CT引导下经眶—圆孔入路射频热凝治疗第2支三叉神经痛

目的:探讨CT引导下经眶-圆孔穿刺入路在第2支三叉神经痛射频热凝治疗中的安全性和疗效。方法:对64例第2支三叉神经痛患者,先行CT扫描评估和确定穿刺径路。取眶外下缘交界处偏内侧为穿刺点,在CT引导下调整穿刺针的方向和深度,穿刺圆孔并成功定位后,行温控射频热凝治疗。结果:1例因CT扫描评估穿刺困难而改经Hartel前入路穿刺。余63例行经眶-圆孔穿刺,其中60例顺利穿刺达圆孔内和半月神经节,3例仅到达圆孔外口。治疗后疼痛均缓解,除面部麻木外,无严重并发症。结论:CT引导下眶-圆孔入路射频热凝治疗第2支三叉神经痛,定位准确,无严重并发症,安全性和治疗效果良好。     

经皮穿刺圆孔射频治疗上颌神经痛的临床研究

目的:探讨经皮穿剌圆孔射频治疗上颌神经痛的疗效。方法:对21例内科治疗失败或有创治疗后复发的上颌神经痛患者,在X线引导下,将头端塑形的普通射频穿刺针,以前下方入路经皮经翼腭窝穿刺圆孔,对上颌神经干行射频温控热凝处理。以视觉模拟评分法(visual analoguescale,VAS)记录患者术前、术后72小时以及术后随访期内疼痛程度来评价治疗疗效。结果:对21患者成功施行23次上颌神经干射频热凝术。21例患者术前VAS评分7.4±1.6分。术后72小时所有患者VAS评分均为0分。手术后随访时间4周到9周(平均31周),未出现上颌神经痛复发。术后上颌神经分布区面部麻木感发生率95.2%(20/21),面部肿胀发生率38.1%(8/21),无角膜感觉神经功能损伤病例发生。结论:经皮穿刺圆孔射频温控热凝处理上颌神经干治疗三叉神经上颌支痛是安全和有效的。     

翼腭窝病变CT,MRI诊断

本文报告了82例翼腭窝病变的CT、MRI表现，发现该窝病变以继发肿瘤侵犯为主，其中多见于上颌窦癌和鼻咽癌。文内讨论了翼腭窝解剖，各疾病侵犯特点，指出横切CT检查应作为诊断该窝病变的常规检查方法。     

经眶底,翼腭凹进路高位切断上颌神经术

三叉神经上颌支痛常采用眶下神经撕脱术治疗但术后易复发。作者自１９９０年起设计经眶底翼腭凹进路高位切断上颌神经术治疗三叉神经上颌支气疼痛患者５例，随访３２～４８月，效果满意，未见复发。     

Advanced concepts in the imaging of perineural spread of tumor to the trigeminal nerve

Perineural spread of head and neck tumor represents extension of the primary tumor along the perineurium. Diagnosis of perineural spread of carcinoma often is delayed unless the clinician maintains a high index of suspicion. It may be insidious, and patients may be asymptomatic for years. Perineural spread of carcinoma has been associated with a poor prognosis; however, it is becoming increasingly realized that cure is possible in some cases, if the full extent of the disease is known and treated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect perineural spread of head and neck carcinoma and define its extent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice to assess perineural disease due to its superior tissue contrast and multiplanar capability. Perineural spread of head and neck carcinomas most commonly involves the trigeminal nerve. Obliteration of the fat within (a) the superior medial orbital (ophthalmic division territory), (b) the periantral fat plane (maxillary division distribution), and (c) the pterygopalatine fossa all are useful indicators of distal perineural disease. A perineural vascular plexus (PNVP) surrounds the trigeminal ganglion and proximal portions of the trigeminal nerve divisions. The trigeminal ganglion and proximal portions of its divisions usually are seen as discrete nonenhancing structures separate from the PNVP. Occasionally, isolated enhancement of the ganglion and the proximal portions of the maxillary and mandibular divisions as they exit the skull base may be seen. This may be an artifact related to head position or may represent avid enhancement of the PNVP. In these situations, evaluating all branches, and the entire course, of the trigeminal nerve for perineural spread can aid in determining whether the apparent enhancement is an isolated normal variant or represents nerve pathology such as perineural spread.     

Diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia is a disease affecting older individuals. The clinical hallmark of trigeminal neuralgia is a sudden, excruciating paroxysm of pain in the area of the trigeminal nerve. Drug therapy is considered the first line of treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. Anticonvulsant carbamazepine has been used. If relevant pharmacotherapy has been tried without any effect, other procedures are selected. These procedures are microvascular decompression(a radical technique), glycerol trigeminal rhizotomy, percutaneous trigeminal nerve decompression and nerve block. Nerve block with neurolytic solutions and radiofrequency thermocoagulation is a simple, less invasive therapy. In order to avoid hypesthesia and dysesthesia, nerve block using a high concentration of local anesthetics is recommended. In recent years, stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia has emerged as a new therapeutic modality.     

Feasibility of pudendal nerve anesthetic block using fusion imaging technique in chronic pelvic pain

Chronic perineal pain syndrome caused by pudendal nerve, is caused by the nerve entrapment between the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments (interligamentous plane) at the ischial spine and in the Alcock’s canal. Pain therapists approach the problem with peripheral nerve blocks. Needle placement is done by a fluoroscopic, computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound (US) guide. The first is unable to visualize the interligamentous plane and it exposes the patient to potentially harmful ionizing radiations. CT scan allows the visualization of the interligamentous space and of Alcock’s canal, but it is lacking real-time visual control. US alone ensures real-time needle advancement and confirmation of injective spread within the interligamentous plane but it’s usually combined with intraoperative fluoroscopy because at the depth of the ischial spine (usually more than 7 cm) the resolution should be suboptimal. We tried to improve pudendal anesthetic block using fusion real time imaging between US and CT. The system combines, in real time, US imaging with previous magnetic resonance (MR) or CT data. Imaging fusion is possible through the identification of anatomical landmarks of the same patient obtained by the different imaging modalities. Fusion imaging could help to avoid multiple exposures to ionizing radiations, improving costs and quality. We decided to verify the potential of this technique, normally employed to guide interventional imaging, to peripheral anesthetic block, testing its feasibility.     

DZY-C型三叉神经立体定向仪治疗三叉神经痛的特点

背景经皮三叉神经半月穿刺损毁术是治疗原发性三叉神经痛的方法之一.因其穿刺技术操作上的难度,可导致误伤及一些严重的并发症.DZY-C型三叉神经立体定向仪治疗原发性三叉神经痛具有穿刺准确度高、并发症低等特点,可减少误伤周围血管、神经的机会.目的评价应用DZY-C型三叉神经立体定向仪治疗三叉神经痛的疗效.设计以患者为研究对象,前后对照研究.单位一所市级中医院的脑外科和一所市级医院.对象2001/2003佛山市中医院门诊或住院部就诊的原发性三叉神经痛患者90例,男39例,女51例;年龄21～90岁.干预所有患者按要求在DZY-C型三叉神经立体定向仪的引导下,经皮穿刺三叉神经半月节,注射甘油.疗效根据视觉模拟评分法(visual ana1ogue scale,VAS)在患者治疗前及治疗后30 min对疼痛程度进行评估.主要观察指标疗效评定结果.结果应用DZY-C型三叉神经立体定向仪,对90例原发性三叉神经痛患者进行三叉神经半月节穿刺,均一次穿刺成功,注射甘油后,原三叉神经疼痛消除90例,优良率达100%.结论DZY-C型三叉神经立体定向仪的结构设计合理,手术操作简易,调节灵活,组织损伤少,使用安全,可明显消除三叉神经痛.     

