小儿永存动脉干右室流出道重建

目的 总结小儿永存动脉干(PTA)右室流出道重建治疗经验.方法 2000年1月至2007年12月共行PTA根治手术治疗43例,男26例,女17例.年龄1.5个月～3.8岁;体重3.2～23.0kg.Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型PTA分别为26例、11例和6例.18例PTA的肺动脉直接下拖至右室流出道切口上缘相吻合,前壁再用心包补片扩大;8例用Homograft管道、14例用牛颈静脉管道连接远端肺动脉和右心室,重建右室流出道;3例Ⅱ型者,肺动脉后壁用左心耳壁与右室流出道上缘做吻合,前壁再用心包补片扩大.结果 术后所有病儿均生存,5例表现为右心功能不全,2例右肺动脉(RPA)压差37.5～47.3 mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa),术后17d恢复至35.3mm Hg以下.左心室流出道阶差均小于20.3mm Hg.残余VSD(2mm)1例,乳糜胸1例.5例病儿肺血管阻力高,吸一氧化氮(NO)治疗7d左右后好转.随访3个月～3年,2例病儿RPA残余压差24.0～29.3 mm Hg,均无明显右心室或左心室流出道梗阻.结论 肺总动脉后壁直接与右心室切口作吻合重建PTA的右室流出道,早期和远期效果良好.牛颈静脉的带瓣管道的应用,解决了小尺寸同种带瓣管道来源不足的问题,操作简便.     

动脉调转术治疗心室大动脉连接异常的先天性心脏病

目的总结动脉调转术（ASO）治疗心室大动脉连接异常的先天性心脏病（先心病）手术疗效。方法2000年1月至2004年8月，60例病儿实施ASO，早年（2000．1—2003．5）42例，近期（2003．6—2004．8）18例；其中完全性大动脉转位（TGA）49例、Taussig-Bing畸形7例、矫正性大动脉转位（ccTGA）4例；年龄1—6个月15例、7～12个月14例、1-3岁6例、〉3岁6例，其中〉6月龄的TGA/VSD或TGA/PDA18例。行大动脉调转术，同期矫治合并畸形；ccTGA病儿先行心房转流术，后行ASO。结果全组手术死亡10例（16．7％），其中早年9例（21．4％）、近期1例（5．6％），死亡率明显下降（P〈0．05）。生存病儿随访0．5—56．0个月，心功能恢复良好，无死亡及并发症。结论ASO应用于TGA、Taussig-Bing畸形以及ccTGA能取得良好的手术结果。针对国内TGA/VSD或TGA/PDA病儿就诊较晚、年龄较大，肺动脉压力较高等特点，如心导管检查显示肺小动脉阻力不高，ASO仍可获得满意的疗效。     

右心室双出口无肺动脉狭窄的外科治疗

目的回顾性总结右心室双出口(DORV)无肺动脉狭窄(PS)病人的手术治疗经验。方法1975年1月至2003年6月，38例DORV无PS病人均采用双心室修复，建立左心室至主动脉心内隧道，其中2例DORV肺动脉下室间隔缺损的婴儿行大动脉调转术。结果全组早期死亡5例(13．2％)，其中2例死于肺动脉高压危象、3例死于低心输出量综合征。33例生存者中29例(87．9％)随访1个月。23年，晚期死亡1例(2．6％)，术后95d死于室间隔残余漏所致右心衰竭。随访者心功能恢复至Ⅰ级19例，Ⅱ级9例，Ⅲ级1例。结论DORV无PS的手术治疗早、晚期效果良好。一旦诊断明确，应尽早手术治疗，以避免产生不可逆的肺血管病变，影响治疗效果。     

