附子及附子配伍干姜对腺嘌呤所致慢性肾衰小鼠肾功能的影响

目的：研究中药附子及附子配伍干姜对腺嘌呤所致小鼠慢性肾衰的疗效,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法：将雄性ICR小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、低剂量附子组、高剂量附子组、低剂量附子＋干姜组和高剂量附子＋干姜组。正常对照组小鼠灌胃给予蒸馏水;其余各组小鼠灌胃给予腺嘌呤（第1周和第2～4周的给药剂量分别为250和130 mg.kg-1,均为每2天给药1次）,低剂量附子组、高剂量附子组、低剂量附子＋干姜组和高剂量附子＋干姜组小鼠另分别灌胃给予相应的水煎液,每天1次。实验过程中,记录各组小鼠的一般情况,并于实验结束时,对小鼠血清肌酐、尿素氮、乳酸和乳酸脱氢酶,以及肾组织谷胱甘肽、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和丙二醛的含量进行测定,并记录附睾精子数。结果：与正常对照组相比,模型组和各给药组小鼠体重下降,摄食量减少,饮水量升高;高剂量附子组和低剂量附子＋干姜组小鼠饮水量明显低于模型组小鼠。模型组小鼠消瘦、萎靡、被毛发黄干枯不齐,部分死亡;高剂量附子＋干姜组和低剂量附子＋干姜组小鼠被毛白净有光泽,且活动性更强。高剂量附子水煎液,高剂量附子＋干姜水煎液,以及低剂量附子＋干姜水煎液对小鼠生化指标具有显著改善作用,可降低肾系数以及血清肌酐、尿素氮、乳酸和乳酸脱氢酶水平,提高精子数;可降低小鼠肾组织GSH水平,升高MDA水平;高剂量附子组和高剂量附子＋干姜组小鼠肾组织ALT水平,以及高剂量附子＋干姜组和低剂量附子＋干姜组小鼠肾组织AST水平均显著高于模型组;低剂量附子组小鼠除个别指标外,无明显的改善。结论：高剂量附子水煎液对腺嘌呤所致慢性肾功能衰竭小鼠肾功能具有一定保护作用,与干姜配伍后其疗效增加,毒性降低。     

枳苓六妙口服液抗疲劳作用的实验研究

目的:观察枳苓六妙口服液对小鼠的抗疲劳作用.方法:采用高、中、低不同剂量枳苓六妙口服液给正常小鼠连续灌胃30 d,测定其小鼠力竭游泳时间;运动小鼠血中血红蛋白、乳酸、尿素氮、肝糖原含量及乳酸脱氢酶活性.结果:与对照组比较,枳苓六妙口服液高、中剂量组均能明显延长小鼠的游泳时间,同时能明显提高小鼠血中血红蛋白和降低尿素氮含量(P<0.05或0.01);高、中剂量组均能显著降低血中乳酸含量和显著提高乳酸脱氢酶活性(P<0.01);低剂量、中剂量和高剂量组能明显提高肝糖原含量(P<0.05或0.01).结论:枳苓六妙口服液具有显著的抗疲劳作用,其中360 mg·kg-1效果最佳.     

东革阿里提取物抗疲劳作用的实验研究

目的：探讨东革阿里提取物对小鼠的抗疲劳作用。方法：选取60只小鼠随机分为阴性对照组、阳性对照组、东革阿里高、中、低剂量组,每组12只。东革阿里高、中、低剂量组小鼠分别灌胃1×103mg/kg、2×103mg/kg、6×103mg/kg提取液,阳性对照组小鼠灌胃0.6×103mg/kg红景天提取物,阴性对照组小鼠灌胃同等体积生理盐水。给予连续灌胃28天后对小鼠进行力竭游泳时间测定,同时对运动小鼠血液中血红蛋白、乳酸、肝糖原含量及乳酸脱氢酶的活性进行相关的测定。结果：与阴性对照组比较,东革阿里提取物高、中剂量组能使小鼠游泳时间显著延长,血红蛋白浓度、乳酸脱氢酶活性显著提高,血液中乳酸含量显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与阳性对照组比较,上述各指标差异均无显著统计学意义(P＞0.05)。东革阿里提取物的三种剂量组都能够显著提高肝糖原的含量(P＜0.05)。结论：东革阿里提取物对小鼠具有良好的抗疲劳功效,其中高剂量组效果最好。     

