弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的治疗进展

抗CD20单克隆抗体美罗华的导入,使弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的治疗发生了根本性的改变,免疫化疗使这种高度侵袭性的淋巴瘤50%可以达到治愈。然而,对于难治复发的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤仍然是棘手的问题。深入的研究发现弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤是一种高度异质性的肿瘤,基因谱分析至少可以将其分为三种预后不同的类型,生发中心来源的弥漫大B淋巴瘤具有更好的预后,是弥漫大B淋巴瘤的一个独立预后预测因素。分子靶向治疗初见端倪,有免疫修饰调节剂,针对哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)及其激酶,蛋白酶体,组蛋白乙酰化酶等有关细胞信号传导分子药物问世。尽管有大量的新药出现,单独用于弥漫大B淋巴瘤的治疗效果有限,需要与化疗联合进行更多的临床试验,期待弥漫大B淋巴瘤的疗效有进一步提高。     

原发性中枢神经系统弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤临床病理学观察

目的：观察原发性中枢系统弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（PCNS-DLBCL）临床病理学、影像学特点,探讨其免疫组化、基因重排检测及microRNA表达特征。方法：收集确诊的PCNS -DLBCL 25例,观察并分析影像学、病理组织学、免疫组化标记特点,并进行重链和轻链基因重排检测。对其中10例典型PCNS-DLBCL、10例颅外生发中心来源的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（GC-DLBCL）和10例颅外非生发中心来源的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（NGC-DLBCL）的石蜡包埋组织块微切割提取microRNA,进行芯片杂交,对三者间的差异性进行比较。结果：PCNS-DLBCL多累及两个或两个以上脑叶（10/25例）,其中额叶受累最为常见（6/25例）。所有病例均可见中心母细胞样的大淋巴细胞围绕血管呈靶环样生长。免疫组化染色结果显示,25/25例均弥漫强阳性表达CD20、CD79a,不表达CD3、CD5、CD23、CyclinD1,Ki-67阳性率在50％-90％（平均80％）,仅有3例表达CD10（占12％）,19例表达Bcl-6（占76％）,22例表达Mum-1（88％）。基因重排检测显示24/25例呈B细胞单克隆性（96％）。microRNA芯片杂交显示,与NGC-DLBCL比较,升高2倍及以上者788个microRNA或片段,下降0．5倍以下者401个microRNA或片段;与GC-DLBCL比较,升高2倍及以上者611个microR-NA或片段,下降0．5倍以下者229个microRNA或片段。结论：PCNS-DLBCL以老年男性好发,常累及多个部位,免疫组化显示大部分为活化B细胞来源,基因重排检测B细胞单克隆性高,microRNA芯片杂交显示, PCNS-DLBCL microRNA表达明显不同于颅外NGC-DLBCL和GC-DLBCL,可能存在microRNA诊断性标志物。从microRNA表达差异的数量看,PCNS-DLBCL与颅外GC-DLBCL差异较小,此与二者的预后接近相关。     

ALK+弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的研究进展

ALK+弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, ALK+DLBCL)是弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的一种罕见的亚型, 具有特殊的免疫母细胞或浆母细胞样的形态学特点, 免疫表型独具特征, 细胞遗传学异常, 在儿童和成人都可发生。此病虽然罕见, 但是其临床过程具有侵袭性且预后不良, 因此明确认识该疾病的特点是诊断的关键。ALK+DLBCL对传统化疗方案反应性差, 最近推出的小分子ALK抑制剂可能对这种疾病的患者提供了一个潜在的新的治疗选择。      

NF-κB相关分子通路在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤中的研究现状

随着新一代基因检测技术的出现,弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的分子通路及相关基因变异研究越来越深入。NF-κB的激活是这些通路活化过程中的关键事件,研究揭示了NF-κB相关通路在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤中异常激活,发现了新的与肿瘤发生有关的信号通路和基因突变,并为临床进行治疗干预提供了新的靶点。     

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤预后相关分子标记物

关于弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的预后评估，目前临床上应用较多的是国际预后指数IPI，但它仅是一些临床指标的结合，对相当大的一部分患者的预后不能做出准确评估。一些基因及其表达蛋白在淋巴瘤的发生发展中起着关键的作用。Bel-6、Bcl—2、survivin、p53等分子生物学预后指标对指导DLBCL的预后评估有较高的价值。     

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤预后相关因素研究进展

0 引言 弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)是成人非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL)中最常见的类型,占NHL的30％～40％,它是一类在细胞遗传学、分子学、临床表现及疾病转归方面异质性均明显的疾病,利妥昔单抗(Rituximab)联合CHOP化疗使患者的5年OS(over all survival)由45％提高到58％,但是仍有20％～50％的患者治疗失败.近年来我国的DLBCL发病呈上升趋势,研究表明不同分子生物学和细胞遗传学改变与患者预后密切相关,寻找关键的预后因子成为目前制定个体化方案亟待解决的问题,本文就最近国外的研究结果进行综述.     