解剖性双心室流出道重建技术:双根部调转手术

目的 总结双根部调转术治疗合并室间隔缺损(VSD)和左心室流出道狭窄的心室大动脉连接异常的中期结果.方法 2007年12月至2013年9月,78例患者接受双根部调转手术.男55例,女23例;年龄0.3～22.0岁,中位年龄3.0岁.涤纶补片修补VSD,主动脉根部调转时进行冠状动脉再植,用带单瓣的牛颈静脉或同种血管片重建肺动脉.随访2～ 98个月,中位随访时间56个月,超声心动图评估双侧心室流出道功能.结果 院内死亡3例,占4.4％,死因分别为肾功能衰竭、低心排血量综合征和脓毒血症.随访期间无再次手术;2例死亡,原因分别是心功能衰竭和猝死.术后超声心动图提示患者重建后的双心室流出道血流动力学满意,心功能正常.左心室流出道压差接近正常,提示左心室流出道疏通满意;平均右心室流出道压差10.4 mmHg(1.38 kPa),多数患者的肺动脉仅少到中量反流.结论 采用带单片的补片和自体肺动脉重建的右心室流出道,保持通畅性和生长潜能.双根部调转手术中期随访结果良好,从心脏血流动力学的角度来看,此方法是对合并室间隔缺损和左心室流出道狭窄的大动脉转位和右心室双出口这一疾患的真正意义上的解剖学矫治.     

右室双出口合并双腔右心室术后并发降结肠穿孔一例

患者男，13岁，体重35kg。出生后即发现心脏杂音，但一直未予治疗。患者安静状态下无明显紫绀，活动后口唇、颜面紫绀，有蹲踞现象，有缺氧发作史。查体：口唇轻度紫绀，心率112次／分，律齐，心音有力，心尖搏动位于左侧第5肋间锁骨中线外2cm处，心前区可触及震颤，可闻及4／6级收缩期杂音。有杵状指（趾）。动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）76％。心电图检查示：窦性心律，电轴右偏，右心室肥大。胸部X线片示：肺血少，右心室相对增大，肺动脉圆锥部突出，心胸比率0．51。彩色超声心动图提示：2根大动脉均起源于右心室，主动脉位于肺动脉右侧。主动脉增宽，环部内径34mm。肺动脉主干内径24mm，左肺动脉内径12mm，右肺动脉内径13mm。肺动脉瓣下可见肌性圆锥致右心室流出道狭窄，测最狭窄处内径3．0mm。收缩期右心室血流同时进入主动脉及肺动脉。多切面显示：室间隔上部连续中断约21mm，缺损位于主动脉瓣下。     

Senning手术治疗完全型大动脉错位一例

患者男，36d，体重3．5kg。因紫绀36d入院。查体：脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）0．72。重度紫绀貌。心前区闻及2／6～3／6级柔和吹风样收缩期杂音。心脏彩色超声心动图提示：主动脉右前起自右心室，肺动脉左后起自左心室，升主动脉、主动脉弓、降主动脉内径无狭窄，升主动脉：主肺动脉=1：1．2。左、右肺动脉发育好；右心房、右心室扩大，左心房、左心室稍扩大，膜部室间隔缺损（VSD）6mm，房间隔缺损（ASD）3mm；     

圆锥隔心室型室间隔缺损的病理解剖和外科纠治

目的 分析单纯圆锥隔心室型室间隔缺损的病理解剖,探讨其外科纠治.方法 回顾1999年4月到2005年4月手术纠治50例单纯圆锥隔心室型室间隔缺损病儿病历资料,其中后下缘肌性26例,主动脉瓣和三尖瓣纤维连接24例.结果 术后无Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞发生.2例因VSD前上缘残余分流（0.4 cm,0.3 cm）,再次修补.11例有较明显的流出道肌束肥厚,完全或部分离断.2例体外循环停止后食管超声提示流出道肌束肥厚,压差分别为35 mm Hg、40 mm Hg,再次手术离断.随访5例有轻度右室流出道梗阻;三尖瓣中度反流1例,轻度5例,轻微5例.2例心包积液,1例术后出血.结论 提出圆锥隔心室型VSD的定义,规范其病理解剖和外科纠治会进一步精确室间隔缺损的诊治.     

