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目的比较氯仿和丁克除(Desocclusol)对根管充填后再通的能力。方法2007年7月至12月,在吉林大学口腔医学院牙体牙髓科选取60颗离体牙随机分成手动组和超声组。手动组分为A组(H型锉和氯仿去除根管内容物)和B组(H型锉和丁克除去除根管内容物);超声组分为C组(超声K型锉和氯仿去除根管内容物)和D组(超声K型锉和丁克除去除根管内容物)。A、B、C、D每组各15颗牙,比较各组根管再通的操作时间、液体用量和根管内残留物情况。结果各组均能使根管再通,氯仿去除根管内容物操作时间快于丁克除,用量多于后者且差异均有统计学意义(P(0.05);氯仿和丁克除去除牙胶尖的能力相似,手动组和超声组去除牙胶尖的能力也相似,超声组去除根管充填物的彻底程度比手动组强。结论丁克除可以取代氯仿作为牙胶尖的辅助溶剂,辅以超声器械有更好的应用效果。     

Hero Shaper镍钛机用器械去除根管旧充填物能力的体外研究

目的　研究Hero Shaper 镍钛机用根管预备器械去除根管旧充填物的能力。方法　选取临床拔除的48 个单根管前牙, 随机分为2组, 用改良式逐步后退法进行根管预备, 牙胶尖与碧兰糊剂侧方加压充填根管。放置30 d后用不同的方法去除根管旧充填物:A组为H型锉+氯仿组;B组为Hero Shaper+氯仿组;记录操作时间。将牙根纵劈,立体显微镜下观察根管冠1/3 ,中1/3 ,根1/3的残留物情况。结果　在根管的3部分,2种方法清理后的残留物量均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。B组操作时间明显少于A组,具有统计学差异(P<0 .01)。结论　根管再治疗中,使用Hero Shaper镍钛机用根管预备器械可以减少操作时间,获得和H锉相似的清理效果。     

Resosolv和氯仿用于牙髓塑化后根管再通的临床研究

目的　比较Resosolv和氯仿再通塑化后根管的能力。方法　40颗离体牙(80个根管)经FR酚醛树脂塑化 后随机分成4组,每组20个根管。A组:K型锉和Resosolv去除根管内塑化物; B组:K型锉和氯仿去除根管内塑化 物; C组:超声K型锉和Resosolv去除根管内塑化物; D组:超声K型锉和氯仿去除根管内塑化物。记录根管通畅 的个数、操作时间和工作长度丧失情况。结果　Resosolv溶解根管内塑化物的能力明显优于氯仿,Resosolv辅助能 通畅87·5%的根管,而氯仿辅助仅能通畅45·0%的根管。结论　Resosolv是有效的根管内塑化物的辅助溶剂。     

机用镍钛锉去除根管旧充填物能力的体外研究

目的研究0.04锥度的镍钛锉去除根管旧充填物的能力.方法将30颗单根管前牙分成A、B、C三组,每组10颗.用K型锉行根管颈备、牙胶尖+氧化锌侧压法充填.放置30天后用不同的方法去除根管旧充填物A组为K型锉+氯仿组;B组为镍钛锉+氯仿组;C组为单纯应用镍钛锉组.记录操作时间、氯仿用量.将牙根纵劈,立体镜下观察牙根整体及其不同水平的残留物情况,将结果进行统计学分析.结果对于根管整体的残留物量,C组少于A组,存在显著性差异(P=0.007),其余的实验组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).对于操作时间,B、C两组均少于A组(P＜0.05),B、C两组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).B组的氯仿用量少于A组(P＜0.05).结论同K型锉相比,机用镍钛锉去除根管旧充填物更为完善且操作时间显著减少.     