误诊为原发典型三叉神经痛的桥小脑角胆脂瘤的临床研究

目的：探讨三叉神经痛型桥小脑角胆脂瘤的发生机制、临床表现和治疗原则。方法：回顾性总结21例以原发典型三叉神经痛为主要表现的胆脂瘤患者的临床表现、肿瘤生长部位与大小、手术入路与技巧、结果和术后并发症等资料。结果：肿瘤全切16例,次全切5例。所有患者均表现为同侧三叉神经痛。术中发现10例肿瘤将三叉神经包绕在瘤内。术后三叉神经痛均消失,面部感觉减退2例,听力减退1例;1例疑似无菌性脑膜炎。结论：桥小脑角区胆脂瘤与三叉神经痛的关系复杂,应采取手术治疗,术中根据肿瘤和周围结构的关系以确定是否全切,术后注意无菌性脑膜炎等并发症。     

Long-term pain control in trigeminal neuralgia with local anesthetics using an indwelling catheter in the mandibular nerve

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to determine the usefulness of long-term continuous trigeminal nerve block with local anesthetics using an indwelling catheter in a patient with trigeminal neuralgia. DESIGN: The study design included pain control in a patient with trigeminal neuralgia until the time of neurosurgical operation. SETTING: The study was conducted in the Dental Hospital of Tokyo Medical and Dental University. PATIENT: The patient was a 78-year-old woman with trigeminal neuralgia in the right maxillary region. Her pain could not be controlled by carbamazepine and was unbearable. INTERVENTION: The authors estimated the patient's pain intensity, quality, and locality using a visual analog scale to determine the effectiveness of continuous nerve block. OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual analog scores were measured during treatment. The treatment term was divided into three periods according to the difference of the catheter location and injection protocol (premandibular nerve block, infuser injection, and patient-controlled analgesia [PCA] pump injection). The authors also examined the patient's general condition and blood concentration of drugs. RESULTS: The visual analog values were 44.8 +/- 3.6, 26.7 +/- 3.5, and 11.9 +/- 3.1 mm in each period, respectively. The value in the PCA pump infusion period was significantly lower than that in the other periods. No side effects of the local anesthetics were observed on the patient's systemic condition. CONCLUSIONS: The authors controlled trigeminal neuralgia pain by blocking the mandibular nerve with local anesthetics administered through an indwelling catheter. Because the continuous nerve block with local anesthetics is reversible and only mildly toxic, this method is beneficial for pain control in patients with trigeminal neuralgia scheduled to undergo microvascular decompression.     

Anesthesia (18)

Computed tomography—guided pudendal nerve block. A new diagnostic approach to long-term anoperineal pain: a report of two cases. (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX) Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000;25:420–423.
This report showed the value of computed tomography (CT) in selectively blocking the pudendal nerve in patients with long-term anogenital pain of uncertain etiology. In 1 patient, a competitive cyclist, blocking the nerve under CT substantiated the diagnosis of pudendal neuralgia. The procedure relieved the pain for approximately 24 h. In the other patient, pudendal nerve block produced perineal analgesia, but no pain relief. Superior hypogastric plexus block relieved the pain significantly for about 4 weeks on 2 separate occasions, suggesting sympathetically maintained pain. Conclude that the use of CT to guide the procedure allowed precision in performing the procedure and in making a differential diagnosis.     

A new approach to the neurolytic block of the coeliac plexus: the transaortic technique

The present study critically examines the coeliac plexus block techniques hitherto adopted, pointing out the complications involved and stressing the seriousness of the neurological complications due to spread of the neurolytic agent to the sympathetic chain and the lumbar plexus. Contrast enhanced CT scans demonstrate the difficulties involved in confining the neurolytic agent to the anterior, peri-aortic and precrural regions. The authors report their recent experience with coeliac plexus block by means of a single transaortic needle in 28 patients. In 12 of the patients, the CT scan revealed a spread was anterior to the medial crura of the diaphragm, sometimes extending laterally towards the costovertebral gutter along the ventral surface of the diaphragm.     

