不良(AHO)表型的有13例。20例临床诊断PHP患儿均发现有基因异常,7例为GNAS基因变异,其中6例为移码变异,1例为错义变异;13例患儿为GNAS甲基化异常。共12例患儿同时具备PTH抵抗和AHO表型临床诊断PHP-Ⅰa型,其中7例为GNAS基因变异,5例为甲基化异常更正诊断为PHP-Ⅰb型。结论:以AHO或PTH抵抗作为典型表型进行PHP基因诊断,阳性率较高。PHP-Ⅰb型临床表型可与PHP-Ⅰa型相似,通过基因及甲基化检测方可明确诊断。PHP患儿早期亦可无PTH抵抗,分子遗传学检测可帮助明确诊断。     

儿童特发性血小板减少性紫癜合并颅内出血20例临床分析

目的 探讨特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)合并颅内出血(ICH)患儿的临床特点.方法 选取2001年1月至2010年7月住院的ITP合并ICH患儿20例为观察组,另随机选取同期住院无ICH的ITP患儿40例为对照组;将两组临床资料进行对比分析.结果 观察组除皮肤瘀点、瘀斑外其他出血症状出现率高于对照组,观察组患儿血尿发生率较高,差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05);观察组出现颅内出血前有头颅外伤病史者占35%,对照组2.5%,差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05);两组发病时血小板计数差异无统计学意义(P ＞ 0.05).观察组18例(90%)患儿血小板计数＜ 20 × 109 /L时出现ICH,其中15例(75%)血小板计数＜ 10 × 109/L时出现ICH.血小板计数＜ 10 × 109 /L者死亡4例,血小板计数高10 × 109 /L者死亡1例,诊断1周内出现ICH的患儿病死率为28%,诊断1周后发生ICH的患儿病死率为18%.结论 血小板计数在ITP发生ICH中并不是绝对因素,对于严重血小板减少伴有头部外伤和(或)血尿表现的ITP患儿应警惕ICH的发生.     

GP1BA基因双重杂合突变导致的巨大血小板综合征1例临床分析

正巨大血小板综合征(Bernard-Soulier syndrome,BSS)是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传出血性疾病,典型表现为血小板巨大、血小板减少、出血时间延长及瑞斯托霉素不能诱导血小板聚集~([1])。在临床上出现自发出血,或者轻微外伤后出现流血不止,这是极罕见疾病,发病率大概百万分之一。近日,本院发现1例临床表现与初步检查与BSS相符的患者,经对患者及其父母进行分子生物学检测,发现血小板     

急性特发性血小板减少性紫癜患儿血清细胞因子的检测及其意义

特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)是一种自身免疫性疾病,其发病率为小儿群体的4／10万～8／10万。为进一步探讨ITP的免疫致病机制及细胞因子在ITP发病中的作用,为临床诊断和治疗提供理论依据,我们采用ELISA法检测ITP患儿的血清白细胞介素2、4、8、10(IL．2、4、8、10)及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的水平,并分析其与外周血血小板计数的相关性。现报告如下。     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜患儿血小板膜糖蛋白特异性抗体水平检测的意义

目的检测特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）与非免疫性血小板减少症（Non-ITP）患儿血浆中血小板膜糖蛋白特异性抗体,评价该法在ITP与Non-ITP患儿中的诊断与鉴别诊断的价值。方法用改良单克隆抗体特异性俘获血小板抗原技术,检测ITP与Non-ITP患儿抗血小板GPⅡbⅢ/a和抗GPⅠbⅨ/的特异性抗体;酶联免疫吸附竞争法检测其血小板相关抗体（PAIgG）,对二种方法所测结果进行比较。结果ITP患儿血浆中抗GPⅡbⅢ/a的特异性抗体阳性率为47.4%,抗GPⅠbⅨ/的特异性抗体阳性率为22.8%,抗GPⅡbⅢ/a和抗GPⅠbⅨ/同时阳性为15.8%,总阳性率54.4%,且多数为GPⅡbⅢ/a抗体;其中,慢性ITP患儿血浆中抗GPⅡbⅢ/a和抗GPⅠbⅨ/特异性抗体总阳性率为66.7%,略高于急性ITP患儿;Non-ITP患儿血浆中仅抗GPⅡbⅢ/a抗体阳性率为20.0%,抗GPⅠbⅨ/抗体未检出,与ITP比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;PAIgG检测ITP患儿阳性率为84.2%,Non-ITP患儿阳性率为75.0%,二者比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;特异性抗体检测诊断ITP的灵敏度为54.4%,特异度为80.0%,阳性预测值为88.6%。结论抗血小板特异性抗体检测对于鉴别诊断ITP与Non-ITP有一定的临床意义。     