CORTISOMOL根管糊剂加牙胶尖根充的临床观察

目的 探讨CORTISOMOL根管糊剂根充的临床效果。方法 将CORTISOMOL根管糊剂加牙胶尖侧压充填根管,治疗急、慢性根尖周炎,3个月后评价治疗后效果。结果 治疗51例中成功46例,有效5例,术后反应轻,明显优于对照组。结论 CORTISOMOL根管糊剂操作简便,对根尖周炎有较好的治疗作用。     

Vitapex糊剂充填根管的临床研究

目的 观察Vitapex糊剂充填根管的疗效，探讨其最适宜的使用方法。方法 将490例慢性根尖周炎随机分为5组，A，B，C，D为实验组，使用Vitapex糊剂，分别用下列方法进行根充；A组，一次法，加牙胶尖；B3组,一次法，不加牙胶尖；C组，二次法，加牙胶尖；D组，二次法，不加牙胶尖。E为对照组，用常规根管充填剂加牙胶法，二次法根充。结果 1年后复查，B组有效率显著低于其他各组（P＜0．05），且A，B，两组的治愈率低于另外三组（P＜0．05）。结论 Vitapex是一种理想的根管充填材料，二次法根充，不加牙胶尖为其最适宜使用方法。     

Hero642镍钛机动器械根管再治疗清理效果的扫描电镜观察

目的：评价Hero642镍钛机动根管预备器械用于根管再治疗的清理效果。方法：选取临床拔除的36个单根管前牙，随机分为A、B、C3组，用改良式逐步后退法进行根管预备，牙胶尖与碧兰糊剂侧方加压充填根管。30d后，分别采用以下器械与方法去除根管内充填物：A组为不锈钢手用H锉与氯仿；B组为Hero642镍钛机动器械与氯仿；C组为Hero642镍钛机动器械与电热式牙胶加热器。记录操作时间。纵剖样本，扫描电镜下观察根尖1／3、根中1／3、冠1／3的碎屑与玷污层。结果：在根管中段和尖段，C组根管壁的碎屑和玷污层较A、B组少，A组与C组间存在统计学差异（P〈0．05）；在冠1／3处，3种方法对根管的清理效果无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。B组与C组的操作时间明显少于A组，具有统计学差异（P〈0.01）。结论：使用Hero642镍钛机动根管预备器械结合电热式牙胶加热器能有效去除根管内牙胶充填物并节省操作时间，值得在临床推广。     

上颌第一前磨牙根管及根管峡区再治疗的实验研究

目的：评估不同再治疗技术清理根管及峡区内根充物的效果。方法：30颗单牙根双根管的上颌第一前磨牙采用热牙胶连续波充填技术充填后分为3组去除根充物：A组,不锈钢器械（K锉和H锉）;B组,不锈钢器械（K锉和H锉）＋除丁克溶剂;C组,ProTaper再治疗器械＋除丁克溶剂。记录操作时间。各组用除丁克暂封5min,再使用Endo Activator冲洗,拍摄X线片,评价根管内根充物残留量。结果：A组操作时间显著高于B组和C组（P〈0．05）。B组和C组清洁效果优于A组。根管内暂封除丁克及使用Endo Activator冲洗后残留物显著少于器械操作即刻结束的残留物（P〈0．05）。结论：各种再治疗方法均不能彻底清除根管及峡区内的根充物,除丁克和Endo Activator有助于减少根充物残留。     

旋转镍钛器械与手用不锈钢器械去除根充物的效果评价

目的对比再治疗旋转镍钛器械与手用不锈钢器械去除根充物的效果。方法 54颗上切牙根管充填后分为三组(n=18),用不同方法去除根充物:A组:手用不锈钢锉+氯仿组;B组:ProTaper再治疗旋转镍钛组,不使用氯仿;C组:ProTaper+氯仿组。评价操作时间、氯仿用量及根充物残留。结果 B、C组操作时间短于A组(P<0.05),使用氯仿对总操作时间无影响(P>0.05),C组氯仿用量明显少于A组(P<0.01)。三组根充物总残留量无差异(P>0.05)。结论使用旋转镍钛器械去除根充物,可减少氯仿用量,缩短操作时间。     

