钼靶X线征象与不同类型乳腺癌关系的病理基础研究

目的:探讨不同类型乳腺癌的X线表现与其病理基础之间的关系。方法:经乳腺X线检查,手术、病理证实的乳腺癌36例,共36个病灶,包括浸润性导管癌26个,导管内癌及导管内癌伴微浸润7个,浸润性小叶癌2个,黏液腺癌伴浸润性导管癌1个。观察乳腺癌的X线表现,与病理分型对照。结果:①癌灶的X线表现有肿块者23个(63.9%),有钙化者18个(50%),有结构扭曲者3个(8.3%);②呈肿块表现的以浸润性导管癌为主,占87.9%;有钙化者易出现在导管内癌和浸润性导管癌中,分别占87.5%、42.3%,尤其单纯钙化多出现在导管内癌中(71.4%,5/7);结构扭曲可见于浸润性导管癌和导管内癌中,其它类型未见。结论:肿块、钙化和结构扭曲为乳腺癌的主要X线表现。浸润性导管癌占乳腺癌的大部分,除单纯钙化首先考虑导管内癌,其余征象均首先考虑浸润性导管癌;肿块改变尚要想到髓样癌和黏液腺癌的可能;结构扭曲也可出现在导管内癌中。     

肾肿瘤的组织学分类

Ⅰ、肾实质的上皮性肿瘤A.腺瘤(Adenoma)B.癌(Carcinoma)1.肾细胞癌(Renal cell carcinoma)2.其它Ⅱ、肾盂的上皮性肿瘤A.变移细胞乳头状瘤(Transitional cell papilloma)B.变移细胞癌(Transitional cell carcinoma)C.鳞状细胞癌(Squamous cell carcinoma)     

提高对乳腺浸润性小叶癌X线表现的认识(附28例分析)

目的　提高浸润性小叶癌不同X线征象 ,尤其是易忽视征象的认识。方法　回顾性分析 2 7例 (2 8个病灶 )浸润性小叶癌的X线征象 ,并与临床资料、B超检查对照。结果　①浸润性小叶癌X线表现为肿块 13个 ,肿块伴钙化 5个 ,结构扭曲 4个 ,不定性钙化 2个 ,单纯恶性钙化、局灶性不对称致密各 1个 ,阴性 2例。② 18个肿块改变为主者 ,以不规则形生长 (5/ 18)伴浸润性或星芒状边缘最常见 (15/ 18)。③ 2 8个病灶中以易忽视征象表现的 7个 ,其中结构扭曲 4个、不定性钙化 2个、局灶性不对称致密 1个。④本组检出病变敏感性 :X线 86% (2 4/ 2 8) ,临床检查 64% (18/ 2 8) ,B超 85% (17/ 2 0 ) ,三者结合 ,敏感性提高至 96% (2 7/ 2 8)。结论　浸润性小叶癌以浸润性边缘或星芒状边缘的不规则肿块结构扭曲等改变最常见。X线、B超和临床检查三者结合 ,能提高肿瘤的检出率。     

乳腺浸润性微乳头状癌的病理与临床

目的：观察14例乳腺浸润性微乳头状癌（invasive micropapillary carcinoma,IMC）的临床病理学特点,探讨IMC的临床病理特征、诊断、综合治疗和预后。方法：采用光镜和免疫组化SP法对14例IMC进行观察并结合文献分析。结果：14例乳腺IMC与浸润性导管癌相比无特殊的临床症状、体征及大体检查。光镜下特征性表现为肿瘤细胞呈桑椹状、微乳头状或小腺管样排列,癌巢与周围间质形成明显的空隙。微乳头缺乏纤维血管轴心。免疫组化染色EMA阳性部位在癌细胞巢团或微乳头状、腺管的外表面。结论：浸润性微乳头状癌是一种少见类型的浸润性乳腺癌,具有淋巴管侵袭性强、淋巴结转移率高、预后差的生物学行为。     

