艾滋病合并细菌性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药研究

目的研究艾滋病合并细菌性肺炎患者的病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床疾病防控提供指导。方法收集艾滋病合并细菌性肺炎患者痰液等标本,分离鉴定病原菌,并对病原菌进行耐药性分析。结果分离鉴定出106株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌66株,革兰阳性菌40株;革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌29株,肺炎克雷伯菌18株,阴沟肠杆菌10株,铜绿假单胞菌2株,鲍曼不动杆菌1株,其他革兰阴性菌6株;革兰阳性菌中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌20株,金黄色葡萄球菌11株,肺炎链球菌5株,其他革兰阳性菌4株。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星的耐药率分别为51.72%、37.93%、31.03%、24.14%和10.34%;肺炎克雷伯菌对庆大霉素、氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、头孢他啶的耐药率分别为55.56%、44.44%、33.33%、27.78%和16.67%,主要革兰阴性菌对美罗培南均敏感;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对庆大霉素、苯唑西林、利福平、阿奇霉素、克林霉素的耐药率分别为75.00%、50.00%、40.00%、30.00%和25.00%;金黄色葡萄球菌对庆大霉素、阿奇霉素、苯唑西林、克林霉素、利福平的耐药率分别为63.64%、54.55%、45.45%、45.45%和27.27%;肺炎链球菌对苯唑西林、庆大霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素、利福平的耐药率分别为40.00%、20.00%、20.00%、20.00%和20.00%,主要革兰阳性菌对利奈唑胺均敏感。结论艾滋病合并细菌性肺炎患者感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中以大肠埃希菌最为常见。治疗革兰阴性菌感染患者时首选美罗培南;治疗革兰阳性菌感染患者时首选利奈唑胺。     

终末期肝病患者血流感染病原学特征

目的了解终末期肝病患者合并血流感染的病原学特点,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2012年1月1日至2017年12月31日徐州医科大学附属医院终末期肝病合并血流感染患者的病原菌及药物敏感性试验结果。结果终末期肝病合并血流感染以社区获得性、继发性血流感染为主。预后不佳,治疗无效率达23.1%。病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主(91株,64.1%),主要包括大肠埃希菌(50株,35.2%)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌(20株,14.1%);多重耐药菌(MDR)占57.7%。ESBLs阳性菌多重耐药菌检出率明显高于ESBLs阴性菌(76.2%对39.3%)。革兰阳性菌(51株,35.9%)主要包括凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(18株,12.7%)金黄色葡萄球菌(16株,11.3%),MRS共16株(10.6%)。所有病原菌中共检出耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌(CRE)3株(2.11%)、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌6株(4.23%)。结论终末期肝病患者血流感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主。常见病原菌为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。MDR感染问题严重,CRE及MRSA需重视。     

老年无多重耐药危险医院获得性肺炎患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨老年无多重耐药危险医院获得性肺炎(HAP)患者病原菌分布及耐药性对临床用药和治疗的指导。方法选择2008年1月至2013年12月该院住院确诊的老年HAP患者426例,根据发病时间分为早发HAP组和晚发HAP组,采集痰标本进行培养鉴定和药敏试验。结果 426例老年HAP患者中病原菌共检出481株;HAP最常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍曼不动杆菌等;早发HAP最常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌和铜绿假单胞菌等;而晚发HAP最常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等;早发和晚发HAP患者革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌的比例差异无统计学意义(P0.05);晚发HAP中检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌及耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌(CR-AB)比例增高;另外338株革兰阴性菌的药敏试验结果显示,哌拉西林及阿莫西林/克拉维酸对早发HAP与晚发HAP耐药率差异显著(均P0.05),其余常见抗菌药物耐药率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);111株革兰阳性菌的药敏试验结果显示,常用抗菌药物耐药率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论老年无多重耐药危险HAP患者,早发和晚发HAP病原菌构成差别不大,尽管晚发HAP耐药率相对较高,但对大多数抗菌药物敏感,故合理选择抗菌药物是减少耐药菌株产生及降低二重感染率的有效措施。     