神经阻滞技术与周围神经痛

介绍三叉神经痛、舌咽神经痛、枕神经痛、颈椎性神经根痛、肋间神经痛、坐骨神经痛、股神经痛、股外侧皮神经痛、髂腹股沟及髂腹下神经痛等10种周围神经痛的病因和发病机制、临床症状、诊断以及治疗方法。神经阻滞(nerveblock,NB)技术治疗这些疾病是来源于麻醉学的一种独特的方法。当药物疗法或其他方法不见效时改用这种技术可获显著效果,于是详述眶上NB,眶下NB,上颌NB,下颌NB,颏NB,半月神经节乙醇、甘油、热凝NB,舌咽NB,枕NB,肋间NB,腰大肌肌沟阻滞,股NB,股外侧皮NB,髂腹股沟及髂腹下NB等18种NB技术的实施方法。     

Trigeminal neuralgia: evaluation of percutaneous neurodestructive procedures

The treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), which is resistant to medical therapy, has benefited from many surgical techniques. It is not possible, in light of the present level of knowledge, to establish exactly which method is the most suitable. It does, however, seem significant that certain side effects appear, in varying percentages, in all kinds of operations. In 13 years, 2,094 patients suffering from TN have been treated by the authors with percutaneous Gasserian neurolysis, 128 patients with radiofrequency trigeminal neurolysis, and 1,966 with selective ethanolic trigeminal neurolysis (SETN). Our experience treating TN with controlled increments of ethanol by means of a needle introduced through the oval foramen in the Gasserian ganglion is related here. The tip of the needle is accurately placed among the roots desired under fluoroscopic control. The clinical effects on the conscious patient of a prognostic block with local anesthetics are evaluated before producing the neurolysis. Follow-up has been long enough to show that SETN is a highly selective procedure, which shouldn't be underrated in the centers that use it routinely.     

三叉神经岩骨嵴压迹的研究及临床应用

目的对原发性三叉神经痛患者做薄层CT及MRI扫描,观察三叉神经的跨越岩骨嵴处的解剖学特点找到原发性三叉神经痛可靠的CT定位的放疗靶点。方法我们对95例原发性三叉神经痛病人采用17~29 Gy的剂量进行X刀放疗,应用50例患者进行薄`层CT研究,扫描层厚为1.25 mm及0.625 mm,同时进行1.25 mm层厚MRI扫描,并进行CT和MRI图象融合研究。结果结果发现在1.25 mm层厚压迹发现率94%,0.625 mm压迹发现率100%,CT和MRI图象融合发现MRI图象显示的三叉神经穿越岩骨嵴形成的凹陷完全一致,准确率100%。放疗效果有效率为85.26%。结论三叉神经跨越岩骨嵴处存在压迹,这一骨性标志是原发性三叉神经痛放疗的可靠标志点。     

带状疱疹后三叉神经痛临床及病理分析

目的：探讨带状疱疹后三叉神经痛的临床及病理特点。方法：对34例带状疱疹后三叉神经痛进行临床分析,7例行Dandy氏手术并取病理检查。结果：发病年龄50～60岁20例（59%）。右侧21例（62%）。累及三叉神经I支24例（71%）。并发角膜溃疡12例,角膜炎10例。疱疹后三叉神经痛24例的病理所见,三叉神经感觉根肿胀、轴突变性、节段性脱髓鞘,神经纤维内见淋巴细胞及中性粒细胞浸润。结论：带状疱疹后三叉神经痛是带状疱疹病毒感染所致的三叉神经感觉根急、慢性炎症所致。该病多发生于中老年人,右侧I支较多,易并发角膜溃疡及角膜炎。Dandy氏手术是治疗带状疱疹引起的顽固性三叉神经痛的有效方法。     