镉对大鼠肾脏和睾丸毒性的比较

大鼠饮水中给镉12wk后,检测了尿低分子蛋白(LMWP)排出量。尿碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,血清睾酮水平,睾丸乳酸脱氢酶同功酶(LDH-X)活性,精子计数和形态,雄鼠生育力,肾,睾丸和附睾组织镉含量,并在光镜和电镜下观察上述组织的病理变化,从生化,形态和功能改变三方面比较了大鼠肾脏和睾丸对镉的敏感性,发现尿LMWP和ALP仅在高剂量组显著增加,而血清睾酮和睾丸LDH-X在中剂量纽和低剂量纽已明显降低,说明镉对睾丸的有害作用可出现在肾脏之前。     

西归醇提物抗疲劳机理初探

目的研究西归醇提物的抗疲劳机理。方法用西归醇提液给小鼠灌胃20d，剂量为1．25，2．50，5．00g／（kg·d）。阳性对照组用人参浸膏液灌胃20d，剂量为0．35g／（kg·d），测定各组小鼠游泳后的血乳酸（LD）含量、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活力、肝糖原含量。结果与阴性对照组比较，西归醇提物各剂量组小鼠游泳后的LD水平显著降低（P〈0．01），LDH的活力提高（P〈0．05）；西归醇提物2．50g／（kg·d）组小鼠的肝糖原含量显著提高（P〈0．01）。结论西归醇提物可能通过提高LDH活力来降低血LD水平，并通过提高糖原的储存量来发挥抗疲劳作用。     

红景天联合多维元素对小鼠运动性疲劳的影响

目的：观察红景天联合多维元素对小鼠运动性疲劳的影响。方法：似随机抽样法将40只雄性小鼠分为4组,分别为空白对照组、红景天（质量浓度为0．78g·kg^-1）联合多维元素（质量浓度为0．21g·kg^-1）低剂量组、红景天（质量浓度为1．56g·kg^-1）联合多维元素（质量浓度为0．42g·kg^-1）中剂量组、红景天（质量浓度为3．12g·b^-1）联合多维元素（质量浓度为0．84g·kg^-1）高剂量组。对4组雄性小鼠连续灌胃给药7d后,测定小鼠负重游泳时间、血乳酸浓度、肝糖原含量3个指标。结果：红景天联合多维元素能延长小鼠的负重游泳时间、降低血乳酸浓度、提高肝糖原含量。结论：红景天联合多维元素对小鼠具有抗运动性疲劳作用。     

复方双参合剂对小鼠耐缺氧和抗运动疲劳能力的影响

目的：研究复方双参合剂对小鼠耐缺氧和抗疲劳的作用。方法：50只小鼠随机分为空白组（生理盐水10 ml·kg~（-1））、丹参组（丹参提取物0.2 g·kg~（-1））、人参组（人参皂苷0.1 g·kg~（-1））、复方双参组（丹参提取物0.2 g·kg~（-1）＋人参皂苷0.1 g·kg~（-1））和红景天组（阳性对照,红景天提取物0.6 g·kg~（-1））,每组10只。连续灌胃给药20 d后,测定小鼠常压密闭缺氧存活时间、减压缺氧存活率和负重游泳时间,并测定小鼠运动后血清尿素氮含量、肝糖原含量、血乳酸含量和乳酸脱氢酶活性。结果：与空白组相比,复方双参组小鼠常压密闭缺氧存活时间显著延长,延长率为45.95%（P〈0.01）;小鼠运动后血清尿素氮含量及乳酸堆积显著减少（P〈0.01）,肝糖原含量及乳酸脱氢酶活性显著增加（P〈0.01）,其作用强于红景天组。减压缺氧条件下,给药组存活率较空白组显著提高（P〈0.05或0.01）。红景天组与复方双参组与其他给药组相比,小鼠负重游泳时间显著延长（P〈0.05或0.01）。结论：复方双参合剂能显著增强小鼠耐缺氧和抗疲劳的能力。     