全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术及双向格林分流术治疗复杂先天性心脏病的疗效

目的评价全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术(TCPC)和双向格林分流术(Glennshunt)治疗功能性单心室等复杂先天性心脏病的疗效。方法2002年1月至2004年5月,12例患者接受了TCPC及双向Glenn分流术。病种分别为三尖瓣闭锁(TA)3例,二尖瓣闭锁(MA)1例,右位心完全性大动脉错位(D-TGA)伴完全型房室共同通道(CAVSD)1例,右位心大动脉错位1例,左旋心单心室1例,单心室2例,D-TGA3例。12例中3例行双向Glenn分流术(TA、右位心D-TGA伴CAVSD和单心室各1例),其余9例行TCPC手术(TA2例、MA1例、右位心D-TGA及肺动脉狭窄1例、左旋心1例、单心室1例、D-TGA3例)。结果手术后近期效果:12例患者中11例存活,1例D-TGA患者术后19h死于急性肾功能衰竭,住院死亡率8.3%。手术中CPB时间78～155min,升主动脉阻断时间36～122min。机械辅助通气时间8～18h,ICU监护时间15～32h,住院时间16～58d。术后中心静脉压(即肺动脉压)8～18mmHg,脉搏血氧饱和度0.80～0.96。TCPC后,2例单心室和2例D-TGA患者发生乳糜胸,经置胸腔引流管和综合性治疗,分别于术后22d、33d、36d和48d痊愈出院。手术后中远期效果:术后随访2至28个月,1例右位心D-TGA伴CAVSD患者在双向Glenn分流术后1年因肺动静脉瘘(PAVF)引发大咯血死亡;其余10例存活,心功能～级,无恶性心律失常、无血栓形成和脑部并发症发生。结论TCPC和双向Glenn分流术是治疗功能性单心室等复杂先心病的生理性矫治方法,具有较好的手术安全性和近期、中远期的效果,手术中足够大的腔静脉和肺动脉吻合口和围手术期的积极处理是取得良好临床效果的关键。     

303例右室双出口手术后早期转归

目的　总结右室双出口 (DORV)病例的术后处理及不同外科术式的早期转归。方法　 1988年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 12月期间收治 30 3例DORV病儿 ,按室间隔缺损 (VSD)的部位分为主动脉下VSD ,肺动脉下VSD ,双动脉下VSD和远离大动脉下VSD 4组。总结比较不同外科术式术后的并发症和死亡率及其原因。结果　再手术 18例 ,死亡 2 9例 ,死亡率为 9 6 % ,其中肺动脉下VSD死亡率最高 ,为 2 4 . 4 % (χ2 =14 . 12 ,P <0 . 0 1) ;根治术和姑息术的死亡率分别为 10 . 6 %和 6 . 6 % (χ2 =1. 0 3,P >0 .0 5 )。死亡原因主要是低心排血量综合征 (LCOS) ,占 82 . 6 % ;其也是术后主要并发症 ,占 31 .0 %。结论　LCOS是术后主要并发症和死亡的高危因素。有效预防和控制LCOS是取得治疗成功的关键。     

改良Nikaidoh手术治疗伴左室流出道狭窄的大动脉转位

2004年2月至10月，我们在Nikaidoh手术基础上，用改良术式治疗2例大动脉转位（TGA）合并室间隔缺损（VSD）和肺动脉狭窄（PS）的病儿，以解决术后冠状动脉供血不足和重建后右室流出道非生长性的难题，手术取得了很好的近期疗效，现报道如下。     

The contribution of Allison and Nissen to the evolution of hiatus herniorrhaphy

Even though it was not until 1950 that Barrett introduced the term "reflux esophagitis", this entity is now the most common disease afflicting the western world. Diaphragmatic herniation, recognized by Sennertus in 1541, was first repaired by Potemski (1889). Before World-War II, the condition was considered rare; symptomatology, as in external herniae, was ascribed to pinching of the stomach by the hernial ring. Only large protrusions, with signs of impending incarceration, volvulus, or strangulation, were operated upon. Modern understanding derives from studies of short, strictured esophagi. Because of endoscopic "gastric" biopsies in children, Findlay and Kelly considered them congenital "misplacements". However, Allison (1943), finding adults with ulceration and scarring, argued they were acquired. Later (1953) he concluded that the distal esophagus may be lined with metaplastic adenomatous epithelium which can harbor malignancy. His repair, reestablishing the crural pinchcock was, as pointed out by his countryman Collis (who in 1957 constructed a neo-esophagus from the Magenstrasse), inadequate. Nissen performed (1936) gastroesophagectomy in a case of peptic ulceration of the cardia. To avoid leakage he buried the anastomosis. Amazingly, 17 years later he learned that the patient had no reflux. He then successfully performed and reported (1956) fundoplication in a man and woman with gastroesophageal reflux disease. His operation remains the basis for surgical therapy today. Electronic Publication     