肿块型乳腺浸润性导管癌60例钼靶征象分析

目的：分析肿块型乳腺浸润性导管癌的钼靶表现,进一步提高诊断水平。方法对经手术病理证实,且术前均行全数字化乳腺摄影检查的肿块型浸润性导管癌60例的X线征象进行回顾分析。结果60例X线征象：分叶状肿块6例,边缘规则肿块2例,边缘不规则肿块35例,星芒状肿块10例,边界模糊或呈浸润性改变37例,肿块合并钙化26例,伴有毛刺25例,伴乳头凹陷11例,伴皮肤增厚15例,伴大导管征6例。结论肿块边缘的浸润性改变或边缘的不规则可能是浸润性导管癌最常见的X线表现,其他征象依次为肿块合并钙化、乳头及皮肤改变以及大导管征的出现,亦对定性诊断颇具意义。     

乳腺癌的X线表现及病理基础

目的　分析常见乳腺癌的X线表现及其病理基础。方法　经乳腺X线检查 ,手术、病理证实的乳腺癌灶 397个 ,包括浸润性导管癌 2 97个、导管原位癌及导管原位癌伴微浸润 38个、黏液腺癌 2 1个、髓样癌 2 2个和浸润性小叶癌 19个。观察乳腺癌的X线表现 ,与病理分型、分级对照。结果　 ( 1)癌灶的X线表现为有钙化者 170个 ( 42 8%) ,有肿块者 2 5 8个 ( 6 5 0 %) ,有结构扭曲者 33个( 8 3%)。 ( 2 )有钙化者易出现在导管原位癌和浸润性导管癌中 ( χ2 =30 90 ,P <0 0 0 1) ,尤其单纯钙化多出现在导管原位癌中 ( 6 5 8%,2 5 / 38)。 ( 3)呈肿块表现的多见于髓样癌 ( 90 9%,2 0 / 2 2 )和黏液腺癌 ( 81 0 %,17/ 2 1) ,与其他乳腺癌相比差异有非常显著意义 ( χ2 =30 87,P <0 0 0 1)。肿块伴钙化 99个 ,在各病理类型乳腺癌中均可见 ,但当钙化颗粒 >10枚 ( χ2 =11 47,P <0 0 0 1)或钙化灶直径≥ 3cm(Fisher法精确 χ2 检验 ,P =0 0 2 3 7)则多见于导管原位癌和浸润性导管癌。单纯肿块改变 15 9个病灶 ,各类乳腺癌的边缘改变不完全相同 ( χ2 =34 82 ,P <0 0 5 )。 ( 4)结构扭曲伴钙化仅见于浸润性导管癌 ,单纯结构扭曲见于浸润性导管癌和浸润性小叶癌 ,其他类型未见。 ( 5 )对浸润性导管癌 ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级     

乳腺癌超声分型与病理组织学分型的对照研究

目的:探讨乳腺癌超声分型与病理组织学分型之间的关系及临床意义。方法:对119例术后证实为乳腺癌患者术前的彩色多普勒超声声像图进行分型,并与病理分型对照,分析各型乳腺癌的超声图像特点及其与病理组织学诊断的符合率。结果:119例乳腺癌患者超声发现病灶126个,根据声像图表现分为5型:Ⅰ型(结节型)10例,病理为非浸润性癌1例,早期浸润性癌1例,混合性癌1例,浸润性癌7例,本型超声与病理诊断符合8例(80%)。Ⅱ型(团块型):ⅡA型(边界清晰型)3例,病理为髓样癌3例;ⅡB型(边缘毛糙型)104例,病理为非浸润性癌4例,早期浸润癌6例,浸润性非特殊类型癌93例,罕见型癌1例。超声与病理诊断符合率为98.1%(105/107)。Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型超声与病理诊断符合率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=167.744,P0.01);Ⅲ型(囊实型)3例,病理为囊内乳头状癌2例,浸润性癌1例。超声与病理诊断符合2例。Ⅳ型(导管型)4例,病理为导管内原位癌1例,早期浸润癌1例,浸润性癌2例。超声与病理诊断符合2例。Ⅴ型(弥漫型)2例,病理诊断早期浸润性癌1例,浸润性导管癌1例。超声与病理诊断符合1例。结论:乳腺癌超声分型与病理分型密切相关,肿块的超声形态特点对组织学分类有提示作用。     