普罗布考对多柔比星肾病大鼠的保护作用及其机制研究

目的：观察普罗布考对多柔比星肾病大鼠肾脏的保护作用并探讨其作用机制。方法：40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、治疗组。尾静脉一次性注射多柔比星6mg·k^-1制备多柔比星肾病模型。1周后开始药物干预,模型组每天温开水灌胃,治疗组每天500mg·kg^-1·d“普罗布考灌胃,持续4周。4周后检测大鼠24h尿蛋白定量、血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、尿素氮（BUN）、血清肌酐（Scr）、血清及肾组织SOD活性和MDA含量,同时取肾组织标本观察病理学改变。结果：与模型组相比,治疗组24h尿蛋白排泄量和血脂明显下降（P〈0．05）,肾指数明显改善（P〈0．05）,血清和肾组织中SOD活性明显上升、MDA含量明显下降（P〈0．05）,肾组织病理损伤减轻。结论：普罗布考能提高多柔比星肾病大鼠血和肾组织中SOD活性,降低血脂,减少蛋白尿,减轻肾纽织的病理改变,具有肾保护作用。     

紫檀芪延缓糖尿病肾病发展的作用及机制

目的研究紫檀芪对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病肾病(DN)进展的延缓作用及可能机制。方法将C57BL/6J小鼠(n=50)随机分为对照组、模型组、低剂量药物组(20 mg·kg^-1)、中剂量药物组(40 mg·kg^-1)和高剂量药物组(80 mg·kg^-1),每组10只。对照组和模型组灌胃5 g·L^-1羧甲基纤维素钠,高、中、低剂量药物组小鼠灌胃相应剂量的紫檀芪12周。测定24 h蛋白尿,检测血液中血糖、血肌酐和血尿素氮水平,检测肾脏组织中炎症因子白介素-6(IL-6)和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)的表达,HE染色和PAS染色检测肾脏组织的病理改变情况,Western blot法测定肾脏组织中沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)蛋白的表达。结果紫檀芪可延缓STZ诱导的1型DN的进展,降低血肌酐和血尿素氮的水平。紫檀芪对血糖及24 h尿蛋白无影响。紫檀芪可降低肾脏组织中炎症因子IL-6和MCP-1的表达。HE染色和PAS染色发现,紫檀芪能降低糖尿病小鼠肾小球体积和基底膜厚度,还能增加糖尿病小鼠肾脏组织中SIRT1蛋白的表达。结论紫檀芪可延缓1型DN的发展,其机制与其调节SIRT1的表达有关。     

健脑生智口服液对老年痴呆大鼠的学习记忆功能的影响

目的：研究健脑生智口服液对老年痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆功能的影响。方法：大鼠60只,采用腹腔注射东莨菪碱法和AlCl3法复制老年痴呆模型,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、阳性脑复康组（0．301g·kg^-1）、健脑生智口服液高剂量组（16．8g·kg^-1）、中剂量组（8．4g·kg^-1）、低剂量组（4．2g·kg^-1）,测定脑组织中SOD、MDA、Na^＋ -K^＋-ATP酶活性及血清、脑组织中AchE活性、脑蛋白含量。结果：健脑生智口服液能升高脑组织SOD活性、降低MDA活性,提高Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性,降低脑、血清中AchE活性,增加脑蛋白含量。结论：健脑生智口服液能增强老年痴呆大鼠的学习记忆能力。     

附子对小鼠超氧化物岐化酶活性和丙二醛、NO含量的影响

目的:研究附子不同的临床使用剂量对小鼠心脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量的影响,探讨其对心脏的毒性机制.方法:制备附子及与甘草配伍的水煎液,将小鼠随机分为9组,分别以附子15,45,75,105g的临床使用剂量按等效换算系数换算成小鼠给药剂量,给小鼠灌胃20 d,测其心脏组织SOD活性及MDA、NO含量.结果:与对照组比较,单附子临床剂量45,75,105 g组小鼠心脏SOD活性明显增加,MDA含量显著降低(P＜0.05).甘草配伍后的各组与对照组比较,SOD含量有增加的趋势,但仅105 g组有明显差异(P＜0.05);除15 g组外,其余各组MDA含量均显著降低(P＜0.05);NO含量均呈下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:大剂量使用附子对心脏的SOD活力、MDA和NO含量没有负面影响,相反能减轻小鼠心脏组织氧化反应.     