Valve sparing neoaortic root replacement following a Norwood type reconstruction of the aorta

A neoaortic aneurysm after a Norwood type reconstruction of the aorta can develop due to systemic pressure on the former pulmonary artery wall. A complex valve sparing procedure can preserve native valves and avoid a valve replacement with requirement for anticoagulation. This type of operation was carried out in 3 patients, 2 of them after a Fontan palliation, 1 after a Norwood–Rastelli repair. The reconstruction was done using Dacron prostheses for the replacement of the dilated wall, similar to a Yacoub modification in 2 cases and to a David’s modification in 1 patient. The postoperative course was uneventful and postoperative valve function was good in all cases.     

Effectiveness of the TVT procedure as a repeat mid-urethra operation for treatment of stress incontinence

Introduction and hypotheses  The aim was to evaluate the long-term (5 years) effect of performing a retropubic tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) operation after a prior failed mid-urethra sling procedure and try to identify reasons for failure of the primary operation. Methods  We identified 26 women to whom a repeat mid-urethra sling procedure (using the TVT Gynecare device) had been performed. Both the primary and repeat operations were retropubic procedures. Four different tape materials had been utilized in the primary procedure. Results  Twenty women (77%) of the identified 26 women participated in the study. Seventy-five percent of the women were cured or significantly improved after the repeat TVT procedure. Reasons for failure of the primary procedure were grouped as follows: inadequate tape material (four out of 20), inadequate surgical technique (six out of 20), patients' medical condition (four out of 20), and unrecognized reasons (six out of 20). Conclusions  A retropubic mid-urethra sling operation can be considered after failed mid-urethra sling surgery.     

Retrospective review of reoperative pectus excavatum repairs

Background/Purpose

Despite success of several techniques described for pectus excavatum repair, a minority of patients require multiple reoperations for recurrence or other complications. We aimed to review our experience in reoperative pectus excavatum repairs and to identify features correlating with need for additional reoperations.

Methods

Charts were reviewed of all patients undergoing reoperative pectus excavatum repair for 3 years at a university-based children's hospital. Number and type of previous repairs, time between operations, lengths of stay, analgesia, and complications were recorded.

Results

From February 2004 to December 2007, 170 pectus excavatum repairs were performed. Among these, 27 were reoperative. Overall, 18.2% of reoperative patients required subsequent additional reoperations. 21.1% of patients undergoing repeat open repairs and 33.3% of patients undergoing repeat minimally invasive repairs required further operative interventions. There was no need for additional repairs among patients who had open repairs after minimally invasive repairs, nor for any patients who had minimally invasive repairs after open repairs.

Conclusions

We conclude that patients with failed open repairs will have better success with minimally invasive reoperations, whereas patients with failed minimally invasive repairs will have better success with open reoperations. When faced with reoperative pectus excavatum, we recommend consideration of an alternative operative approach from the initial procedure.     