不同再治疗器械去除根充物效果的比较研究

目的：评价H锉、ProTaper Universal Retreatment和D-RaCe 3种根管再治疗器械去除根充物的效果。方法：将45颗因正畸拔除的单根管下颌前磨牙行根管充填后随机分为3组（n＝15）,分别用H锉（A组）、ProTaper Uni－versal Retreatment（B组）和D－RaCe（C组）再治疗锉配合氯仿溶剂去除根充物,记录到达工作长度的时间（T1）、预备完成所用总时间（T2）,收集根尖外推出物并称重,从颊舌向和近远中向拍摄数码X线片,用Auto－CAD软件测量根管壁上残留充填物的覆盖面积,并评价其占整个根管壁面积的百分比。结果：所有样本根管内均有充填物残留,A组管壁充填物的残留量最少,明显低于B、C组（P＜0．05）,C组管壁充填物的残留量最多,高于B组（P＜0．05）。与手用H锉相比,应用机用镍钛器械再治疗锉显著减少了再治疗所需的时间（P＜0．05）;B和C两组耗时无统计学差异（P＞0．05）。B组根尖外推出物最多,高于C组和A组（P＜0．05）。结论：使用机用镍钛再治疗器械,根管内残留物和根尖外推出物较多,但可缩短操作时间。     

Three-dimensional evaluation of effectiveness of hand and rotary instrumentation for retreatment of canals filled with different materials

The aim of this study was to measure the remaining filling volume of different obturation materials from root-filled extracted teeth by using 2 removal techniques. Eighty single-rooted teeth were collected and decoronated, and the root canal was prepared by using the ProTaper nickel-titanium rotary files. The teeth were randomly allocated into 4 groups, and each group was obturated by using a different material. Group 1 was filled with gutta-percha and TubliSeal sealer, group 2 was filled with EndoRez points and EndoRez sealer, group 3 was filled with RealSeal points and RealSeal sealer, and Group 4 was filled with a gutta-percha point and GuttaFlow sealer. Teeth were scanned with a micro-computed tomography scan, and then root fillings were removed by using ProTaper retreatment files or hand K-files. Teeth were scanned again, and volume measurements were carried out with micro-computed tomography software. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the 2 removal techniques for gutta-percha and for both techniques between gutta-percha and the other groups. The present study showed that all tested filling materials were not completely removed during retreatment by using hand or rotary files. Gutta-percha was more efficiently removed by using hand K-files.     

Comparison between gutta-percha and resilon removal using two different techniques in endodontic retreatment

This study compared the remaining filling material and working time when removing gutta-percha/AH 26 and Resilon/Epiphany from root filled extracted teeth. The root fillings were removed using chloroform and two different rotary systems (K3 and Liberator files). The amount of residual filling material on the canal walls was imaged and measured using image analyzer software. The group filled with Resilon/Epiphany and retreated with K3 files demonstrated the least residual filling material on the walls (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the gutta-percha/AH26 and Resilon/Epiphany groups when the Liberator files were used (p > 0.05). In the groups filled with Resilon/Epiphany, the filling was removed faster than groups filled with gutta-percha/AH 26 (p < 0.05). K3 rotary system was faster than Liberator to remove both gutta-percha and Resilon (p < 0.05). Resilon/Epiphany was effectively removed with K3 or Liberator rotary files.     