间变性淋巴瘤激酶阳性弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的研究进展

摘 要：间变性淋巴瘤激酶阳性弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,ALK+DLBCL）是弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)的一种罕见的亚型,具有特征性形态学、免疫表型和细胞遗传学特点。其临床过程具侵袭性,预后不良,明确认识该疾病是诊断的关键。选择性ALK抑制剂可能是ALK+DLBCL患者潜在的治疗选择。     

早期韦氏环弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤预后分析

目的 分析早期韦氏环弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(WR-DLBCL)接受CHOP为主治疗的疗效及预后因素。方法 2006-2018年间收治137例确诊为WR-DLBCL患者,其中Ⅰ期22例,Ⅱ期115例。全组接受了CHOP类为主方案化疗,其中62例使用了利妥昔单抗,87例接受了累及野放疗。Kaplan-meier法计算总生存(OS)、无进展生存(PFS)、无局部区域复发生存(LRRFS),并Logrank法检验和单因素分析,Cox模型多因素分析。结果 全组5年OS、PFS、LRRFS分别为78.6%、69.5%、83.2%,综合治疗组分别为87.5%、80.2%、90.9%,单纯化疗组分别为64.2%、53.6%、72.9%。单因素分析显示乳酸脱氢酶、国际预后指数评分、大肿块、利妥昔单抗、化疗周期及综合治疗是影响OS、PFS因素;乳酸脱氢酶、大肿块、综合治疗是影响LRRFS因素。多因素分析显示乳酸脱氢酶、综合治疗模式、利妥昔单抗是影响OS因素,LDH、综合治疗模式是影响PFS因素,LDH是影响LRRFS因素。结论 早期WR-BLBCL预后良好,在利妥昔单抗治疗的时代,化疗联合放疗的综合治疗方式仍然是早期WR-BLBCL的有效手段。     

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤分子亚型的细胞核形态参数的差异

目的通过图像分析观察中心母细胞型弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（CB—DLBCL）分子亚型之间的细胞核的形态是否存在差异。方法先采用免疫组化方法将CB,DLBCL分为生发中心B细胞样组（GCB）和非生发中心B细胞样组（non-GCB）两组,然后通过图像分析对两组细胞核的形态参数进行对比分析。结果GCB与non—GCB的11项细胞核形态参数之间均存在差异,差异有非常显著的统计学意义（P值〈0．01）。其中截面积以GCB高于non-GCB,截面周长、截面长径、截面短径和截面平均直径以non．GCB高于GCB。描述细胞核的形状不规则程度的异型指数allotype index、圆偏度circular skewness、圆球度sphericity、圆形因子spherical factor、规化形状因子normalized shapefactor和形状因子ARshape factor AR均显示,non—GCB细胞核的不规则程度显著大于GCB。结论本文证实non—GCB与GCB的细胞核形态参数存在显著差异,前者细胞核的不规则程度明显大于后者。这与non-GCB临床预后较差相符合。     

早期韦氏环弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤预后分析

目的 分析早期韦氏环弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(WR-DLBCL)接受CHOP为主治疗的疗效及预后因素。方法 2006-2018年间收治137例确诊为WR-DLBCL患者,其中Ⅰ期22例,Ⅱ期115例。全组接受了CHOP类为主方案化疗,其中62例使用了利妥昔单抗,87例接受了累及野放疗。Kaplan-meier法计算总生存(OS)、无进展生存(PFS)、无局部区域复发生存(LRRFS),并Logrank法检验和单因素分析,Cox模型多因素分析。结果 全组5年OS、PFS、LRRFS分别为78.6%、69.5%、83.2%,综合治疗组分别为87.5%、80.2%、90.9%,单纯化疗组分别为64.2%、53.6%、72.9%。单因素分析显示乳酸脱氢酶、国际预后指数评分、大肿块、利妥昔单抗、化疗周期及综合治疗是影响OS、PFS因素;乳酸脱氢酶、大肿块、综合治疗是影响LRRFS因素。多因素分析显示乳酸脱氢酶、综合治疗模式、利妥昔单抗是影响OS因素,LDH、综合治疗模式是影响PFS因素,LDH是影响LRRFS因素。结论 早期WR-BLBCL预后良好,在利妥昔单抗治疗的时代,化疗联合放疗的综合治疗方式仍然是早期WR-BLBCL的有效手段。     

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤原发部位和预后与免疫分型的相关性研究

目的:探讨弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)原发部位和临床预后与免疫分型的关系.方法:收集经病理证实的DLBCL病检存档石蜡包埋组织标本53例,应用组织芯片免疫组化方法通过测定CD10、BCL-6和MUM1的表达,将DLBCL分为GCB型和non-GCB型.结果:经免疫学分型后,GCB型占45.3%(24/53),non-GCB型占54.7%(29/53);原发于淋巴结内23例,其中GCB型14例,non-GCB型9例;原发于淋巴结外30例,GCB型占10例,低于淋巴结内组中所占的比例,二者的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);完全缓解(CR)的DLBCL患者中,GCB型17例,non-GCB型12例,两种分型的缓解率有显著性差异(P<0.05);生存分析显示GCB型患者与non-GCB型存在明显的差异,GCB患者的生存期长于non-GCB患者.结论:53例DLBCL中,non-GCB型DLBCL在结外的发生率显著高于结内,原发于结外患者多数为non-GCB型;GCB型DLBCL患者的预后明显优于non-GCB型.     