肺结核合并肺部感染患者的菌群分布特点及其耐药性分析

目的分析肺结核合并肺部感染患者的菌群分布特点及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法选择2011年3月—2015年4月孝感市中心医院收治的肺结核合并肺部感染患者314例,取患者早晨洗漱后咳出的深部痰或支气管灌洗液进行细菌培养,分析其菌群分布特点及耐药性。结果 314份标本共培养出病原菌414株,其中革兰阳性菌108株(占26.09%)、革兰阴性菌290株(占70.05%)、真菌16株(占3.86%);革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主(占13.53%),革兰阴性菌以铜绿假单胞菌为主(占22.22%),真菌均为白色假丝酵母菌。药敏试验结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对青霉素G的耐药率为100.0%,对万古霉素的耐药率均为0;铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药率均为100.0%,肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为0,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率较低,均为15.2%,鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星和头孢哌酮的耐药率较低,分别为18.7%和21.9%。结论肺结核合并肺部感染患者病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要革兰阳性菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,主要革兰阴性菌为铜绿假单胞菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对万古霉素无耐药,肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南无耐药,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮耐药率低。     

2型糖尿病足感染的病原菌分析

235例2型糖尿病足合并感染患者的细菌谱和药敏进行分析.结果共分离出282株病原菌,革兰阳性菌126株,占44.68%;革兰阴性菌150株,占53.19%;真菌6株,占2.13%.其中金黄色葡萄球菌86株,占30.50%;大肠埃希菌72株,占25.54%.耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄菌大于60%,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类药物耐药率为44%～65%.结论糖尿病足感染主要以金黄色葡萄菌和大肠埃希菌多见,革兰阳性球菌感染呈上升之势.主要病原菌对常用抗菌药耐药率高.     

尘肺病合并肺部感染病原菌类型及感染危险因素分析

目的 分析尘肺病合并肺部感染的病原菌分布、耐药情况及危险因素。方法 选取2019年2月-2022年2月本院住院治疗的尘肺病患者共953例,其中422例合并肺部感染。回顾性分析患者临床资料(包括既往病史、尘肺分期、尘肺类型、接尘年限等),探讨尘肺病合并肺部感染的危险因素。采集患者痰标本,使用全自动微生物鉴定系统进行病原菌鉴定,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验。结果 953例尘肺病患者中422例合并肺部感染,感染率44.28%,共培养分离病原菌216株,检出率51.18%。革兰阴性菌163株,主要为肺炎克雷伯菌(55株)与大肠埃希菌(28株)。革兰阳性菌41株,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌(20株)与肺炎链球菌(11株)。真菌12株,主要为白假丝酵母菌(7株)。矽肺患者中,合并肺部感染率为50.77%;电焊工尘肺、炭黑尘肺、水泥尘肺、铸工尘肺、滑石尘肺、石墨尘肺、石棉尘肺感染率分别为41.32%、36.52%、37.89%、40.70%、42.67%、39.66%和62.50%。矽肺合并肺部感染分离病原菌87株,电焊工尘肺分离病原菌35株,炭黑尘肺分离病原菌25株,均以肺炎克雷伯菌与大肠埃希菌为主。Ⅰ...     

急性白血病患者合并血流感染的病原学、耐药现状及预后高危因素分析北大核心CSCD

目的分析急性白血病患者合并血流感染的病原学特点和耐药现状,以及预后的影响因素。方法收集本院2016年1月-2021年1月收治的176例急性白血病合并血流感染患者的临床病案资料,分析感染病原菌的种类及耐药性。根据176例患者治疗30 d后的情况分为生存组(145例)和死亡组(31例)。采用Logistic回归模型分析影响白血病患者合并血流感染预后的危险因素。结果176例急性白血病合并血流感染患者共分离出181株病原菌,其中5例为混合感染。检出的病原菌中革兰阴性菌113株,占62.43%,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,分别为62株(占34.24%)和35株(占19.34%)。革兰阳性菌66株,占36.46%,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主,分别为29株(占16.02%)和20株(占11.05%)。革兰阳性菌普遍对万古霉素、替加环素、头孢唑林、苯唑西林敏感,其中的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素耐药率均较高;革兰阴性菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林敏感,其中的大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药性较高,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑林、头孢他啶耐药性较高。Logistic回归模型分析显示,年龄大、合并基础疾病≥2、感染性休克、中性粒细胞缺乏、白血病初始治疗、感染多重耐药菌是影响急性白血病合并血流感染患者预后的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)。结论急性白血病患者合并血流感染的病原菌种类多,主要为革兰阴性菌,美罗培南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林可作为抗感染用药首选。     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者呼吸道感染状况及其影响因素