扩散加权成像对不同病理类型乳腺癌的鉴别诊断价值

目的：探讨扩散加权成像（DWI）及ADC值（ADC）测量对不同病理类型乳腺癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法：回顾分析50例经病理证实的乳腺癌患者的MRI资料,DWI检查采用EPI技术,分别测量乳腺病灶及正常乳腺ADC值,对不同病理类型乳腺癌的ADC值进行单因素方差分析并进行两两比较。结果：50例中浸润性导管癌34例,黏液腺癌6例,乳头状癌4例,浸润性筛状癌4例和髓样癌2例。乳腺癌和正常组织的ADC值分别为（1.31±0.06）×10-3及（2.06±0.04）×10-3mm2/s。浸润性导管癌、黏液腺癌、乳头状癌及筛状癌之间ADC值差异有统计学意义（F=9.406,P〈0.05）,黏液腺癌与浸润性导管癌、乳头状癌及筛状癌之间ADC值差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,浸润性导管癌与乳头状癌及筛状癌间的ADC值差异无统计学意义（P值分别为0.671和0.333）。结论：不同类型乳腺癌因病理基础不同,ADC值变化存在一定差异,ADC值测量有助于部分病理类型乳腺癌的鉴别诊断。     

血清FPSA/TPSA及性腺激素测定结合核素骨显像在前列腺癌诊断、复发和转移中的临床价值

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of free prostate antigen (FPSA) , total prostate specific antigen (TPSA) , FPSA / TPSA and serum hormones (PRL, FSH, LH, Prog, T, E2) combined with ECT bone imaging in patients with prostate carcinoma. Methods 44 healthy males, 75 patients of benign prostate disease (including 41 of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 25 of HBP with acute urinary retention (BPH + AUR) surgery, 9 of acute prostatitis) , and 48 patients with prostate carcinoma were enrolled in this study. Their Gonadal hormones and TPSA, FPSA, FPSA / TPSA were measured. Results ①The level of TPSA and FPSA in patients with prostate carcinoma or benign prostate disease were significantly higher than in healthy control (t1=11.42, t2=12.01, P<0.01); ②hose in patients with prostate carcinoma were obviously higher than in patients with benign prostate disease (t1=10.69, t2=11.18, P<0.01); ③he ratio of FPSA/TPSA in patients with prostate carcinoma was obviously lower than those with BPH 0,=10.69, t2=11.18, P<0.01), but there were no significant differences between patients with BPH+AUR and acute prostatitis (t1=0.73, t2=0.62, P>0.05); ④he FSH and LH of gonadal hormones in patients with prostate carcinoma were obviously higher than in patients with benign prostate diseases and healthy control.鈶?Except patients having operation total correction, the gonadal hormones and FSH/LH, T in patients with prostate carcinoma having different treatment programs all had variances before and after therapy; ⑤TPSA and FPSA in patients with prostate carcinoma having bone metastasis were much higher than those without bone metastasis (t/TPSA=5.38, t/fpsA=4.26, P<0.01), the ratio of FPSA/TPSA between those two had no significant disparity (t=1.61, P>0.05). Conclusion here was great clinlical value of the determination of TPSA and FPSA in diagnosis of prostate carcinoma, identification of prostate carcinoma and benign prostate disease and in judgment of bone metastasis. The ratio of FPSA /TPSA <0.16 is a proper prediction index for diagnosis of prostate carcinoma, FPSA /TPSA might be <0.16 in healthy ones and patients with acute prostatitis or BPH ; but when FPSA / TPSA <0.16, the risk of prostate cancer would increase; Gonadal hormones is useful biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment in patients with prostate carcinoma.     