T三维成像精确定位卵圆孔行射频热凝术治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效分析

目的:探讨经CT三维成像精确定位卵圆孔在原发性三叉神经痛射频热凝治疗中的应用,评价其近、中期临床有效率和安全性。方法:30例原发性三叉神经痛患者。穿刺前,行CT扫描和三维重建,通过计算机测量以明确穿刺方向和深度,按Hartel前入路穿刺。穿刺后,再次通过三维CT扫描和三维重建以调整穿刺针的方向和深度,神经电生理测试定位明确卵圆孔位置,穿刺卵圆孔定位成功后,行射频温控热凝术,观察术后近期临床疗效和并发症并对中期疗效进行随访。结果:术中所有患者穿刺均成功,术后全部患者疼痛缓解,近期疼痛缓解程度和有效率随时间增加,无严重并发症发生。术后1年随访27例,有效率为88.89%,1例复发,占3.70%。结论:经CT三维成像精确定位卵圆孔提高了穿刺的成功率和精确性,增加了操作的安全性,降低了并发症的发生。     

High-concentration tetracaine for the management of trigeminal neuralgia: quantitative assessment of sensory function after peripheral nerve block.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of peripheral nerve block with high-concentration tetracaine for the management of trigeminal neuralgia, and evaluated sensory function by measuring the postblock current perception threshold. METHODS: Five infraorbital nerve blocks were performed in five elderly patients using 4% tetracaine dissolved in saline or 0.5% bupivacaine. The authors used a neurometer to compare postblock current perception threshold between the block side and the contralateral healthy side, and used cold tests to assess the sensory level. RESULTS: The analgesic effect of tetracaine blocks continued for a median period of 2 months (range, 1.5-months). Hypesthesia was observed in all patients after the block but resolved within a mean period of 2.2 weeks. Although differences in current perception threshold values between sides were not significant in any patient, block-side values in two patients were clinically higher than contralateral-side values (250 vs. 5 Hz) for some time before returning to normal levels. CONCLUSION: Peripheral nerve block with high-concentration tetracaine is a relatively safe and useful technique in the management of trigeminal neuralgia, particularly among older patients and those with systemic problems.     

C-arm-guided pudendal nerve block: a new technique

Pudendal nerve block (PNB) is an effective diagnostic and/or treatment method for perineal pain. Various approach techniques, such as transperineal, transvaginal, computerised tomography (CT)- or sono-guided approach, have been suggested for this block. However, they have some limitations, such as high cost, difficulty to perform in practice, inaccurate and unreliable results and inconvenience. To overcome these limitations, we first tried C-arm-guided approach for accomplishing PNB in the prone position. Under the optimal ischial spine view of C-arm fluoroscopy, the block needle was placed on the tip of the ischial spine. Then a mixed solution for the block was administered. All of the 25 patients enrolled in this study were blocked successfully using this method. No side-effects or complications were observed in relation to the block. We concluded that the C-arm-guided approach for PNB is an effective alternative to the existing techniques, which can overcome their limitations.     

选择性射频热凝治疗三叉神经痛1936例临床分析与手术技巧

目的：总结1936例选择性射频热凝治疗的三叉神经痛病例的经验和体会，探讨三叉神经痛射频热凝治疗的方法和技巧。方法：分别进行眶上孔入路、眶下孔入路、侧入路或前入路卵圆孔射频热凝治疗。对Hartel前入路卵圆孔穿刺法进行改良。对45例半月神经节定位困难的三叉神经痛病人，在射频热凝治疗术中应用X线、三维CT或导航进行卵圆孔定位或在术中验证靶点。结果：术后即刻疗效，优良1528例，良好336例，无疗效72例，总有效率96．3％。8个月～2年远期随访1097例，1年内复发122例，复发率为11．1％，2年内复发274例，复发率为24．9％，无严重并发症。结论：温控射频热凝治疗三叉神经痛疗效可靠，X线、三维CT及导航卵圆孔定位在一定程度上弥补了徒手穿刺的缺陷。