Efficacy of ProTaper universal retreatment files in removing filling materials during root canal retreatment

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the ProTaper Universal System rotary retreatment system and of Profile 0.06 and hand instruments (K-file) in the removal of root filling materials. Forty-two extracted single-rooted anterior teeth were selected. The root canals were enlarged with nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files, filled with gutta-percha and sealer, and randomly divided into 3 experimental groups. The filling materials were removed with solvent in conjunction with one of the following devices and techniques: the ProTaper Universal System for retreatment, ProFile 0.06, and hand instruments (K-file). The roots were longitudinally sectioned, and the image of the root surface was photographed. The images were captured in JPEG format; the areas of the remaining filling materials and the time required for removing the gutta-percha and sealer were calculated by using the nonparametric one-way Kruskal-Wallis test and Tukey-Kramer tests, respectively. The group that showed better results for removing filling materials was the ProTaper Universal System for retreatment files, whereas the group of ProFile rotary instruments yielded better root canal cleanliness than the hand instruments, even though there was no statistically significant difference. The ProTaper Universal System for retreatment and ProFile rotary instruments worked significantly faster than the K-file. The ProTaper Universal System for retreatment files left cleaner root canal walls than the K-file hand instruments and the ProFile Rotary instruments, although none of the devices used guaranteed complete removal of the filling materials. The rotary NiTi system proved to be faster than hand instruments in removing root filling materials.     

2种镍钛器械对根管充填物清除效率比较

目的:比较Mtwo R再治疗锉、Reciproc锉与手动器械在根管再治疗过程中对根管内充填物的清除效率.方法:取45颗离体下前牙,清理根管后,预备至40#.牙胶尖和AH Plus糊剂以冷侧压法充填根管.随机分为3组,分别用手用器械、Mtwo R和Reciproc去除根管内充填材料,收集推出根尖孔的碎屑,称重,记录所用时间.样本沿长轴颊舌向劈开,显微镜下进行观察、评分.采用SPSS 13.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析.结果:3种方法碎屑推出量和管壁清洁度无显著差异(P＞0.05),Mtwo R组和Reciproc组用时更少(P＜0.05).结论:镍钛器械并不能完全清除根管充填物,但可以提高效率.     

Effectiveness of rotary and hand files in gutta-percha and sealer removal using chloroform or chlorhexidine gel

The purpose of this study was to assess in vitro the efficacy of nickel-titanium K3 rotary files and hand files for removal of gutta-percha and sealer from obturated root canals using either chloroform or chlorhexidine as solvents. Sixty extracted single-rooted bovine teeth with straight, large canals were prepared, obtured and randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=20). The teeth were stored at 37 degrees C for 1 month and then the gutta-percha and sealer were removed using different techniques, as follows. Group I: size 3 Gates-Glidden drills plus size 30 hand K-files and Hedstr?m files and chloroform; Group II: K3 NiTi rotary files and chloroform; and Group III: K3 NiTi rotary files and 2% chlorhexidine gel. Radiographs were taken and scanned and the images were digitized. The total area of the canal and the area with remaining obturation material were measured in millimeters using a computed image analysis system (ImageLab). Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test at 5% significance level. The groups differed statistically (p<0.05) with respect to the average percentage of remaining gutta-percha and sealer, presenting the following sequence of effectiveness (from most to least effective): Group I (15.48%), Group II (28.42%) and Group III (35.96%). The findings of this study showed that, despite the technique used for removal of filling material, none of the retreated canals were completely free of gutta-percha and sealer remnants. The use of stainless steel hand files resulted in a lesser amount of filling debris than the use of nickel-titanium rotary instruments.     

In vitro analysis of thermocompaction time and gutta-percha type on quality of main canal and lateral canals filling