Checking in on Lenalidomide in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

Lenalidomide has modest single-agent activity comparable with other newer drugs in recurrent diffuse large B cell lymphoma with response rates between 19% and 28%. Retrospective series and 1 prospective study suggest that clinically significant responses were predominantly limited to patients with activated B cell (ABC) lymphoma, a finding in agreement with lenalidomide's potent inhibition of nuclear factor κB, the key driver of ABC lymphomas. Recently completed trials will determine whether the additional use of lenalidomide with R/CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) enhances survival compared with R/CHOP alone and whether this activity is limited to ABC lymphomas. Lenalidomide also appears to have activity in the maintenance setting regardless of cell of origin and might play an important role in patients with recurrent disease who are not transplantation candidates. Similarly, because of the ability of lenalidomide to cross the blood–brain barrier, it needs to be further explored in patients with high risk for central nervous system spread. The results of lenalidomide combination studies with chemotherapy and with checkpoint inhibitors are eagerly awaited.     

Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Arising in Patients with Preexisting Hodgkin Lymphoma

The metachronic onset of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) after classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a rare event affecting patients’ outcomes. However, although several studies have investigated the prognostic role of this event, little is known about a hypothetical common origin of the two different neoplastic cells. Aims: To investigate a possible relationship between DLBCL and cHL, in this retrospective study of 269 patients with newly diagnosed cHL treated at Bari University Hospital (Italy) between 2007 and 2020, we analyzed data from 4 patients (3 male and 1 female) with cHL who subsequently developed DLBCL. Methods: Gene expression profile analysis, assessed by NanoString Lymphoma Subtype Assay, was performed to identify the cell of origin in the DLBCL cases, in addition to Hans’s algorithm. Results: Using Hans’s algorithm, all DLBCL cases showed a germinal center-B-Cell subtype. The gene expression profile evaluated by the NanoString Lymphoma Subtype Assay revealed two cases of the GCB molecular subtype, while the others were unclassified. After first-line chemotherapy, 1 patient achieved complete remission, 3 were non-responders (2 died of lymphoma within 6 months, whereas the other achieved complete remission after autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation and is still alive). Conclusions: The origin of the second neoplastic cell in patients with DLBCL with a previous history of cHL remains controversial, although the different immunophenotypic characteristics suggest that it may mainly arise de novo in a subject with a possible individual predisposition to develop lymphoid neoplasms.     

Small-Molecule Inhibitors for the Treatment of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

Purpose of Review

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in developed countries. Up to 30–40% of patients experience either refractory or relapsed disease following receipt of front-line chemoimmunotherapy, and the majority of these patients will not be cured following receipt of subsequent therapy.

Recent Findings

Small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs) are an attractive class of therapeutics for patients with chemorefractory DLBCL, and early-phase studies with these agents have typically demonstrated prolonged periods of disease control in responding patients without significant toxicity. Later-phase studies have investigated the combination of SMIs with cytotoxic agents in hopes that exposure to SMIs in the treatment course may improve outcomes for patients who would otherwise develop chemorefractory disease.

Summary

SMIs appear to be effective in the treatment of DLBCL. A greater understanding of the molecular features of cases of DLBCL will allow for the more rational and presumably successful utilization of these targeted agents.

     

The Novel Therapeutic Landscape for Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive malignancy that has been traditionally treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy, but approximately one-third of patients relapse after first-line therapy or have primary refractoriness. In this focused review, we discuss the 7 novel Food & Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications for relapsed/refractory (R/R) DLBCL. We describe 5 CD19-targeted therapies, 3 of which are chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies. We also highlight novel non–cell-based targeted therapies and discuss optimal sequencing considerations based on the goal of treatment, with an emphasis on CAR-T cell therapy as curative intent. We consider the limited tolerability of certain novel agents, prospects for elderly patients, and financial aspects of these approaches. We discuss advantages and limitations of these targeted therapies based on seminal clinical trials. Finally, we summarize ongoing trials involving promising agents making their way into the pharmacologic pipeline. These therapies include allogeneic CAR-T treatments and multi-antigen targeting therapies such as the CD19/CD22 CAR-T and the CD3/CD20 bispecific antibodies mosunetuzumab and odronextamab. We summarize our approach based on the best available evidence as we enter 2022.