目的分析老年慢性心力衰竭患者住院治疗期间呼吸道感染情况、病原菌分布特点及其可能的影响因素。方法选择慢性心力衰竭患者1 514例,观察感染患者病原菌培养及鉴定结果,将住院治疗期间发生呼吸道感染者作为呼吸道感染组,其他患者作为非感染组,对比两组一般情况,分析老年慢性心力衰竭患者呼吸道感染可能的影响因素。结果 1 514例老年慢性心力衰竭患者,经查住院期间呼吸道感染71例(4.69%)。分离出病原菌102株,包括67株革兰阴性菌,35株革兰阳性菌,未检出真菌。革兰阴性菌主要检出铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌,革兰阳性菌主要检出金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌及肺炎链球菌。高龄、病程长、心功能分级高、住院时间长、住院期间有侵入性操作、合并糖尿病均可能是老年慢性心力衰竭患者住院治疗期间呼吸道感染的独立危险因素(OR1,P0.05)。结论铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等革兰阴性菌是老年慢性心力衰竭患者住院期间呼吸道感染主要致病菌,高龄、病程长、心功能分级高、住院时间长、接受侵入性操作、合并糖尿病等因素可能是导致感染发生的独立危险因素,临床应重视这类患者住院治疗期间的感染防控,以减少呼吸道感染的发生,改善患者预后。     

急性白血病患者合并血流感染的病原学、耐药现状及预后高危因素分析

目的分析急性白血病患者合并血流感染的病原学特点和耐药现状,以及预后的影响因素。方法收集本院2016年1月-2021年1月收治的176例急性白血病合并血流感染患者的临床病案资料,分析感染病原菌的种类及耐药性。根据176例患者治疗30 d后的情况分为生存组(145例)和死亡组(31例)。采用Logistic回归模型分析影响白血病患者合并血流感染预后的危险因素。结果 176例急性白血病合并血流感染患者共分离出181株病原菌,其中5例为混合感染。检出的病原菌中革兰阴性菌113株,占62.43%,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,分别为62株(占34.24%)和35株(占19.34%)。革兰阳性菌66株,占36.46%,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主,分别为29株(占16.02%)和20株(占11.05%)。革兰阳性菌普遍对万古霉素、替加环素、头孢唑林、苯唑西林敏感,其中的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素耐药率均较高;革兰阴性菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林敏感,其中的大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药性较高,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑林、头孢他啶耐药性较高。Logistic回归模型分析显示,年龄大、合并基础疾病≥2、感染性休克、中性粒细胞缺乏、白血病初始治疗、感染多重耐药菌是影响急性白血病合并血流感染患者预后的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论急性白血病患者合并血流感染的病原菌种类多,主要为革兰阴性菌,美罗培南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林可作为抗感染用药首选。     

老年住院患者感染病原菌及其耐药情况分析

2008年1月~2009年12月本院70岁以上老年住院患者共检出细菌211株,菌株数前5位的依次是大肠埃希菌(51株)、肺炎克雷伯菌(33株)、鲍曼不动杆菌(20株)、表皮葡萄球菌(17株)和阴沟肠杆菌(14株);感染部位以下呼吸道为主,其次是泌尿道和血液。64.71%的大肠埃希菌(33株)产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs),耐甲氧西林金黄葡萄球菌(MRSA)占63.64%(7株)。革兰阳性球菌未发现万古霉素耐药菌株,革兰阴性杆菌未发现亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药菌株。老年住院患者检出菌以革兰阴性菌为主,且存在不同程度的耐药。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.