乳腺MRI在X线检查乳腺阴性腋淋巴结转移癌阳性患者中的应用价值

目的 探讨乳腺MR检查对临床乳腺触诊和X线检查均为阴性的腋淋巴结转移癌患者寻找其乳腺内原发病灶的应用价值.方法 分析33例以腋淋巴结转移癌为首诊表现(临床乳腺触诊和X线检查均为阴性)患者的乳腺MR影像资料,依据美国放射学会的乳腺影像报告和数据系统MRI标准对所有病变进行分析,并将MRI诊断结果与病理进行对照.结果 33例腋淋巴结转移癌患者中,30例临床行乳腺根治术,其中17例经病理证实为乳腺癌,乳腺MRI检出其中的16例,包括10例肿块性病变和6例非肿块性病变,肿块性病变直径0.5～2.6 cm(平均1.5 cm),直径≤1.5 cm者6例;非肿块性病变包括4例导管性强化和2例段性强化;另1例病理切片发现乳腺癌但乳腺MRI为阴性.其余13例行乳腺根治术患者病理检查未发现乳腺癌灶,其中9例乳腺MRI亦呈阴性表现,另4例MRI提示可疑癌灶.余3例临床未行手术治疗的患者,乳腺MRI亦为阴性.以病理诊断为金标准,MR检出乳腺原发癌灶的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为94.1%、69.2%和83.3%.结论 相对于一般乳腺癌而言,隐匿性乳腺癌MRI表现更以小灶性的肿块性病变和导管或段性强化的非肿块性病变为常见表现类型.乳腺MR检查对隐匿性乳腺癌的检出具有较高的敏感度和准确度,应作为这类患者的常规检查手段.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the role of breast MRI in detecting the primary malignancy in patients presenting solely with axillary lymph node metastases. Methods Thirty-three patients with axillary lynph node metastases but negative findings on either physical examination or mammography underwent breast MRI to identify occult breast carcinoma. MRI of the breast was assessed according to BI-RADS criteria. The pathologic diagnosis was made according to the standard criteria by the WHO Classification of Tumor. Results Among 33 patients presenting solely with axillary metastases, 30 patients underwent modified radical mastectomy. Primary breast carcinoma was proven in 17 patients. MRI detected lesions in 16 patients, including 10 masses and 6 non-mass lesions. Size of the masses ranged from 0. 5 to 2. 6 cm (mean 1.5 cm). Six lesions were smaller than 1.5 cm in size. Non-mass lesions showed ductal enhancement in 4 cases and segmental enhancement in 2 cases. One patient with tumor detected by histopathology showed no abnormal enhancement on MRI. No tumor was found at mastectomy in the other 13 womeu, and negative MR findings were revealed in 9. Four cases with suspicious enhancement on MRI had no corresponding primary foci on pathology. Three patients didn't undergo surgical procedure. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRI in the diagnosis of the primary malignancy were 94. 1%,69. 2%, and 83.3%, respectively. Conclusions Small size of mass and ductal or segmental enhancement of non-mass lesion were common MR features of occult malignancy. MRI showed high sensitivity and accuracy in diagnosing occult breast carcinoma. Breast MRI should be taken in search of occult malignancy in patients with axillary metastases.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

海马头部浅沟消失对海马硬化诊断价值的探讨

目的　探讨海马头部浅沟消失对海马硬化的诊断价值。方法　对 18例经组织学检查证实的海马硬化患者的MRI检查资料和 18例年龄相匹配的对照组进行回顾性分析 ,观察海马头部浅沟的显示情况、海马头部大小和信号改变。结果　 18例海马硬化患者中 ,16例硬化侧海马头部浅沟消失 ,1例硬化侧海马头部浅沟明显变浅 ,几乎消失 ,1例硬化侧海马头部浅沟存在。硬化侧海马头部均有萎缩 ,并在T2 WI和液体衰减恢复 (FLAIR)成像呈高信号。海马头部浅沟消失对海马硬化诊断的敏感性为 88.9% ,特异性为 10 0 %。结论　海马头部浅沟消失是诊断海马硬化的一个可靠征象 ,结合患侧海马有萎缩性改变和T2 加权成像信号增高 ,可肯定诊断海马硬化。     

肝癌转移机制研究进展

肝癌细胞的侵袭和转移是肝癌治疗失败和患者致死的主要原因，因此，了解肝癌侵袭转移的相关机制十分重要。肿瘤转移是一个多步骤的复杂的生物学过程，多个因素参与了肿瘤转移的调控，癌基因的表达上调、抑癌基因的失活、免疫基因的失调、肿瘤细胞间粘附作用的丧失、新生血管的形成、蛋白水解酶的合成、细胞的迁移能力增强、肿瘤细胞和基底膜的粘附等等，都是促进肿瘤转移复发的重要因素。     

跟骨骨折临床治疗探讨

目的：探讨跟骨骨折的分型与临床治疗措施的选择。方法：自2002年1月-2008年1月，选择我科收治的跟骨骨折患者中的100例，分为手术组与非手术组，其中非手术组50例，手术组50例；男85例，女15例。结果：手术治疗组患者术后跟部疼痛不适、行走受限较非手术组明显轻。结论：手术治疗能大限度恢复跟骨的解剖结构，减少跟骨骨折所致的并发症。