Crigler-Najjar综合征Ⅰ型1例基因分析与文献复习

目的探讨非溶血性高间接胆红素血症UGT1A1基因突变。方法 1例女性黄疸患儿,排除溶血、甲状腺功能低下后,光疗治疗有效,苯巴比妥治疗无效,符合Ⅰ型Crigler-Najjar综合征(CNS-Ⅰ),应用聚合酶链反应扩增UGT1A1并进行DNA测序。结果患儿为c.1070AG p.(Gln357Arg)及1091CT p.(pro364Leu)复合杂合突变,确诊为CNS-Ⅰ。父母特定位点基因分析,均为杂合子。结论临床上高度怀疑CNS时,应尽早进行分子遗传学检查。     

IPEX综合征1例报告并文献复习

目的分析X连锁多内分泌腺病肠病伴免疫失调(IPEX)综合征的临床及遗传学特征。方法回顾分析1例IPEX综合征患儿的临床资料和基因检测结果,并复习相关文献。结果男性患儿14月龄时以免疫性血小板减少症起病,反复之后呼吸道感染继发免疫性血小板减少和肝炎,伴脾肿大和淋巴结病。基因检测发现患儿FOXP3基因存在半合子变异,767号核苷酸由胸腺嘧啶T变为胞嘧啶C(c.767TC),导致第256号氨基酸由甲硫氨酸变为苏氨酸(p.M256T)。家系验证,父亲该位点无变异,母亲该位点杂合变异。予雷帕霉素治疗1个月后,患儿血小板水平明显回升,肝功能降至正常水平,但最终于3个月后因重症感染而死亡。结论 IPEX综合征临床表现为多器官的自身免疫性疾病,死亡率高,免疫抑制治疗控制病情后桥接异基因造血干细胞移植是目前最佳的治疗方案。     

干扰素治疗小儿慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜疗效分析

观察应用干扰素 (IFNα_2b)治疗儿童慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜 (CITP)的临床疗效。14例患儿中平均年龄4岁 ,病程>6个月 ,多种药物治疗效果不佳。IFNα治疗后 ,其中血小板恢复正常5例 (占35.7 % ) ,4例好转 (28.6% ) ,总有效率为64.3 %。临床副作用主要有发热、寒战、消化道反应 ,但未发现骨髓抑制。由于该治疗方法有效、简便、副作用轻 ,对于儿童慢性、难治性ITP ,值得采用     

先天性黑色素细胞痣1例临床及家族基因突变分析

目的探讨先天性黑色素细胞痣(CMN)的临床及遗传学特点。方法回顾分析1例CMN患儿的临床资料。结果男性患儿,5岁,受损皮肤组织HE染色病理切片显示真皮组织广泛分布大量黑色素细胞,确诊先天性黑色素细胞痣。患儿受损皮肤组织染色体核型分析未见明显异常;基因检测显示受损皮肤组织存在NRAS基因c.182AG(Q61R)杂合突变,家系分析表明患儿及其父母的外周血对应位点为野生型。结论本例患儿NRAS基因体细胞突变而引起CMN,受损皮肤组织遗传学检测有助于CMN确诊以及预后判断。     

婴幼儿特发性血小板减少性紫癜401例临床特点

目的 分析婴幼儿特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)的临床特点,并比较婴儿与幼儿ITP的疗效.方法 收集401例婴幼儿ITP,均给予激素冲击治疗和静脉滴注免疫球蛋白治疗,疗效判定依据血小板计数的高低和出血症状的改善分为完全缓解、有效、无效.401例婴幼儿ITP按年龄分为婴儿组(≤1岁)和幼儿组(>1～3岁),按病程分为急性(病程≤6个月)和慢性(病程>6个月),对其临床资料进行回顾性分析,应用SPSS 12.0软件进行统计分析.结果 1.婴儿组与幼儿组均为男童比例高,但2组间性别比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.682,P>0.05).2.婴儿组入院时血小板中位计数低于幼儿组,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.668,P<0.05).3.婴儿组骨髓巨核细胞增高比例低于幼儿组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.322,P<0.001);婴儿组产板巨核细胞中位数低于幼儿组,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.065,P<0.05).4.婴儿组经治疗后血小板计数达到或超过100×109 L-1的时间短于幼儿组,差异有统计学意义(Z=3.542,P<0.001).5.急性患儿入院时血小板中位计数低于慢性患儿,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.100,P<0.05).6.输注血小板患儿的住院时间与未输注血小板患儿相比,差异无统计学意义(Z=1.385,P>0.05).结论 婴幼儿ITP中,男童比例高,大部分无明显诱因,以皮肤黏膜出血为主;婴儿入院时血小板中位计数较低,血小板上升至正常的时间较短,对治疗反应较幼儿好,幼儿急性ITP可以变为慢性;输注血小板并不能缩短ITP患儿的住院时间.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

�¶�֢��ϵ�ϰ���ע��ȱ�ݶද�ϰ������ڵ�ת��

孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

---

---

Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.