改良Morrow手术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的疗效分析

目的比较采用经典Morow术与改良Morrow术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的疗效。方法选取2005年1月至2011年7月在北京安贞医院接受手术治疗的42例肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者。根据手术方式不同将患者分为两组。传统Morrow组16例,男13例、女3例,年龄（49±15）岁;改良Morrow组26例,男14例、女12例,年龄（40±18）岁。改良Morrow术是在经典Morrow手术的基础上,扩大室间隔的切除范围,切除范围由经典的2～3cm扩大达到5～6cm,向下切除范围由经典的单纯室间隔基底部扩大到心尖部;同时根据二尖瓣的结构情况,进行二尖瓣乳头肌松解、二尖瓣前叶横向折叠成形、“缘对缘”二尖瓣成形或瓣膜置换。术前术后均进行超声心动图检查,比较两组室间隔厚度、左心室流出道流速及左心室流出道压差的差异。结果肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者通过经典Morrow术与改良Morrow术治疗后,室间隔厚度、左心室流出道流速及左心室流出道压差均较术前显著降低。经典Morrow术患者的室间隔厚度[（23．10±3．64）mm vs．（17．38±4．39）mm]、左心室流出道流速[（433．08±101．68）mm／s vs．（248．46±101．88）mm／s]、左心室流出道压差[（78．57±40．16）mmHg vs．（4．29±21．52）mmHg]术前和术后差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。改良Morrow术患者的室间隔厚度[（25．04±7．05）mm vs．（18．38±6．55）mm,P〈0．05]、左心室流出道流速[（414．83±83．33）mm／s vs．（159．72±60．84）mm／s,P〈0．05]、左心室流出道压差[（77．94±29．16）mmHg vs．（17．56±9．39）mmHg,P〈0．05]术前和术后差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。改良Morrow手术患者手术前后左心室流出道压差的变化程度较经典Morrow患者更明显[（74．25±27．91）mmHg vs．（34．63±30．66）mmHg,P〈0．05]。结论改良Morrow术可明显减低肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者左心室流出道压差,效果优于经典Morrow术。     

Ross手术的临床应用

目的　总结主动脉瓣疾病患者行 Ross手术的临床应用经验。　方法　自 2 0 0 2年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 8月 ,对12例主动脉瓣疾病患者行 Ross手术 ,其中先天性心脏病、主动脉瓣病变 11例 ,老年退行性主动脉瓣狭窄 1例。术前所有患者均经超声心动图 (UCG)检查示主动脉瓣狭窄和 /或关闭不全 (中重度 ) ,均在全身麻醉中度低温体外循环下行 Ross手术。结果　全组患者无手术死亡 ,无并发症 ;术后主动脉瓣跨瓣压差在正常范围 ,左心室舒张期末内径(L VEDD)明显缩小 (P<0 .0 0 1) ,左心室射血分数 (L VEF) 0 .5 5± 0 .14 ,心功能 (NYHA) 级。所有患者均接受随访 ,随访 7天～ 8个月 ,心功能 ～ 级 ,主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣功能良好。　结论　Ross手术是一种临床疗效较好的治疗主动脉瓣病变的手术方法。     

Modified Subtotal Lothrop Procedure for Extended Frontal Sinus and Anterior Skull Base Access: A Cadaveric Feasibility Study with Clinical Correlates

Objective The endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) is an established approach for recalcitrant frontal sinus disease and anterior skull base exposure. However, in select cases, this technique may involve unnecessary resection of sinonasal structures. In this study, we propose a modification of the EMLP, termed the modified subtotal-Lothrop procedure (MSLP), to access the anterior skull base and complex frontal sinus disease for which access to the bilateral frontal sinus posterior table is required.Methods A cadaveric dissection with photo documentation was performed at an academic medical center on four cadaver heads using standard endoscopic techniques to demonstrate the MSLP and its feasibility.Results The endoscopic MSLP allowed ample access for instrumentation in each of the dissections using a 30- or 70-degree endoscope. Adequate bilateral access to the posterior table of the frontal sinus was gained in all cases without the need for dissection of the contralateral frontal sinus recess (FSR).Conclusion The MSLP appears to be a feasible technique for exposure of the anterior skull base and accessing complex frontal sinus pathology. This modification provides similar anterior skull base exposure and surgical maneuverability as the EMLP while limiting surgical dissection to one FSR, thereby preserving as much of the natural mucociliary drainage pathways as possible.     