The effect of planting depth,disbudding, and root pruning on root weight and aconite alkaloid content of the tuberous root of aconite

The tuberous root of aconite, Aconiti tuber, contains tonic but poisonous aconite alkaloids, such as aconitine, hipaconitine and mesaconitine. The standardization of the cultivation protocols must be established, since the quality of the crude drug, especially the content of aconite alkaloids, is influenced by cultivation conditions. Here, we report the effects of planting depth, disbudding and root pruning on the content of the aconite alkaloids as well as on the weight of the root tuber of aconite. The daughter root tubers of shallow-planted plants showed a significantly higher content of aconitine, hipaconitine and sum of aconite alkaloids per unit weight than those of deeply planted root tubers (control group), while the average weight per root tuber was lower than that of the control group. The total weight of the daughter root tubers per plant of the disbudding group was significantly higher than that of other groups, including the root-pruning group whose average weight per tuber was the highest. In conclusion, disbudding is effective in achieving both higher content of aconite alkaloids and heavier total weight of the root tuber.     

乙醇提取新鲜当归油的抗炎镇痛作用

目的 :研究当归油的镇痛、抗炎作用。方法 :应用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高、蛋清致大鼠足跖肿胀及大鼠棉球肉芽肿增生4种动物模型进行抗炎药效学实验 ;采用醋酸致小鼠扭体反应 ,进行镇痛实验。结果 :当归油能显著抑制上述各种动物模型的炎症反应及醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应。结论 :当归油对急、慢性炎症均有明显抑制作用 ,且有一定的镇痛效果。     

Cyclophilin D Promotes Acute,but Not Chronic,Kidney Injury in a Mouse Model of Aristolochic Acid Toxicity

The plant-derived toxin, aristolochic acid (AA), is the cause of Chinese Herb Nephropathy and Balkan Nephropathy. Ingestion of high dose AA induces acute kidney injury, while chronic low dose ingestion leads to progressive kidney disease. Ingested AA is taken up by tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, leading to DNA damage and cell death. Cyclophilin D (CypD) participates in mitochondrial-dependent cell death, but whether this mechanism operates in acute or chronic AA-induced kidney injury is unknown. We addressed this question by exposing CypD-/- and wild type (WT) mice to acute high dose, or chronic low dose, AA. Administration of 5 mg/kg AA to WT mice induced acute kidney injury 3 days later, characterised by loss of kidney function, tubular cell damage and death, and neutrophil infiltration. All of these parameters were significantly reduced in CypD-/- mice. Chronic low dose (2 mg/kg AA) administration in WT mice resulted in chronic kidney disease with impaired renal function and renal fibrosis by day 28. However, CypD-/- mice were not protected from AA-induced chronic kidney disease. In conclusion, CypD facilitates AA-induced acute kidney damage, but CypD does not contribute to the transition of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease during ongoing AA exposure.     

Physicochemical quality evaluation of natural compounds isolated from crude drugs

Aconite root has high toxicity caused by diester alkaloids, thus it was necessary to define the limiting value of diester alkaloids used in medicine formulation. To give the quality of “Processed Aconite Root” and “Powdered Processed Aconite Root” in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (14th edn, supplement II), we established the official specification and evaluation methods of standard substances. High qualitative grade diester alkaloids, aconitine, hypaconitine, jesaconitine and mesaconitine, which were useful to evaluate the purity of processed aconite root and powdered processed aconite root, were prepared and evaluated for their stability. We studied the physicochemical specification and evaluation methods of these alkaloids. In addition, an “Aconitum diester alkaloids standard solution for purity”, which was used for the purity test, was prepared, and we also studied its physicochemical specification and evaluation methods. In addition, to evaluate the quality of processed aconite root and powdered processed aconite root, a TLC identification test was established. A monoester alkaloid of benzoylmesaconine hydrochloride was used as the reference standard in the latter test, and we also investigated its physicochemical specification and evaluation methods.     