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of filling in main and lateral root canals performed with the McSpadden technique, regarding the time spent on the procedure and the type of gutta-percha employed. Fifty simulated root canals, made with six lateral canals placed two apiece in the cervical, middle and apical thirds of the root, were divided into 5 groups. Group A: McSpadden technique with conventional gutta-percha, performed with sufficient time for canal filling; Group B: McSpadden technique with conventional gutta-percha, performed in twice the mean time used in Group A; Group C: McSpadden technique with TP gutta-percha, performed with sufficient time for canal filling; Group D: McSpadden technique with TP gutta-percha, performed in twice the mean time used in Group C; Group E: lateral condensation technique. Images of the filled root canals were taken using a stereomicroscope and analyzed using the Leica QWIN Pro software for filling material flow, gutta-percha filling extension and sealer flow. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (p < 0.05). The best values of penetration in lateral canals in the middle third occurred in the groups where TP gutta-percha was used. However, in the apical third, group B showed the best values. Although a longer time of compactor use allows greater penetration of the filling material into the lateral canals, the presence of voids resulted in bad quality radiographic images, suggesting porosity. The best quality of filling material was observed in Group A (McSpadden technique with conventional Gutta-Percha, performed with sufficient time for root canal filling).     

Removal of resin-based root canal filling materials with K3 rotary instruments: relative efficacy for different combinations of filling materials

Removal of resin-based root canal filling materials may cause serious problems during root canal retreatment. This study compared the working time and amount of canal enlargement when different resin-based root canal filling materials were removed with K3 rotary instruments with or without heat-softening using System B. Root canal sealer/filling point combinations tested were Epiphany/Resilon, SuperBond/Resilon, SuperBond/gutta-percha, and Canals N/gutta-percha. The materials were filled into simulated curved resin canals and removed with K3 instruments in a standardized crown-down procedure. In terms of working time, Epiphany/Resilon required a significantly longer working time than the others. However, heat application with System B significantly reduced the working time for the removal of Epiphany/Resilon. In terms of canal enlargement, there were no significant differences among the tested groups as determined with digital morphometry. It was thus concluded that Epiphany removal with K3 rotary instruments might result in extended working time, but which could be reduced with heat-softening using System B.     

Evaluation of Root Canal Obturation: A Three-dimensional In Vitro Study

The aim of the study was to measure percentage of volume of voids and gaps in root canals obturated with different obturation materials by using micro–computed tomography (micro-CT). Forty-eight single-rooted teeth were collected and decoronated, and root canals were prepared by using rotary files. The roots were randomly allocated into 4 groups, and each group was obturated by using cold lateral compaction with a different material (gutta-percha and TubliSeal sealer, EndoRez points and EndoRez sealer, RealSeal points and RealSeal sealer, and a gutta-percha point and GuttaFlow sealer). Roots were scanned with micro-CT, and volume measurements for voids and gaps in the obturated roots were carried out by using specialized CT software. Percentage of gaps and voids was calculated. Statistical analysis showed that gutta-percha exhibited an overall significantly lower percentage (1.02%) of voids and gaps. The present study showed that none of the root canal filled teeth were gap-free. Roots filled with gutta-percha showed less voids and gaps than roots filled with the remaining filling materials.     

A comparative study of five materials for use in filling root canal spaces.

The purpose of this study was dual: (1) to test the adaptation of various filling materials to the walls of instrumented root canals and (2) to test which of the experimental materials can be utilized with the pressure syringe. The root canal spaces of 210 extracted permanent anterior teeth were instrumented and, with the pressure syringe, the canals and access cavities were filled with a sealer or cement. Teeth filled with laterally condensed gutta-percha and sealer, and with a silver cone plus laterally condensed gutta-percha and sealer served as the controls. Except for the apical openings, the roots were coated with sticky wax and then placed in methylene blue dye at 37 degrees C. for periods of 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month. The teeth were removed from the dye and sectioned longitudinally, and the length of the dye penetration between the filling and the canal wall was measured. Of all materials tested, the silver point control exhibited the least amount of marginal seepage at each time period. AH-26 exhibited the least amount of marginal seepage after 30 days as compared to the other experimental materials and the gutta-percha control, and was the easiest material to handle of all those tested. Since gutta-percha has been shown to be clinically successful, and since it did not differ significantly in dye seepage from the other materials, all materials tested will give a satisfactory result up to 30 days when used as a root canal sealer under these testing conditions.