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目的探讨介入治疗在肝胆管结石术前、术后的应用及疗效。方法对20例多发肝内外胆管结石病人于手术前后进行介入治疗操作，包括经皮引流术、扩张术、胆道内支架留置术、动脉栓塞术等多种方法。结果通过进行介入治疗可达到不同程度的症状缓解或痊愈，未出现新的并发症。结论介入治疗在肝胆管结石外科手术前后的合理应用，可以大大降低手术危险性，并能对部分术后并发症的治疗提供帮助；胆系介入治疗是一种安全有效的技术，在肝胆管结石的治疗中如能综合灵活应用，可以作为胆道外科手术的辅助治疗方法。     

Nuss手术与改良Ravitch手术治疗小儿漏斗胸疗效的对比研究

目的比较Nuss手术与改良Ravitch手术治疗小儿漏斗胸的疗效。方法对比分析我院1992年1月-2010年10月采用改良Ravitch手术与Nuss手术治疗小儿先天性漏斗胸88例临床资料。2组年龄无差异。改良Ravitch手术（R组）45例,骨膜内切除变形肋软骨,胸骨截骨,分离胸骨后及两侧间隙,用克氏针将凹陷胸骨抬高固定;Nuss手术43例（N组）,腋中线小横切口,支撑钢板预弯,胸腔镜下,用引导器将钢板经胸膜外引入对侧,翻转钢板撑起下陷胸骨,固定钢板。结果与R组相比,N组切口短[（3.85±0.71）cm vs.（9.67±2.80）cm,t=13.227,P=0.000],出血量少[（5.7±1.8）ml vs.（63.8±54.8）ml,t=6.942,P=0.000],输血患者比例少[0%（0/43）vs.42.2%（19/45）,P=0.000],手术时间短[（59.4±8.9）min vs.（167.5±57.3）min,t=12.222,P=0.000],总住院时间短[（9.1±2.5）d vs.（18.9±5.1）d,t=11.469,P=0.000],术后住院时间短[（4.7±1.6）d vs.（11.9±2.7）d,t=15.332,P=0.000]。并发症发生率R组22.2%（10/45）,N组30.2%（13/43）（χ2=0.731,P=0.393）。2组88例随访3个月-9年,总满意率R组95.6%（43/45）,N组97.7%（42/43）（χ2=0.000,P=1.000）,其中36例〉3年,满意率R组90.9%（20/22）,N组92.9%（13/14）（χ2=0.000,P=1.000）。结论 Nuss手术微创优势明显,中期疗效满意,可作为治疗小儿漏斗胸的首选术式。严重的非对称性漏斗胸尤其伴严重的多发肋骨畸形者,以及不具备实施Nuss手术条件的医疗单位,仍可以采用改良Ravitch手术治疗小儿漏斗胸。     

Long-term outcomes after the paediatric Ross and Ross-Konno procedures

 Open in a separate windowOBJECTIVESThe Ross procedure is an attractive option for the management of aortic valve disease in paediatric patients. We reviewed our experience with the paediatric Ross procedure to determine survival and freedom from reoperation in the third decade after surgery.METHODSWe reviewed the data of 124 paediatric patients [71% male, median age at time of surgery 11.1 years (interquartile range 6–14.8 years); 63.7% bicuspid aortic valve], who underwent the Ross procedure at 2 tertiary centres from April 1991 to April 2020. The Ross-Konno procedures were performed on 14 (11.3%) patients. Deaths were cross-checked with the national health insurance database, and survival status was available for 96.8% of the patients. The median follow-up time was 12.1 years (interquartile range 3–18 years).RESULTSThere were 3 early and 6 late deaths. All early deaths occurred in patients aged <1 year at the time of surgery. The 25-year survival was 90.3%. Actuarial freedom from reoperation (linearized rates in parentheses) was as follows: Autograft reoperation was 90.8% (0.48%/patient-year) and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reoperation was 67% (2.07%/patient year) at 25 years. The univariable Cox-proportional hazard analysis revealed younger age at time of surgery (P < 0.001), smaller implanted valve size (P < 0.001) and the use of a xenograft rather than a homograft (P < 0.001) as predictors of RVOT reoperation. At multivariable Cox-proportional hazard analysis, only age was an independent risk factor for RVOT reoperation (P = 0.041).CONCLUSIONSThe Ross and the Ross-Konno procedures are associated with good outcomes in paediatric patients. Reoperation of the RVOT is frequent and associated with younger age.