Aconitum Alkaloid Poisoning Related to the Culinary Uses of Aconite Roots

Aconite roots (roots or root tubers of the Aconitum species) are eaten as root vegetables and used to prepare herbal soups and meals, mainly for their purported health benefits. Aconite roots contain aconitine and other Aconitum alkaloids, which are well known cardiotoxins and neurotoxins. To better understand why Aconitum alkaloid poisoning related to the culinary uses of aconite roots can occur and characterize the risks posed by these “food supplements”, relevant published reports were reviewed. From 1995 to 2013, there were eight reports of aconite poisoning after consumption of these herbal soups and meals, including two reports of large clusters of cases (n = 19–45) and two reports of cases (n = 15–156) managed by two hospitals over a period of 4.5 to 5 years. The herbal formulae used did not adhere to the suggested guidelines, with regarding to the doses (50–500 g instead of 3–30 g per person) and types (raw instead of processed) of aconite roots used. The quantities of Aconitum alkaloids involved were huge, taking into consideration the doses of aconite roots used to prepare herbal soups/meals and the amounts of aconite roots and herbal soups/meals consumed. In a large cluster of cases, despite simmering raw “caowu” (the root tuber of A. kusnezoffii) in pork broth for 24 h, all 19 family members who consumed this soup and boiled “caowu” developed poisoning. Severe or even fatal aconite poisoning can occur after consumption of herbal soups and foods prepared from aconite roots. Even prolonged boiling may not be protective if raw preparations and large quantities of aconite roots are used. The public should be warned of the risk of severe poisoning related to the culinary and traditional medicinal uses of aconite roots.     

Effect of shodhana treatment on chronic toxicity and recovery of aconite

Aconite is one of the poisonous plants used therapeutically in practice of Ayurveda after proper treatment called as 'Shodhana'. To determine the effect of Shodhana treatment on chronic toxicity and to assess the effect of recovery period after chronic toxicity of aconite. Raw aconite (RV), urine treated aconite (SM), and milk treated aconite (SD) were administered in 6.25 mg/kg dose in Charles Foster strain albino rats for 90 days for chronic toxicity. Six rats from each were kept for another 30 days without test drugs treatment to observe recovery from chronic toxicity. RV was found to be highly toxic in chronic exposure, SM had no apparent toxicity, but SD had mild toxicity in kidney. The toxicities of RV and SD were reversible, but sudden withdrawal of SM caused adverse effects, suggestive of tapering withdrawal. Shodhana treatments remove toxic effects from raw aconite. Chronic toxicity of aconite is reversible. Confirmed the arrangement of abstract.     

新型糖原磷酸化酶抑制剂-山楂酸对小鼠脑缺血-再灌注的保护作用研究

目的：研究糖原磷酸化酶抑制剂-山楂酸对缺血性脑损伤的保护作用,初步探讨糖原磷酸化酶抑制剂的脑缺血保护机制。方法：采用合并迷走神经结扎双侧颈总动脉造成小鼠急性不完全性脑缺血-再灌注模型,测定脑组织匀浆乳酸含量、相关生化指标以及肝糖原含量。结果：山楂酸灌胃给药以后能降低脑组织乳酸、丙二醛含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶、乳酸脱氢酶活力,还能对抗缺血期间的肝糖原降解。结论：山楂酸对缺血性脑损伤具有一定保护作用,其抗脑缺血作用至少是与通过部分抑制糖酵解并进而减轻代谢性酸中毒有关。     

沙棘油乳抗大鼠慢性萎缩性胃炎和胃溃疡作用研究

目的 :研究沙棘油乳抗大鼠慢性萎缩性胃炎和胃溃疡作用。方法 :采用动物的萎缩性胃炎、胃溃疡模型 ,评价沙棘油乳的抗萎缩性胃炎、胃溃疡作用。结果 :沙棘油乳能明显防止脱氧胆酸钠和应激所致慢性萎缩性胃炎、胃溃疡 ;对大鼠幽门结扎引起的急性胃溃疡指数有显著降低作用 ;对小鼠消炎痛 -乙醇性溃疡有显著对抗作用。结论 :沙棘油乳具有制酸、保护胃粘膜的作用